ChapterChapter 1 1

Exploring and Exploring and Classifying LifeClassifying Life

Science and TechnologyScience and TechnologySection 1-1 H.W. pg.13 Ques. 1-Section 1-1 H.W. pg.13 Ques. 1-44• What is ScienceWhat is Science- ScienceScience is the process of trying to understand the is the process of trying to understand the

world around you.world around you.

●● What do you call someone who What do you call someone who practices science?practices science?

- A A scientistscientist

●● We use science to create technology.We use science to create technology.- TechnologyTechnology is the use of knowledge learned is the use of knowledge learned

through sciencethrough science

- Examples of TechnologyExamples of Technology

- Computers, machines, cars.Computers, machines, cars.

Types of ScienceTypes of Science

• Many different types of science exist. And they Many different types of science exist. And they are all named based on the subject matter they are all named based on the subject matter they are studying.are studying.

-Ex: -Ex: - BiologyBiology= the study of life= the study of life- Earth Science Earth Science = study of Earth and Space= study of Earth and Space- ChemistryChemistry= the study of the composition and = the study of the composition and

structure of matter.structure of matter.- BiochemistryBiochemistry= = study of chemical composition of study of chemical composition of

biological forms.biological forms.- PhysicsPhysics= study of the interactions between = study of the interactions between

matter and energymatter and energy

Doing ScienceDoing Science

• Whenever you do science you want to Whenever you do science you want to solve a solve a problemproblem. What are some . What are some problems that you can solve?problems that you can solve?

-- Why does a plant grow?, How do we use oxygen? Why does a plant grow?, How do we use oxygen?

• In order to solve your scientific problem In order to solve your scientific problem you must conduct an you must conduct an experimentexperiment, , which a series of tests that you perform which a series of tests that you perform in order to solve your problem.in order to solve your problem.

Conducting ExperimentsConducting Experiments• In order to conduct an experiment In order to conduct an experiment

you must use the you must use the Scientific Scientific MethodMethod..

- The scientific method is a series of steps taken The scientific method is a series of steps taken during an experiment in order to solve a problem.during an experiment in order to solve a problem.

•• There are four stages of the scientific There are four stages of the scientific method:method:

1)1) PreparePrepare2)2) PlanPlan3)3) DoDo4)4) Conclude and applyConclude and apply

Scientific MethodScientific Method

1)1) PreparePrepare::--First Identify the First Identify the problemproblem (what you want (what you want

to solve).to solve).

- Next form a Next form a hypothesishypothesis. What's a . What's a hypothesishypothesis??

- A A hypothesis hypothesis is a statement or educated is a statement or educated guess that can be tested about a problem. guess that can be tested about a problem. (Why you think this problem exists).(Why you think this problem exists).

- Lets think of some problems and Lets think of some problems and hypothesis's.hypothesis's.

Scientific Method Scientific Method (continued)(continued)

2)2) PlanPlan::Here we design an experiment in order to Here we design an experiment in order to

test our hypothesis.test our hypothesis.3)3) DoDo::Test our hypothesis & Observe and record the Test our hypothesis & Observe and record the

results of our experiment.results of our experiment.4)4) Conclude and ApplyConclude and Apply::Analyze our results (why our results occurred)Analyze our results (why our results occurred)&&Draw conclusions (what can say about our Draw conclusions (what can say about our

experiment. Did it work? Why, Did it fail? experiment. Did it work? Why, Did it fail? Why?Why?

And if so, what can we do next time to And if so, what can we do next time to make it work?make it work?

Important things to consider Important things to consider when using the scientific when using the scientific

methodmethod• Trials, variables, Controls and Data TablesTrials, variables, Controls and Data Tables

• Trials Trials are repeated experiments, are repeated experiments, performed in order to make sure that your performed in order to make sure that your results are consistent. (the more trials you results are consistent. (the more trials you perform the truer the results.)perform the truer the results.)

• Why else would you perform more than Why else would you perform more than just one trial?just one trial?

-Human error, faulty material-Human error, faulty material

• VariablesVariables are factors in an experiment that are factors in an experiment that can change. can change.

- Independent Variables- are variables that change during an Independent Variables- are variables that change during an experiment. (If you wanted to see what soap cleaned dishes experiment. (If you wanted to see what soap cleaned dishes the best, all the different soaps used would be independent the best, all the different soaps used would be independent variables.)variables.)

- Dependant variables- are the variables being measured. (So Dependant variables- are the variables being measured. (So you would measure how clean the dishes are after using a you would measure how clean the dishes are after using a specific soap. That result is dependant on the soap used to specific soap. That result is dependant on the soap used to clean that dish.)clean that dish.)

• Data Tables- Data Tables- these organize your these organize your observations and results into columns and observations and results into columns and rows.rows.

- We make data tables in order to keep track We make data tables in order to keep track of results and be able to communicate them of results and be able to communicate them to others.to others.

- Controls-Controls-Controls are variables that never change Controls are variables that never change over the course of an experiment. (Here it would be over the course of an experiment. (Here it would be the amount of soap used to clean the dishes, you the amount of soap used to clean the dishes, you would always use the same amount.)would always use the same amount.)

Developing Theories Developing Theories

• After a scientist completes an experiment After a scientist completes an experiment and analyzed his/her data they than can and analyzed his/her data they than can propose a scientific propose a scientific theorytheory..

• A A theorytheory is an explanation of things or is an explanation of things or events based on scientific knowledge that events based on scientific knowledge that is the result of an experiment.is the result of an experiment.

• A A scientific lawscientific law however, is a statement however, is a statement about how things work in nature that about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time.seems to be true all the time.

-Ex: gravity-Ex: gravity

Measuring with Scientific Measuring with Scientific UnitsUnits• An important part of experimentation in An important part of experimentation in

science is making science is making accurate measurementsaccurate measurements..

- Everyday things that we use are or have Everyday things that we use are or have been measured. The ingredients of the food been measured. The ingredients of the food you will eat, your shoe size, the amount of you will eat, your shoe size, the amount of electricity use to power this computer.electricity use to power this computer.

● ● And the way all of these things are And the way all of these things are measured all over the world are in measured all over the world are in Scientific Scientific Units or SI UnitsUnits or SI Units. .

SI Units SI Units

Living ThingsLiving ThingsSection 1-2 H.W. pg 18 ques.1-Section 1-2 H.W. pg 18 ques.1-

4 4 • What are some examples of living What are some examples of living

things?things?--HumansHumans

-Plants-Plants

-bugs-bugs

●●What about these things?What about these things?Rocks, bicycles, booksRocks, bicycles, books

• What are living things Called?What are living things Called?

--They are called They are called organisms, organisms, a living a living thing that posses the thing that posses the traitstraits of life. of life.

●● What is a What is a traittrait??

- A A traittrait is a specific feature of is a specific feature of something. What are some human something. What are some human traits?traits?

- Hair color, eye color, height Hair color, eye color, height

How to distinguish a living How to distinguish a living thing from a non living thing.thing from a non living thing.

• If something expresses one of traits of If something expresses one of traits of life it is considered to be alive. The life it is considered to be alive. The traits of life are:traits of life are:

1)1) ResponseResponse

2)2) MovementMovement

3)3) OrganizationOrganization

4)4) ReproductionReproduction

5)5) Growth and developmentGrowth and development

Traits of LifeTraits of Life1)1) ResponseResponse- organisms have the ability - organisms have the ability

to react to their environments. to react to their environments. Ex:Ex: When an animal runs away from a loud noise. Or When an animal runs away from a loud noise. Or

when a plant grows in the direction of sunlight. when a plant grows in the direction of sunlight. (external responses)(external responses)

When you run your body temperature rises so your When you run your body temperature rises so your body sweats to cool you down. body sweats to cool you down. (internal (internal response)response)

--This is an example of This is an example of HomeostasisHomeostasis, the , the maintaining of a proper internal condition.maintaining of a proper internal condition.

●● What is an environment and what is What is an environment and what is included in an organisms environment?included in an organisms environment?

-- An environment includes everything in its An environment includes everything in its surroundings. It includes other organisms, water, surroundings. It includes other organisms, water, weather, temperature, soil, sound and light.weather, temperature, soil, sound and light.

Traits of Life Traits of Life (continued)(continued)

2)2) Movement- Movement- all all organisms show some organisms show some form of movement form of movement which requires the use which requires the use of energy.of energy.

Humans and animalsHumans and animals- run, - run, walk, flywalk, fly

PlantsPlants- they grow out in the - they grow out in the direction of sunlight and direction of sunlight and water.water.

Bacteria and AlgaeBacteria and Algae- use - use things called flagella and things called flagella and pseudo pods for movement.pseudo pods for movement.

Traits of Life Traits of Life (continued)(continued)

3)3) OrganizationOrganization- All living things are - All living things are made up of parts that are organized.made up of parts that are organized.

- All organisms are made of All organisms are made of cellscells, the smallest , the smallest unit of living things.unit of living things.

- Some organisms only contain one cell. (Some organisms only contain one cell. (bacteriabacteria))

&&

-- Some organisms contain many cells. ( Some organisms contain many cells. (Plants and Plants and animalsanimals))

Traits of Life Traits of Life (continued)(continued)

4)4) ReproductionReproduction- All living things - All living things reproduce, meaning they make more reproduce, meaning they make more of their own kind.of their own kind.

Two types of reproduction:Two types of reproduction: A)A) Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction- Here two parents are - Here two parents are

needed, a male and female, to create one of needed, a male and female, to create one of their own kind. (Animals)their own kind. (Animals)

B)B) Asexual reproductionAsexual reproduction- Here only one parent - Here only one parent is needed to reproduce itself. (bacteria)is needed to reproduce itself. (bacteria)

Traits of Life Traits of Life (continued)(continued)

5)5) Growth and developmentGrowth and development- All - All organisms express changes that take organisms express changes that take place over the course of their lives, place over the course of their lives, this is known as development.this is known as development.

-- An example would be how a frog is conceived and born. An example would be how a frog is conceived and born.

-- A frog begins as a single cell in a fertilized egg and then A frog begins as a single cell in a fertilized egg and then grows into a tadpole and eventually into a fully grown grows into a tadpole and eventually into a fully grown frog.frog.

Needs of living thingsNeeds of living things

• EnergyEnergy- needed for all of the traits - needed for all of the traits of life. Without energy an organism of life. Without energy an organism could not survive. Food and Sunlight)could not survive. Food and Sunlight)

• WaterWater- Every living thing needs a - Every living thing needs a constant supply of water. Our body constant supply of water. Our body is 70% water and our cells use water is 70% water and our cells use water to carry out specials tasks like to carry out specials tasks like breaking down food. Plants need breaking down food. Plants need water to make their own food. water to make their own food.

Needs of living thingsNeeds of living things

• OxygenOxygen- Living organisms use oxygen in - Living organisms use oxygen in order to release energy from food. We get order to release energy from food. We get Oxygen from the air what about fish, where Oxygen from the air what about fish, where does their Oxygen come from?does their Oxygen come from?

• MineralsMinerals- Chemicals found in the water - Chemicals found in the water soil, and air and can not be made by living soil, and air and can not be made by living things, however living things need minerals things, however living things need minerals to survive. to survive. (we get them from eating plants and (we get them from eating plants and animals, plants get them from the soil.)animals, plants get them from the soil.)

Ex: Calcium and Potassium Ex: Calcium and Potassium

Where does life come from?Where does life come from?Section 1-3 H.W. pg. 21 ques.1-4Section 1-3 H.W. pg. 21 ques.1-4

• At first scientists believed that living thing At first scientists believed that living thing things came from non living things.things came from non living things.

- This theory was called This theory was called spontaneous spontaneous generation.generation.

- Then in the mid 1800’s a man named Then in the mid 1800’s a man named Pasteur disproved this theory and it was Pasteur disproved this theory and it was replaced with a stronger theory called replaced with a stronger theory called biogenesisbiogenesis, which states that all living things , which states that all living things can only come from other living things.can only come from other living things.

Urey- Miller ExperimentUrey- Miller Experiment• In 1924 two scientists named Stanley Miller In 1924 two scientists named Stanley Miller

and Harold Urey conducted an experiment and Harold Urey conducted an experiment to see how life on Earth formed.to see how life on Earth formed.

- It was thought that early Earth had no life It was thought that early Earth had no life forms or O2, but it did have ammonia, forms or O2, but it did have ammonia, hydrogen and water.hydrogen and water.

- The scientists hypothesized that these The scientists hypothesized that these gasses could have combined to form more gasses could have combined to form more complex compounds found in living things, complex compounds found in living things, thus giving rise to life on Earth.thus giving rise to life on Earth.

- The results they got proved that more The results they got proved that more complex compounds could be made with complex compounds could be made with these gasses but it did not prove that life these gasses but it did not prove that life on Earth began this way.on Earth began this way.

Classifying LifeClassifying LifeSection 1-4 H.W pg. 26 ques. 1-4 Section 1-4 H.W pg. 26 ques. 1-4

• In a grocery store all of the items that In a grocery store all of the items that are sold are usually grouped together are sold are usually grouped together by similarities. by similarities.

--Milk and cheese with dairyMilk and cheese with dairy

--Hamburgers and cold cuts with meats etc….. Hamburgers and cold cuts with meats etc…..

--Why? Because it makes it easier for the consumer to find Why? Because it makes it easier for the consumer to find what they are looking for. what they are looking for.

-- We need to do this with living things as well and we call it We need to do this with living things as well and we call it classificationclassification, the grouping of objects or information , the grouping of objects or information based on common traits.based on common traits.

How organisms are How organisms are classified.classified.

• Animals are classified into groups Animals are classified into groups based on shared traits.based on shared traits.

Ex: Some animals have bones and some don’t. (fish)Ex: Some animals have bones and some don’t. (fish)

Some animals live in water and on land (amphibians)Some animals live in water and on land (amphibians)

Some animals have hair (mammals) and some have Some animals have hair (mammals) and some have feathers. (birds)feathers. (birds)

The Kingdoms of LifeThe Kingdoms of Life

• All organisms are separated into six All organisms are separated into six large groups called large groups called KingdomsKingdoms..

- A kingdom is a large group of organisms A kingdom is a large group of organisms that share certain features.that share certain features.

- There are six kingdoms of life and within There are six kingdoms of life and within each kingdom is an even more specific each kingdom is an even more specific classification schemes, the smallest of classification schemes, the smallest of which is called a which is called a speciesspecies. .

- A A speciesspecies is a group of organisms that is a group of organisms that have the ability to mate with each other have the ability to mate with each other and produce offspring. and produce offspring. (two organisms that are (two organisms that are of different species or kingdoms cannot mate and of different species or kingdoms cannot mate and produce offspring)produce offspring)

The Kingdoms of Life The Kingdoms of Life (continued)(continued)

• Organisms are placed into a Organisms are placed into a kingdoms based on these four kingdoms based on these four features:features:

1)1) How many cells they are made up of.How many cells they are made up of.

2)2) What there cells look like.What there cells look like.

3)3) Whether or not they can move from Whether or not they can move from place to place.place to place.

4)4) How they get energy.How they get energy.

The Kingdoms of Life The Kingdoms of Life (continued)(continued)

• The six Kingdoms are:The six Kingdoms are:1)1) ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

2)2) EubacteriaEubacteria

3)3) ProtistsProtists

4)4) FungiFungi

5)5) PlantsPlants

6)6) AnimalsAnimals

The Kingdoms of Life The Kingdoms of Life (continued)(continued)

• The breakdown from The breakdown from Kingdom to species is Kingdom to species is as follows: (ex: dolphin)as follows: (ex: dolphin)

Kingdom- AnimalKingdom- AnimalPhylum- Chordata Phylum- Chordata Class- MammalClass- MammalOrder- CetaceaOrder- CetaceaFamily- DelphinidaeFamily- DelphinidaeGenus- TursiopsGenus- TursiopsSpecies- Tursiops Species- Tursiops

truncatustruncatus

• The breakdown from The breakdown from Kingdom to species is Kingdom to species is as follows: (ex: as follows: (ex: human)human)

Kingdom- AnimalKingdom- AnimalPhylum- ChordataPhylum- ChordataClass- MammalClass- MammalOrder- PrimateOrder- PrimateFamily- HominidaeFamily- HominidaeGenus- HomoGenus- HomoSpecies- ErectusSpecies- Erectus

How do we get these scientific How do we get these scientific names?names?

• All scientific names are taken from either All scientific names are taken from either Latin or Greek origin.Latin or Greek origin.

- We use a two-word naming system called We use a two-word naming system called Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature to name organisms. to name organisms.

- The first word indicates the The first word indicates the genusgenus the the organism belongs to. And the second name organism belongs to. And the second name tells you something about the organism.tells you something about the organism.

- Ex: Homo erectus- Homo means man & Ex: Homo erectus- Homo means man & erectus means upright. Upright man.erectus means upright. Upright man.

Why we use Binomial Why we use Binomial NomenclatureNomenclature

1)1) We use scientific names in order to limit We use scientific names in order to limit confusion and to avoid mistakes.confusion and to avoid mistakes.

2)2) Also, it allows us to know if two organisms Also, it allows us to know if two organisms are related. If the first of the two names is are related. If the first of the two names is the same with both organisms than we know the same with both organisms than we know that they belong to the same genus, and are that they belong to the same genus, and are related. related.

3)3) These scientific names give descriptions of These scientific names give descriptions of the species in the second of the two names.the species in the second of the two names.

4)4) These names allow the scientific world as a These names allow the scientific world as a whole to classify all living things in an easy whole to classify all living things in an easy way.way.

Test on Chapter 1 in one Test on Chapter 1 in one Week!!!!!Week!!!!!