scoping out-indonesian bsc fisheries for mmaf-last update-nov 09-9d0a0ad7

7/31/2019 Scoping Out-Indonesian BSC Fisheries for MMAF-Last Update-Nov 09-9d0a0ad7

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Sustainable F isher ies Partnership SFP 1

Scop ing Out :

I ndones ian Blue Sw im m ing Crab Fisher ies

Sust a inab le Fisher ies Par t ner sh ip

Novem be r 2009

High l igh ts :

In 2007, Indonesia contributed to 16.3% or 28 thousands t of total global blueswimming crab landings, making it the third biggest producer of blue swimmingcrab in the world, following China (41%), and Philippines (20%). Thailand isfollowing closely with total 27.8 thousand t production (FISHSTAT-FAO).1

North Java has been the major catching areas for blue swimming crab inIndonesia, contributing to about 28% of total production in period 1990-2006,followed by East Sumatra (21%), South Sulawesi (21%) and Malacca Strait(14%) [MMAF-DG of Capture Fisheries, various years].

The trend in volume landed by regions in Indonesia show clearly the upwardtrend up to the mid 90s, and then fluctuated from that point. Starting the year2000 the fluctuation was more pronounced, and for some regions the trend wasclearly declining (e.g. Malacca Strait). The patterns of landings have shifted overthe years. During the early 1990s, landings from North Java and South Sulawesidominated, with also significant landings in the Malacca Strait area. During themid 1990s up to 2000, Malacca Strait and East Sumatra landings gained involume, while North Java landings were remain stable.

Blue swimming crab (or locally known as rajungan) has been one of theimportant fishery export commodities in Indonesia, despite no specificmanagement yet in place to regulate this fishery. The export of blue swimmingcrab had just started around 19941998 due to increase demand from overseas,especially from the United States. Prior to this year, this commodity was onlyconsumed locally and the price was also very low.

In terms of export value, crab contributes to about 8% of total Indonesian fisheryproducts export, valued at US$ 178 million in 2007, jumped by 33% frompervious year.2 Crab products have been the third biggest fishery product thatcontributed to total Indonesian export value, following shrimp (46%) and tuna(14%). Total crab export amounted to 21,510 tonnes in 2007. This crab export

consists of non frozen crab (82%), canned crab (11%) and frozen crab (7%)[MMAF and JICA 2009].

1The official FAO data is slightly different from Indonesian government data. MMAF and JICA (2009) showsthat total production of blue swimming crab in 2007 reached 30,421 t.2 This number is considerably underestimated; total value export of crab to US only in 2007 was US$169.5 million from 11,043 tonnes crab (Department of Commerce, United States of America).


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United States (US) has been the biggest market for Indonesian crab export,contributing to more than 50% of total crab export from Indonesia, followed bySingapore (17%), Malaysia (10%), Taiwan (7%), European Union (6%), China(5%) and Japan (2%) [MMAF 2005].

Data from Globefish (2007) shows that in 2004, global prepared and preservedcrabs export was about 57 thousands t, valued at US$ 473 million. China has

been the biggest crab supplier for this type of crab product, contributing about37% of total prepared and preserved crab export in the world, followed byIndonesia with 18% or closed to 10 thousands t, valued at US$ 41.9 million.

For 2008, total US crab import from Indonesia was 9,372 tonnes, a decrease by15% from previous year, which was 11,403 tonnes. However, in term of value,US crab import from Indonesia increase by 6% from US$ 169 million in 2007 toUS$ 179 million in 2008. Crabmeat swimming contributed to 85% of total UScrab import from Indonesia. Other crab products imported to US market fromIndonesia were crab and crabmeat NSPF (Not Specified). More than 85% of crabimported to US from Indonesia was in ATC (Air Tight Container) or canned, whileanother 10% was frozen and other 5% was other preparations (Department ofCommerce, United States of America).

Indonesia is the leading supplier for crabmeat swimming to US market,contributing to 31% of total crabmeat swimming import to US in 2008, followedby China (24.7%), Thailand (13%), Vietnam (11%) and Philippines (7.3%)[NMFS Foreign Trade Data Base].

More than 90% of crabmeat swimming exported to US from Indonesia is in ATC.Indonesias export of crabmeat swimming to US market decreased by 10% from8,896 tonnes in 2007 to 7,950 tonnes in 2008. However, in terms of value,Indonesias crabmeat swimming export to US market increase by 10%, from US$141 million in 2007 to US$ 156,637 in 2008.

U.S. custom report listed 28 Indonesian crab exporters to U.S. market in 2008.The biggest crab exporters from Indonesia are Phillips Seafoods Indonesia, Tonga

Tiur Putra, Windika Utama, Kelola Mina Laut, Mina Global Mandiri, Bumi MenaraInternusa, Toba Surimi, Nuansa Citpta Magello, Dahlia Mitra Global and RexCanning. All together contribute to more than 80% of total crab export fromIndonesia to US. In general, the exporters are also playing roles as processors.In 2007, an association of Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab (BSC) Processors(APRI) was formed, with the goal of sustainable procurement from healthystocks. The members represent over 80% of all crab exported from Indonesia.

Association (APRI) has undertaken a Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) pre-assessment using MRAG as the assessor in April 2009. Based on the assessment,the Indonesia Blue Swimming Crab is not recommended to move to MSC FullAssessment by now due to: insufficient information of stock status, no sufficientinformation regard to impacts of this fishery to other species or ecosystem andlack of management.

A comprehensive population stock assessment is not available for Blue SwimmingCrab (BSC) at all geographic scale level (national or sub-national level). Most ofbiological research have focused on the individual life-cycle of the species, as wellas aspects of environmental condition and breeding, all geared toward theimproving the potential for BSC culture.

However, there are some indications that overfishing of blue swimming crab isoccurring in some regions. In many landing areas, even small crabs (150 crabs


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per kg) are being caught and harvested. Anecdotal evidence indicate that duringthe late 1990s fishermen in the northern coast of West Java can capture 100-200kg each day, whereas in 2006 they obtain much less, only 5 to 10 crabs eventhough they have placed an equivalent of 5 km of netting (Antara, 2006). Similarcondition is faced by fishermen in Takalar, South Sulawesi. In 2000 they wereable to obtain larger sizes (4-5 crabs per kg), in 2004 the common practice is 7-

10 crabs per kg (Kompas, 10 May 2006). Declining composition can also be seen at the exporter or wholesale buyer level.

The special and, most notably, lump meats have increased in proportion of totalmeats being processed. This is a rough indication that meats are coming fromsmaller sized crabs, which, in turn, show that harvests consist of roughly smallersized crabs than in previous years.

In Indonesia, the crab is mostly caught by the collapsible traps and bottomgillnets. In terms of ratio of bycatch, the composition is similar between usinggillnets or traps. In both gears, blue swimming crabs contribute 30% of totalcatch, while bycatch make up the remaining 70%. In terms of number of bycatchspecies caught, bottom gillnets catch more species than trap. In trap, almost all

the bycatch species that are not used by the fishers are thrown back to the sea,therefore these species have relatively high survival rates. In bottom gillnets, thefishers discard their bycatch on shore upon landing, at this point, discards have alow chance of surviving.

However, although relatively small in size, the use of draggers such as babytrawlers or shallow bottom mini trawls in blue swimming crab fishery has alsobeen increasing and becoming serious concerns, especially in North Java. Themain negative environmental impact from the use of trawls is the large amountof bycatch it generates; an additional negative impact is the dredging of theocean floor.

I ndones ian B lue Sw im m ing Crab Con t r i bu t i on t o W or l d Land ings

Philippines

19.7%

Indonesia

16.4%

China

40.1%

Bahrain

1.9%

Saudi Arabia

1.9%

Australia

2.7%

Thailand

16.2%

Iran

1.0%

Fi gu re 1 . Con t r i bu t i on o f B l ue Sw i mm i ng C rab P roducer Coun t r i es

( 2 0 0 7 )Source: p rocessed f rom F ishsta t -FAO (2007)


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In 2007, Indonesia contributed to 16.4% or 28 thousands t of total global blueswimming crab (BSC) landings, placed Indonesia as the third biggest BSC producingcountry, following China (40%) and Philippines (20%) based on official FAO data Figure 1.

In general, blue swimming crab production experienced upward trend in period 1990

to 2003. Total production of four major producing countries peaked to 163,843 t in2003. However, since 2004, the global productions tend to decline, although itstarted to rebound again in 2006 and the production amounted to just over 158,000t in 2007.

Hist o r y o f B lue Sw im m ing Crab Fi s hery i n I ndones ia

There are two main crab species commercially captured in Indonesia, namely blueswimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) and Indo-pacific swamp crab or also known asmud crab (Scylla serrata). In 2007, total crab production in Indonesia reached52,880 tonnes. Blue swimming crab contributed the biggest portion of total crabharvested from Indonesia with 53% where mud crab contributed about 47% Figure3.

Blue swimming crab (or locally known as rajungan) has been one of the importantexport commodities from fishery sector in Indonesia. The export of blue swimmingcrab has just started in 1994-1998 due to increase demand from overseas, especiallyfrom the United States of America. First export of blue swimming crab to U.S.market from Indonesia started in 1994 by PT. Phillips Seafood Indonesia. Before thisyear, this commodity was only consumed locally and the price was also very low. InIndonesia, the crab is mostly caught by the collapsible traps and gillnets.

Fi gu re 2 . P roduc t i on t r ends o f B l ue Sw i m m i ng Crab i n Ma j o r

P roduc i ng Coun t r i es (1 990 -2 007 )

Source: p rocessed f rom F ishsta t -FAO (2007)

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

tonnes

ThailandIndonesia

PhilippinesChina


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North Java has been the major catching areas for blue swimming crab in Indonesia,contributing to about 28% of total production in period 1990-2006, followed by EastSumatra (21%), South Sulawesi (21%) and Malacca Strait (14%) Figure 4.

Fi gu re 3 . T rend i n Crab P roduc t i on i n I ndones i a (1990 -2007 )

Source: Processed f rom Fishta t-FAO (2007)

Fi gu re 4 . Ma j o r B l ue Sw i mm i ng Crab Cat ch i ng A reas i n I ndones i a

( 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 6 )Source : S ta t is t ics o f I ndones ia Captu re Fisher ies , Min is t r y o f Mar ine and Fisher ies A f fa i rs

(va r ious yea rs )

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

(tonnes)

Indo-Pacific swam p crab

Blue swimming crab


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Con t r i bu t i on o f B lue Sw im m ing Crab i n I ndones ian Ex po r t Va lue

In terms of export values, crab contributed to about 8% of total Indonesian fisheryproducts export, valued at USD 178 million in 2007, jumped by 33% from perviousyear. Crab products have been the third biggest fishery product that contributes tototal Indonesian export value, following shrimp (46%) and tuna (14%). Total crab

export amounted to 21,510 t in 2007. This crab export consists of non frozen crab(82%), canned crab (11%) and frozen crab (7%) [MMAF and JICA 2009].

United States (US) has been the biggest market for Indonesian crab export,contributing to more than 50% of total crab export from Indonesia, followed bySingapore (17%), Malaysia (10%), Taiwan (7%), European Union (6%), China (5%)and Japan (2%) [MMAF 2006].

I ndon es ian Crabs a t Globa l Marke t

Data from Globefish (2007) shows total global fresh, frozen and chilled crabs export

in 2004 was amounted to 287 thousands t, valued at US$ 1.7 billion. Canada hasbeen the biggest fresh, frozen and chilled crab exporting country (contributing about27% of total crab export in the world), followed by China (16%), India (11%), Korea(7%), Russia (6%) and UK (6%). Meanwhile Indonesia just contributed about 2% ofglobal fresh, frozen and chilled crab export in 2004 with 4,400 t crab export, valuedat US$ 24.7 million Figure 5.

Global Crabs Exportin 2004

(344 thousands t)

Fresh, Frozen and Chilled(287 thousands t)

Prepared and Preserved(57 thousands t)

China37%

Indonesia18%

Thailand(15%)

USA (6%)

Canada(5%)

Others(19%)

Fi gu re 5 . Ma j o r Crab Expo r t i ng Coun t r i es (20 04 )Sou rce : p rocessed f rom G lobe f i sh (2 007 )

Canada27%

China(16%)

India(11%)

Korea(7%)

Russia(6%)

UK(6%)

Others25%Indonesia(2%)USA(5%)


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In 2004, global prepared and preserved crabs export was about 57 thousands t,valued at US$ 473 million. China has been the biggest crab exporting country,contributing about 37% of total prepared and preserved crab export in the world,followed by Indonesia with 18% or totaled 9,800 t, valued at US$ 41.9 million.Thailand followed with 15% contribution.Meanwhile, United States and Canadacontributed to 6% and 5% of total global prepared and preserved crab export

respectively. All together, they contributed more than 80% of total crab export in theworld Figure 5.

I ndones ian B lue Sw im m ing Crab a t US Mark e t

U.S. per capita consumption of fish and shellfish was 16.0 pounds (edible meat) in2008. This total was 0.3 pounds less than the 16.3 pounds consumed in 2007. Percapita consumption of fresh and frozen finfish accounted for 6.2 pounds while freshand frozen shellfish consumption was 5.6 pounds per capita. U.S. imports of ediblefishery products in 2008 were valued at $14.2 billion, $0.5 billion more than in 2007.The quantity of edible imports was 2.37 million tonnes, a decrease of 54 thousand

tonnes (0.4 percent) from the quantity imported in 2007. Shellfish contributed toover 50% of total import value, valued at US$ 7.3 billion. Crab was the secondbiggest imported shellfish product, after shrimp, contributing to 18% of total shellfishimport volume or 110.7 thousand tonnes in 2008, valued at US$ 1.36 billion.

About 70% of crabs imported to United States are in the form of fresh and frozen,and canned crab contributed to almost 30%. The favored species in the U.S. marketare the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), the snow or queen crab(Chionoecetesspp., in particular: C. bair di, C. opilioand C. tanneri), the blueswimming crab (Portunus pelagicus), the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and theDungeness crab (Cancer magister) [Urner Barry Publication 2008].

Dungeness

0.5%King

14.6%

Snow

39.8%

Crabmeat

Swimming

23.2%

Other

22.0%

Fi gu re 6 . Type o f Crab I m po r t ed t o US Marke t ( 2008 )S ou rce : Depa r tmen t o f Comm erce , Un i ted S ta tes o f A mer ica (20 08 )


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Data from Department of Commerce, United States of America (2008) shows that interm of volume, crabmeat swimming (Portunidae and Callinectes) was the secondbiggest imported crab to United States, after snow crab, contributing to 23% of totalvolume of crab import, amounted to 25,652 t in 2008 Figure 6. More than 90% ofcrabmeat swimming is imported in canned.

In general, US crabmeat swimming has showed the upward trend. In 2008, US

crabmeat swimming increased by 7%i in term of volume, compared to previous year.However, in term of value, the increase was 30%. Average unit value of crabmeatswimming has increased by 21%, from US$ 14.5 per kilo in 2007 to US$ 17.5 perkilo in 2008 (NMFS Foreign Trade Data Base) Figure 7.

For 2008, total US crab import from Indonesia was 9,372 tonnes, a decrease by 15%from previous year, which was 11,403 tonnes. However, in term of value, US crabimport from Indonesia increase by 6% from US$ 169 million in 2007 to US$ 179million in 2008. Crabmeat swimming contributed to 85% of total US crab importfrom Indonesia. Other crab products imported to US market from Indonesia werecrab and crabmeat NSPF (Not Specified). More than 85% of crab imported to USfrom Indonesia was in ATC (Air Tight Container) or canned, while another 10% wasfrozen and other 5% was other preparations.

Indonesia is the leading supplier for crabmeat swimming to US market, contributingto 31% of total crabmeat swimming import to US in 2008, followed by China(24.7%), Thailand (13%), Vietnam (11%) and Philippines (7.3%) [NMFS ForeignTrade Data Base] Figure 8.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

2005 2006 2007 2008

tonnes

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

US$million

Volume Value

Fi gu re 7 . US I m po r t o f Crabm ea t Sw i mm i ng (Po r t un i dae and

Ca l l inec t es) i n 200 5 -2008Source: NMFS-Fore ign Trade Data Base


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More than 90% of crabmeat swimming exported to US from Indonesia is in ATC (AirTight Container). Indonesias export of crabmeat swimming to US market decreasedby 10% from 8,896 tonnes in 2007 to 7,950 tonnes in 2008. However, in term ofvalue, Indonesias crabmeat swimming export to US market increased by 10%, fromUS$ 141 million in 2007 to US$ 156,637 in 2008.

I ndones ia Blue Sw im m ing Crab Supp l y Cha in

In general, four components are involved in the blue swimming crab fishery. Theseare: 1) fishermen; 2) collector (bakul); 3) miniplant/peeler; 4) processor/exporter;5) distributor/central market; 6) retail/supermarket/seafood restaurant Figure 9.

Fishermen sell the crabs to bakul, who plays the role as the collector, which may ormay not be lender or tengkulakto the fishermen. Then bakul sells the crabs tominiplants. Bakul(s) usually take Rp 3-4k margin profit upon raw material (RM);Rp 5-10k if already boiled (rebus). From the time the crab is caught to the time itenters the packers/exporters plants should not (and usually is not) more than 48hours.

Indonesia

31.0%

China

24.7%

Philippines

7.3%

Vietnam

11.0%

Thailand

13.0%

India

4.6%Mexico

4.5%

Venezuela

1.4% Others

2.4%

Fi gu re 8 . Con t r i bu t i on o f Ma j o r Crabm ea t Sw i mm i ng

Expo r t i ng Coun t r i es t o U .S. Ma rke t ( 2008 )Source: NMFS-Fore ign Trade Data Base


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U.S. custom report listed 28 Indonesian crab exporters to U.S. market in 2008. Thebiggest crab exporters from Indonesia are Phillips Seafoods Indonesia, Tonga Tiur

Putra, Windika Utama, Kelola Mina Laut, Mina Global Mandiri, Bumi MenaraInternusa, Toba Surimi, Nuansa Citpta Magello, Dahlia Mitra Global and Rex Canning.All together contribute to more than 80% of total crab export from Indonesia to US.In general, the exporters are also playing roles as processors. In 2007, anassociation of Indonesian Blue Swimming Crab (BSC) Processors (APRI) was formed,with the goal of sustainable procurement from healthy stocks. The membersrepresent over 80% of all crab exported from Indonesia.

Data from the same year noted that at least there are about 65 U.S. crab importersthat import crab from Indonesia. Some biggest US crab importers from Indonesia arePhillips Foods, John Keeler & Co, Twin Tails Seafood, Lawrence Street Seafood, CrabAssociation, Triways Shiping Lines, Metompkin Bay Oyster, Quirch Foods, Tamco andBoston Bay Brokers. All together contributed to almost 75% of crab import from

Indonesia in 2008.

St oc k As sess men t o f I ndones ian B lue Sw im m ing Crab

A comprehensive population stock assessment is not available for Blue SwimmingCrab (BSC) at all geographic scale level (national or sub-national level). Most ofbiological research have focused on the individual life-cycle of the species, as well as

Figur e 9 . Supp ly Cha in Ana lys is o f B lue Swim m ing

Crab f rom I ndones i a


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aspects of environmental condition and breeding, all geared toward the improvingthe potential for BSC culture. A limited number of stock density estimates have beenconducted as the base for evaluating the utilization/harvesting level of BlueSwimming Crab. However, there is a growing interest from the Association (APRI) toundertake a Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) pre-assessment for a pilot location,and initial efforts are being undertaken to fill data gaps on population status. The

association has recently supported an initial study focusing in Jakarta Bay to definethe stock status in the area and develop a conservation strategy for this stock.

Cur ren t S ta t us and Trend s

The current situation shows that as for most of Indonesia, the utilization level of BlueSwimming Crab has met the Maximum Sustainable Yields (MSYs). However, giventhe lack of biomass and yield data at the national level it is unclear how theseestimates have been calculated.

Tab le 1 . B lue Sw im m ing Crab u t i l i zat ion leve l by F ishery Management Area( FMA) , 1998

FisheryManagementArea (FMA)

Province%

utilized

FisheryManagement Area

(FMA)Province

%utilized

Aceh 100 Banda Sea (nd) (nd)

North Sumatra 100CentralSulawesi

100Malacca Strait

Riau 80

Seram Sea

Maluku 10

Riau 20 North Sulawesi 100

Jambi 100

Sulawesi Sea andPacific Ocean

Papua 20

WestKalimantan

100 Papua 80South China Sea

CentralKalimantan

40 Arafura Sea Maluku 90

South Sumatra 100 Aceh 100

Lampung 100 North Sumatra 100

CentralKalimantan

60 West Sumatra 100

DKI 100 Bengkulu 100

West Java 100 Lampung 100

Central Java 100 West Java 100

East Java 100 Central Java 100

Java Sea

SouthKalimantan

60 East Java 100

SouthKalimantan

40 Yogyakarta 100

EastKalimantan

100 Bali 100

South Sulawesi 100West NusaTenggara

100

Makassar Straitand Flores Sea

SoutheastSulawesi

100

Indian Ocean

East NusaTenggara

100

Source: Widodo et al., 1998


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The trend in volume landed by region (Figure 10) show clearly the upward trend upto the mid 90s, and fluctuates from the one. Starting the year 2000 the fluctuationwas more pronounced, and for the regions the trend is clearly declining (e.g. MalaccaStrait). The patterns of landings have shifted over the years. During the early 1990s,landings from North Java and South Sulawesi dominate, with also significant landingsin the Malacca Strait area. During the mid 1990s up to 2000, Malacca Strait and East

Sumatra landings gained in volume, while North Java landings are remain stable.Since 2000, East Sumatra contributes the largest volume of landings, while MalaccaStrait landings declined in relative proportion. West Sumatra, Maluku-Papua,South/West and East Kalimantan are starting to contribute larger proportions. TheMaluku and Papua region are particularly remote, therefore any harvesting andprocessing of BSC will be more costly and difficult compared to other parts ofIndonesia. Expansion of harvesting in that region, however, is expected in the futureas BSC stocks elsewhere in Indonesia starts to decline.

It is impossible to indicate the size of the fleet and total effort being expended eachyear, however anecdotal observations indicate that new fishermen continue to enter

the Blue Swimming Crab fisheries, including in the northern coast of Cirebon in WestJava (Antara, 2006). The closest fishing ground for these fishermen is Java Seafishing ground off the coast of West Java, currently already fully utilized. It isexpected that at the national level the number of households dependant on fishingwill continue to increase. Between 2002 and 2004, the numbers of such householdshave increased by 25% (CBS, 2006).

Declining size composition can be observed in many landing areas. Even small crabs(150 crabs per kg) are being caught and harvested. Anecdotal evidence indicate that

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

intonnes(t)

Maluku-Papua

North Sulawesi

South Sulawesi

East Kalimantan

South/West Kalimantan

Bali-Nusa Tenggara

North Java

South Java

Malacca Strait

East Sumatra

West Sumatra

Figure 10 . D is t r i bu t ion o f B lue Sw im m ing Crab To ta l Land ingsb y re g i o n , 1 9 9 0 -2 0 0 6

Source: In dones ia S ta t is t ics o f Captu re F isher ies , var ious years


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during the late 1990s fishermen in the northern coast of West Java can capture 100-200 kg each day, whereas in 2006 they obtain much less, only 5 to 10 crabs eventhough they have placed an equivalent of 5 km of netting (Antara, 2006). Similarcondition is faced by fishermen in Takalar, South Sulawesi. In 2000 they were ableto obtain larger sizes (4-5 crabs per kg), in 2004 the common practice is 7-10 crabsper kg (Kompas, 10 May 2006).

Declining composition can also be seen at the exporter or wholesale buyer level(Figure 1 1). The special and, most notably, lump meats have increased in proportionof total meats being processed. This is a rough indication that meats are comingfrom smaller sized crabs, which, in turn, show that harvests consist of roughlysmaller sized crabs than in previous years.

I m p a ct s o n En v iro n m e n t a n d B i o d ive rs it y

There are some differences in gear effectiveness in the Blue Swimming Crabfisheries. A study in Cirebon (West Java) shows that crab fishing practices by usingcollapsible trap (bubu lipat) result in trapping about 19 species consisting of BlueSwimming Crabs, other crustaceans (shrimp and other crab species), mollusks,fishes, echinoderms and sea snakes. In terms of ratio to total, Blue Swimming Crabscontribute 30% of total catch, while bycatch make up the remaining 70% (Table 2).Almost all the other and bycatch species that are not used by the fishers are thrown

back to the sea, especially Nerita sp. These discarded species, therefore, haverelatively high survival rates (Agatri, 2005).

Table 2 . Bycatch o f BSC f isher y by using co l lapsib le ( bubu l i pa t )

Gro u p # Sp e ci e s # I n d i v i d u al Pe rcen ta g e (% )

Blue Swimming Crab 1 580 30

Crustaceans (shrimp and other crabs) 5 342 17

Mollusks 6 978 50

Echinoderms 2 6 0

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Percent

Clawfinger

Claw

SpecialBackfin

Lump

Jumbo

Colossal

Figure 11 . Annua l p rocess ing o f c rab m eat by

a p l a n t i n I n d o n e si a

S ou rce : a ma j o r c rab p rocessing p lan t i n I ndones ia


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Other fishes 4 56 3

Sea snakes 1 2 0

Tota l 1 9 1 9 6 4 1 0 0Sour c e : Aga t r i , 200 5

Meanwhile, a separate study in Banten Bay (West Java) shows that crab fishing

practices using bottom gillnets caught more species than by using crab pot; a total of45 species are caught, including Blue Swimming Crabs, other crustaceans (shrimpand other crab), coelenterate, mollusks, fishes, seaweed and echinoderms (Suadela,2004). In terms of ratio to total, the composition is similar between using gillnets orcrab pots/baskets (Table 3). There is a difference, however, in the treatment of by-catch, whereby gillnet fishers discard their bycatch on shore upon landing. Crabs thatare of lower quality are sold locally, and only about 5% of by-catch is retained. Therest (95%) of bycatch is discarded; at this point, discards have a low chance ofsurviving.

Tab le 3 . Byca tch o f BSC f i shery by us ing bo t tom g i l l ne t

Gro u p # Sp e ci e s # I n d i v i d u al Pe rcen ta g e (% )

Blue Swimming Crab 1 646 27Crustaceans (shrimp and other crabs) 7 264 11

Coelenterates 3 513 21

Mollusks 12 717 30

Other fishes 18 113 5

Seaweed 2 23 1

Echinoderms 2 142 6

Tota l 4 5 2 4 1 8 1 0 0Source : Suade la , 200 4

Although Presidential Decree No. 85 Year 1982 has banned trawlers since 1983 inIndonesia except east of longitude 130 E (essentially east of Tanimbar Islands, andonly for single vessel trawls as pair trawls are still banned), draggers such as babytrawlers or shallow bottom trawlers are still being used in the Blue Swimming Crabfishery. Although relatively small in size, this type of gear is more indiscriminate thanothers because the net scoops up everything in the trawls path. The main negativeenvironmental externality from the use of trawls is the large amount of by-catch itgenerates; an additional negative impact is the dredging of the ocean floor (Ndlec& Prado, 1999). In the northern coast of West Java, one study roughly estimatedfishery losses due to trawls to be Rp. 972 billion (about USD 102 million) (Antara,2006).

Note : Data D iscrepancy

Data from the field shows that crabmeat yield = 20% of whole crab (raw material) excluding failed products. It means that to produce about 6,300 t of crabmeat (taking totalU.S. import of crabmeat swimming from Indonesia in 2006 as example), at least 31,500 tof crab (raw material) is needed. Meanwhile, data from the government suggests thatlandings of blue swimming crab from main coastal area in Indonesia reached 26,686 t. Sothe discrepancy between total blue swimming crab landings and total crabmeat swimmingexport to U.S. market in 2006 was about 4,800 t. The discrepancy of data might be biggersince according to data from Indonesian Fishery Research News suggests that U.S.contributesabout 60% of total blue swimming crab from Indonesia, the remaining 40% isexported to Singapore, Japan and Netherlands. So the data from industry side indicatesthat the estimates of Indonesian blue swimming crab landings are grosslyunderestimated.


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REFERENCE:

Agatri, R.F. 2005. Analysis on Environm ental Friendliness of Blue Swimm ing Crab(Rajungan) Fishing Using Crab Pot ( Bubu Lipat) in Gebang Mekar, Cirebon. BogorAgricultural University. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science. Bogor.

Antara News Agency. 13 September 2006. Rajungan Cirebon Nyaris Punah AkibatPenggunaan Jaring Arad (Cirebon Blue Swimming Crabs in the Brink of Extinctiondue to Shallow Bottom Trawl Net).

Bisnis Indonesia daily, 3 August 2004. Generating dollars from crabs.

CBS (Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics). 2006. I ndonesia Yearly Stat istics2005/2006. Jakarta: CBS

FAO. 2007. FISHSTAT. Global Crab Production 1950-2007.

Foreign Trade Information (http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov)

Globefish. 2007. Commodity Update Crab. Extract from GLOBEFISH DatabankPrices - Exports - Imports - Catches Consumption. February 2007.

Globefish. 2008. Crab Market Report - February 2008.http://www.globefish.org/index.php?id=4418

Globefish. 2005. Crab Market Report December 2005.http://www.globefish.org/index.php?id=2638

Kompas Daily Newspaper. 10 May 2006. Populasi Kepiting Rajungan Mulai Langka(Swimming Crab Population are Increasingly Scarce). Onlinehttp://64.203.71.11/kompas-cetak/0605/10/daerah/2644077.htm

MMAF (Directorate General of Marine and Fisheries Surveillance, Ministry of MarineAffairs and Fisheries Indonesia). (Undated). PowerPoint Presentation Sistem dan

Mekanisme Pengawasan Sumberdaya Ikan (System and Mechanism for monitoringfishery resources), Jakarta

MMAF Directorate General of Capture Fisheries. Various Year. Statistik PerikananTangkap di Laut Menurut Wilayah Pengelolaan (WPP), 2000-2006. (Statistics ofMarine Capture Fisheries by Fisheries Management Area, 2000-2006). Jakarta.

MMAF and JICA. 2009. Indonesian Fisheries Statistics Index. Ministry of MarineAffairs and Fisheries and Japan International Cooperation Agency.


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MMAF. 2005. Statistik Ekspor Hasil Perikanan 2005 (Export Statistics of FisheryProduct 2005).

MMAF. 2007. Kondisi Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan In donesia(Status of theIndonesian Fisheries Management Areas). Unpublished report brief.

NMFS. Undated. Foreign Trade Data Base.http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/trade/index.html

Suadela, P. 2004. Analysis on Envir onm ental Friendliness of Blue Swimm ing Crab(Rajungan) Fishing Using Bottom Gillnet (Jaring)- A Case Study in Banten Bay. BogorAgricultural University. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science. Bogor.

Urner Barry Publications and U.S. Department of Commerce and Census Bureau(http://ftd.urnerbarry.com/)

Urner Barry Publications. July 2008. Urner Barrys Seafood Price-Current. 31 July2008.

US Imports and Exports of Fishery Products Annual Summary (2007)http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/index.html

Warta Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia, Volume 10 Nomor 1, 2004http://ikanmania.wordpress.com/2007/12/31/pengamatan-aspek-biologi-rajungandalam-menunjang-teknik-perbenihannya/

scoping out-indonesian bsc fisheries for mmaf-last update-nov 09-9d0a0ad7

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