Scientific Revolution & The Enlightenment The Roots of Modern Science The Medieval View Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources. Supports geocentric theorymoon, sun, planets revolve around earth The Roots of Modern Science A New Way of Thinking Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking ( ) Scientific Revolutionnew way of viewing the natural worldbased on observation and inquiry New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics. Nicolaus Copernicus German Came up with the Heliocentric Theory Theory says the Sun was at the center of the universe, not the Earth Galileo Galilei Italian Improved the telescope Supported Copernicus heliocentric theory, pushing away from the geocentric theory that was big at the time Conflict with the Church Church attacks Galileos work, fears it will weaken peoples faith Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition The Scientific Method A Logical Approach Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories Bacon and Descartes Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create scientific method Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing conclusions Descartes advocates using logic and math to reason out basic truths The Scientific Method Francis Bacon ( ) Ren Descartes ( ) Isaac Newton English One of two mathematicians to come up with calculus Theory of Gravity The Scientific Revolution Spreads Medicine and the Human Body Edward Jenner produces worlds first vaccinationfor smallpox 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages. The Enlightenment A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition Also known as the Age of Reason Philosophy in the Age of Reason Europeans begin to think that nothing is out of reach for human discovery. Advances in physics, chemistry and medicine People feel that reason could be applied to discover the natural laws, the laws that govern human nature. Reason, not faith, could be used to solve all problems. The Allure of the Salon As Louix XIV was getting closer to death, the whos who looked for someplace less stuffy to gather and enjoy themselves. French philosophes would share their thoughts. Though women did not express their own views, the saloniere could influence the topic Madame Geoffrin regularly corresponded with the King of Sweden and Catherine the Great of Russia. Madame dEtioles (the future Marquise de Pompadour, mistress to King Louis XV) was invited to the Wednesday night dinners. All humans were naturally selfish and wicked, therefore governments must keep order. Social Contract people should hand over their rights to a strong ruler. Strong ruler should have total power (an absolute monarchy). This powerful government with awesome power is what he called a leviathan (sea monster) therefore he titled his book Leviathan (1651). Thomas Hobbes John Locke People were reasonable (though still selfish) and had the natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Purpose of government is to protect these natural rights. Government power comes from the consent of the people. Tabula Rasa blank slate Wrote Two Treatises on Government Voltaire Wrote more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. Used satire against his enemies, especially the clergy. Beliefs: Tolerance Reason Freedom of religious belief Freedom of speech I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it. Montesqieu Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his own day. Proposed the separation of powers between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Proposed checks and balances. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Passionately committed to individual freedom. Believed man was born free and good but easily corrupted. Believed the only good government was the general will or direct democracy. the will of the majority, which should always work toward the common good. Cesare Bonesana Beccaria Beliefs Laws existed to preserve social order, not avenge crime. Accused should receive speedy trials. Torture should never be used. Degree of punishment should match seriousness of crime. Capital punishment (death penalty) should be abolished. Mary Wollstonecraft Women should be equally educated along with men. Women should enter professions traditionally dominated by men like medicine and politics. Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Adam Smith and Laissez Faire Economist Wrote The Wealth of Nations and emphasized the law of supply and demand Laissez-Faire Economies are guided by an invisible hand and need little to no government interference This will come back and be a big thing during the Industrial Revolution Absolutism vs. Despotism Absolutism unchallenged rule by a single monarch Despotism iron-fisted rule with general resentment from the populace Key difference between the two types is the alienation of a rulers populace Enlightened Despots Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Catherine II (the Great) of Russia Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia Ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786; granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education Joseph II of Austria Religion Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion. The Arts He was known as the musical king. He was a huge patron of composers. Catherine II (the Great) of Russia Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796; put in place limited reforms; vastly enlarged the Russian empire