scvtg becky westerdahl uc cooperative extension...

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NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN VINEYARDSBECKY B. WESTERDAHL

EXTENSION NEMATOLOGIST /PROFESSOR OF NEMATOLOGY

UC DAVIS

SONOMA COUNTYVINEYARD

TECH GROUP

SANTA ROSA

APRIL 20, 2017

TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE

SPEAR

ESOPHAGUS

MEDIAN BULBNERVE RING

EXCRETORYPORE

ANUS

S B

MALE TAIL

VULVA

OVARY

INTESTINE

S=SPICULESB=BURSA

BASAL GLANDSCUTICLE

http://entomology.ucdavis.edu

SCVTG Becky Westerdahl UC Cooperative Extension Nematologist Professor of Nematology, UC Davis April 20, 2017

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NEMATODES USE ASPEAR OR STYLET TO

FEED ON PLANT ROOTSOR OTHER TISSUES

NEMATODES ARE AQUATIC ORGANISMS.

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LIFE CYCLE OF A TYPICAL PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODE:

EGG

ADULT

J1 J2J3

J4

J = JUVENILE OR LARVA

MM

MM

TIME

SIZE

B. A. JAFFEE

B. A. JAFFEE

M = MOLT

NEMATODES LIKELY TO CAUSE PROBLEMS IN VINEYARDS:

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME

ECTOPARASITES:

XIPHINEMA INDEX DAGGER

XIPHINEMA AMERICANUM DAGGER

CRICONEMELLA XENOPLAX RING

LONGIDORUS AFRICANUS NEEDLE

PARATRICHODORUS SP. STUBBY ROOT

MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE:

PRATYLENCHUS VULNUS LESION

SEDENTARY ENDOPARASITES:

MELOIDOGYNE SP. ROOT KNOT

TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS CITRUS


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ECTOPARASITE

MIGRATORY ENDOPARASITE

SEDENTARYENDOPARASITE

SYMPTOMS & SIGNS OF NEMATODE DAMAGE TO VINEYARDS:

VISIBLE ABOVE GROUND - ROOT SYMPTOMS -Stunting Galls or SwellingsChlorosis Stubby RootsMid-day Wilting Lesions or Dark SpotsLeaf Drop StuntingSmall Fruit "Dirty Roots"YellowingMisshapen LeavesPatches of Poor Growth in FieldLack of Response to TreatmentReduced Yield"Unthriftiness"

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DAGGER NEMATODE (XIPHINEMA INDEX)ROOT GALLS

DAGGER NEMATODE (XIPHINEMA INDEX) VECTORS GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS

LEAF MALFORMATIONSYELLOW MOSAIC OF LEAVESVEINBANDING

VIRUS SYMPTOMS:SMALL BUNCHESPOOR FRUIT SETIRREGULAR RIPENING


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DAGGER NEMATODE (XIPHINEMA INDEX) ON GRAPE

VIRUS SYMPTOMS:ABNORMAL SHOOT BRANCHING

XIPHINEMA INDEX - VECTORS GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS

THE VIRUS IS:BOUND TO ESOPHAGEAL LININGLOST AT MOLTDOES NOT PASS THRU EGG

STAGEDOES NOT REPLICATE IN

NEMATODE

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RING NEMATODE(CRICONEMELLA

XENOPLAX) PEACH

RING NEMATODE - BACTERIAL CANKER COMPLEXSusceptible - almond, apricot, cherry, kiwi,

nectarine, peach, pear, plum, prune.Bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae ) is usually

present in orchards.Ring nematode (Criconemella sp. ) stresses trees.Stress predisposes trees to bacterial canker.Usually associated with younger trees.Usually associated with sandy soils.

B. A. JAFFEE

B. A. JAFFEE

HEALTHY INFESTED

RING NEMATODE (MESOCRICONEMA XENOPLAX)


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ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE(MELOIDOGYNE SP.)

ON GRAPE

M. V. MCKENRY

M. V. MCKENRY

CHECK ON LEFT, NEMACUR

TREATMENT ON RIGHT

CITRUS NEMATODE (TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS)

GRAPES - CHECK ON LEFT, NEMACUR TREATMENT ON RIGHT

CITRUS

HEALTHY INFESTED

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HOW NEMATODES INJURE VINEYARDS:

1. Mechanical injury - penetration and movementthrough tissues

2. Cellular changesA. Death of cells (necrosis)B. Changes in growth of cells

3. Physiological changes in hostA. Interruption in uptake and flow of waterand nutrients from rootsB. Interaction in flow of food from leaves to roots

4. Create openings for entry of other microorganisms

5. Transmission of viruses6. Increase susceptibility to environmental stress

SAMPLING FOR NEMATODES:

pcok

NEMATODES ARE NOT TYPICALLY UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED -

MULTIPLE SUBSAMPLES / SAMPLE


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SAMPLING FOR NEMATODES:

In soil, dig into root zone where moisture is presentPlace soil and small roots into plastic bagSoil from several places should be combinedCollect about 1 quart of soil and rootsSample healthy areas also and place in separate bagSeal bags and keep cool (do not freeze)Label bags - name, address, sample location, date, crop

history, existing crop, next proposed cropNotify laboratory that is to receive samples

D J F M A M J J A S O N D0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

MONTH

LA

RV

AE

/50

ML

SO

IL

BLOOM

HARVEST

TREAT

TREAT

COACHELLA VALLEYCITRUS NEMATODE ON GRAPES

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Month

J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ

Tota

l # o

f N

emat

od

es p

er li

ter

of

soil

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temp

erature co

de

0

5

10

r2= .341

1993 1994 1995

XIPHINEMA INDEX ON GRAPES

EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT & PROCEDURES:Sieving Sugar FlotationFenwick Can Sugar CentrifugationElutriator Staining RootsBaermann Funnel Greenhouse BioassayMist

Select appropriate procedure for nematode species of interest.


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NEMATODE

ELUTRIATOR-SUGAR CENTRIFUGATION

(NUMBER/LITER SOIL)BAERMANN FUNNEL

(NUMBER/LITER SOIL)

CHEESE CLOTH LINED FUNNEL

(NUMBER/LITER SOIL)ROOTS ON MIST (NUMBER/GRAM)

LESION 2,750 7,200 280 1.6RING 1,000 20 150 0DAGGER 150 260 350 0

EXTRACTION METHOD

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES:

Selection of Planting Site Certified Planting StockClean Equipment Irrigation WaterChoice of Rootstock FallowCover Crops Biological ControlAmendments Pre-plant NematicidesPost-plant Nematicides

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DISTRIBUTION OF XIPHINEMA INDEX

Greg Browne (USDA, UC Davis)


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Cover / Rotation Crops

Lesion Rootknot

Dagger Ring Citrus Pin

Sudan N H N N N ?

Barley N H- N H N ?

CahabaVetch

H H- N H N ?

Alfalfa N H- H H N ?

Rootstock selection - Vitis

Lesion Rootknot*

Dagger(X.i.)

Ring Pin Citrus

Dogridge S R S S S? MR

Ramsey R? R R S S? S

1613C S MR R S S? S

Harmony S R S S S? S

Freedom S R R S S? S

Scwarzm S S R S S? S

K51-32 R? MR R S S? S

Teleki 5C S MR S S S? S

O39-16 S S R S S? S

* not M. arenaria

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Mike McKenry – UC Riverside (Kearney )


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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: PARASITES AND PREDATORS

B. A. JAFFEE

POSSIBLE MODES OF ACTION OF SOIL AMENDMENTS / NATURAL PRODUCTS:

ADDITION OF BENEFICIAL MICROBIALSSTIMULATION OF NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGICOMPETITION FOR ROOT SURFACEREDUCE STRESS ON NEMATODE INFESTED

PLANTS (VIA IMPROVED SOIL STRUCTURE,SOIL WATER RETENTION, PLANT NUTRITION)

PRODUCE NEMATICIDALBREAKDOWN PRODUCTS


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ASD (Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation)

IncorporateIrrigateTarp (2 months)

Carol ShennanUC Santa Cruz

No longer available or in danger of going away soon Non-fumigants

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEMATICIDES IN CALIFORNIA:YEAR TYPE

CARBON DISULFIDE (CS2) 1869 FUMIGANT *CHLOROPICRIN 1936 FUMIGANTMETHYL BROMIDE 1940'S FUMIGANTEDB (ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE) " FUMIGANTDD (1,3-D+1,2-D) (1,2-DICHLOROPROPANE) " FUMIGANT DBCP (DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE) ” FUMIGANT*TELONE II (1,3-D) (1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE) " FUMIGANTFORMALDEHYDE " FUMIGANT*MIT>>METAM-SODIUM 1950'S FUMIGANT*BASAMID FUMIGANTNEMACUR (FENAMIPHOS) LATE OP*FURADAN (CARBOFURAN) 50'S & CARB*MOCAP (ETHOPROP) 1960'S OP DASANIT " OP*TEMIK (ALDICARB) " CARB*VYDATE (OXAMYL) 1970'S CARB (SYSTEMIC)ENZONE (GY-81) SODIUM 1990'S FUMIGANT

TETRATHIOCARBONATE>>CS2*DITERA (MYROTHECIUM VERRUCARIA TOXIN) " NATURAL*TELONE EC, INLINE " FUMIGANT*ADMIRE PRO (IMIDACLOPRID) 2000’S NEONICITYNOID*NEMA-Q (QUILLAJA, SOAPBARK TREE) “ NATURAL*ABAMECTIN SEED TREATMENTS “ NATURALMIDAS (IODOMETHANE) “ FUMIGANT *MELOCON (PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS) “

NATURAL*MOVENTO (SPIROTETRAMAT) “*NIMITZ (FLUENSULFONE)*MAJESTENE (BURKHOLDERIA SP.) “ NATURAL *Currently available for use on some crops in California

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HOW SOIL FACTORS AFFECT FUMIGANTION:SOIL SOIL TEMPERATURE % SOIL RATETYPE oF oC MOISTURE POUNDS/

_________________________________________ACRE Sand 40-77 5-25 2-6 200Loamy 40-77 5-25 3-8 200Sand

Sandy 40-77 5-25 4-10 200Loam 40-77 5-25 10-12 300

Loam 40-77 5-25 6-14 30040-77 5-25 14-18 400

Clay 50-68 10-20 8-12 300Loam 50-68 10-20 12-18 350

50-68 10-20 18-22 400Clay 50-68 10-20 15-22 400

50-68 10-20 22-35 500__________________________________________________WHAT DOES THE TARP DO?

Steam Treatment of Replant Sites


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Mike McKenry (UC Riverside, KAC)

STARVE & SWITCH

STARVE KILL ROOT SYSTEM WITH SYSTEMIC HERBICIDEWAIT 1 YEAR BEFORE REPLANTING

SWITCHREPLANT WITH ROOTSTOCK WITH STRIKINGLY DIFFERENT

PARENTAGE FROM THE PREVIOUS ROOTSTOCK

SPOT OR STRIP TREATMENTSTO PROVIDE PEST AND DISEASE RESISTANCE FOR 6 MONTHS

AFTER PLANTINGEXAMPLES - SOIL STEAMING OR FUMING PRODUCTS WITH

REDUCED VOC ISSUES

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PERFORMANCE OF DITERA AND NEMA-Q (QUILLAJA) INA SUTTER / YUBA COUNTY WALNUT ORCHARD

(FARM ADVISOR JANINE HASEY)

OWN-ROOTED AND PARADOX ROOTSTOCKS 5 REPS PER TREATMENT / ROOTSTOCKRANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGNUNTREATEDDITERA (50 LBS/ACRE, TREATING HALF OF AREA)QUILLAJA 35% (2.5 GPA, TREATING HALF OF AREA) MONITOR TRUNK CIRCUMFERENCE, YIELD, YIELD

EFFICIENCY, SOIL AND ROOT SAMPLES SOIL EXTRACTION VIA ELUTRIATION / SUGAR

CENTRIFUGATIONROOT EXTRACTION IN MIST CHAMBER

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA

DIFFERENCE IN YIELD BETWEEN 2003 AND 2006 (KG / TREE) IN SUTTER COUNTY TRIAL

PARADOX

OWN-ROOT

ERROR BARS INDICATE 1

STANDARD ERROR

DITERA AND NEMA-Q INCREASED YIELDS


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA CHECK DITERA QUILLAJA

DIFFERENCE IN CIRCUMFERENCE BETWEEN 2003 AND 2006 (CM / TREE) IN SUTTER COUNTY TRIAL

PARADOX

OWN-ROOT

ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD

ERROR

DITERA AND NEMA-Q INCREASED TRUNK CIRCUMFERENCE

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0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

CH

EC

K

DIT

ER

A

QU

ILL

AJ

A

CH

EC

K

DIT

ER

A

QU

ILL

AJ

A

CH

EC

K

DIT

ER

A

QU

ILL

AJ

A

CH

EC

K

DIT

ER

A

QU

ILL

AJ

A

2005 2006 2005 2006

Rating Scale:0=Dead1=Very low vigor, dieback 2=Early yellowing3=No new shoot growth 4=Some new shoot 5=Most vigorous g rowth

TREE RATING - SUTTER COUNTY TRIAL

PARADOX

OWN-ROOT

0.020.04 0.03

0.08 0.04

0.08

VISIBLE DIFFERENCES IN TREE VIGOR

GRAPE GROWING REGIONS:

NORTH & CENTRAL COAST

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA


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REGION NEMATODENORTH SAN JOAQ S CA

DAGGER X X 0RING X X 0LESION X X 0STUBBY ROOT X X XROOT KNOT X X XCITRUS 0 X X NEEDLE 0 0 X

REGION

NORTH SAN JOAQ S CA

WINE X X 0

RAISIN 0 X 0

TABLE 0 X X

TYPE OF GRAPES

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REGIONTYPE NORTH SAN JOAQ S CAFINE X 0 0MEDIUM X X 0COARSE 0 X X

SOIL

REGIONTYPE NORTH SAN JOAQ S CANONE X 0 0 SPRINKLER X 0 0FLOOD/FURROW 0 X 0DRIP(LOW VOLUME) 0 X X

IRRIGATION


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RESEARCHER LOCATION/ GRAPE NEMATODE SOIL TYPE

METHOD/ NUM APPS / TOTAL A.I.

TIMING ADDITIONAL INFO

RASKI LODI/ WINE X. INDEX NOT INDICATED

50% BAND PLUS

IRRIGATION/ 1 APP/ 20 LB

FEBRUARY

MCKENRY

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY/ RAISIN

ROOT-KNOT SAND AND SANDY LOAM

DRIP/ 5 APPS/ 5.5 LB

APRIL, MAY, JUNE, SEPT,

OCT

TIMED FOR ROOT

FLUSHES AT BLOOM (MAY 15-JULY 1) &

POST-HARVEST

RADEWALDCOACHELLA

VALLEY/ TABLE

CITRUS AND ROOT-KNOT SAND

DRIP/ 6 APPS/ 3.4 TO

4 LB

3 APPS AT 3 DAY

INTERVALS, LATE FEB-

EARLY MARCH, & AUGUST-

EARLY SEPT

VINES BLOOM APRIL,

HARVEST MID-MAY TO LATE JUNE

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WITH NEMACUR

THEEND

scvtg becky westerdahl uc cooperative extension...

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