sciences 6_sample pages

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Muscles and bones3

Copy the true sentences into your notebook.

a) People with physical disabilities cant do any sports.

b) There are sports competitions for people with disabilities.

c) Wheelchairs can help people to move around more easily.

Which sports can people with disabilities do? Choose thecorrect answer.

a) Football, basketball, swimming, cycling, scuba diving.

b) Tennis, skiing, kayaking, volleyball.

c) All of the above sports.

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1

KOJIRO THE ROBOT

26 twenty-six

You should know . . .You can move different parts of your body,

and this lets you do many different things.

For example, you can smile, throw a ball, ride

a bike or play a musical instrument.

Some people have got physical disabilities

because of an illness or an accident. It can be

more difficult for them to move around and

do things for themselves.

Some people with physical disabilities use a

walker or a wheelchair to go from place to

place. Other machines are helpful too, like

lifts, escalators and adapted vehicles. They

can make peoples lives easier and more comfortable. Thanks to these inventions,

people with disabilities can also do many different sports. With practice, they can

also become champion athletes at international competitions, like the

Paralympics.


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1. The musculoskeletal systemThe human body performs the basic life process ofinteraction. It detects information about the environmentand also reacts to that information. This involves variousparts of the body, such as the sense organs, the nervous

system and the musculoskeletal system.

The musculoskeletal system is composed of manymuscles and bones. It lets you move different parts of

your body and get around from one place to another.

The functions of the skeleton

Humans have got an internal skeleton. It is made of206 different bones. The skeleton performs three main

functions: It supports the body and helps to keep its shape.

It protects the bodys soft, internal organs, like thebrain, heart and lungs.

It is connected to muscles that move the differentbones.

Bones are made of bone cells that form bone tissue.These cells can grow and reproduce to repair brokenbones.

Joints are parts of the skeleton where two or morebones are connected. In some joints, there are elastictissues called ligaments that keep the bones together.

3.1

3.2

Bone cells release minerals

like calcium and phosphorus.

These minerals change bone

tissue into hard, rigid bone.

Some bones have got soft

tissue in the centre, called

bone marrow. This tissue

produces red blood cells,

white blood cells and

platelets.

Did you realise?

The musculoskeletal system.

Ligament

Bones

Skeleton Muscles

Joint


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Muscles

Muscles are made of many muscle cells. These cells can contractandbecome shorter. They can also relaxand become longer again.

Muscles contract and relax to move different parts of the body. Some

muscles are connected to bones by long, non-elastic fibres calledtendons. When the muscles contract, they pull on the tendons and movethe bones.

3.3

1. Copy and complete these sentences in your notebook.

a) The supports the body and helps to maintain its too.

b) When bones form , elastic keep the bones together.

c) cells can and relax to become or longer.

d) Non-elastic fibres called connect some muscles to .

e) Our bones are made of many bone that form hard bone .

2. Label the pictures.

a) b)

3. Quiz.3.4

Ligament

Muscles

Tendon


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2. The human skeletonBones can be different shapes and sizes. There are long bones, shortbones, flat bones and cylindrical bones.

We can put the bones of the human skeleton into three groups:

the bones of the head.

the bones of the trunk.

the bones of the extremities.

Temporal

The bones of thehead form the skull(or cranium). Thesebones protect thebrain and they alsoform the face.

Sternum

Pelvis

Long, cylindrical bone

Short bone

Flat bone

Maxilla

Frontal

Spinal column

Mandible

Occipital

Parietal

Scapula

Skull

Ribs


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The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the sternum and theribs.

The spinal column is made of smaller bones calledvertebrae. Thespinal column supports the head and it also protects the spinal cord

The sternum and the ribs form the rib cage. This protects the heartand lungs.

Each upper extremityisconnected to the trunk bytwo bones: the clavicle atthe front, and the scapula atthe back.

The bones of the upperextremities form the arms,hands and fingers.

Each hand has got 27bones, called carpals,metacarpals and phalanges.

The lower extremities areconnected to the trunk by thepelvis.

The bones of the lowerextremities form the legs, feetand toes.

Each foot has got 26 bones,called tarsals, metatarsalsand phalanges.

1. Classify the following bones into three groups: bonesof the head, bones of the trunk and bones of theextremities.

femur sternum humerus ulna patella ribtemporal bone radius occipital bone fibula

carpal mandible

2. Which bones form the rib cage and the spinal column?

3. Quiz.3.5

Metatarsals

Femur

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Radius

Humerus

Phalanges

Phalanges

Tarsals

CarpalsMetacarpals

Ulna

Clavicle


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3. Muscles

All the muscles of the body form the muscular system.

Muscles can move and apply force. They have got different shapesand sizes. There are long muscles, like the ones in your legs, andflatmuscles, like the ones in your face. There are also circularmuscles, like the ones around your eyes and around your mouth.

We can also classify muscles by the way they function:

Some muscles arevoluntary:you can control them and movethem whenever you want. Voluntary muscles are connected tobones, like the muscles in your legs. You use them to walk, jumpand run.

Some muscles are involuntary:you cant control them becausethey work automatically. Your heart is an involuntary muscle. It

keeps working all the time. The muscles in your intestines arealso involuntary. They contract and relax automatically to movefood through your body.

3.6

Muscles of the trunk

Muscles of the face

The orbiculareyemuscles close theeyelids.

The frontal muscle pullsthe eyebrows up. It alsomoves the forehead.

The sternocleidomastoidmuscles turn the head.

Abdominal

Oblique

Pectoral

Deltoid

Trapezius


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1. Look at the pictures. Which muscles are the people using?

a) b) c)

2. Match the muscles to the parts of the body.

frontal muscle gluteal muscles calf musclesbiceps orbicular eye muscle pectoral muscles

deltoid muscle trapezius

3. Quiz.3.7

Muscles of the arms and legs

When the deltoidcontracts, it pullsup the arm at theshoulder.

When thebiceps contractsit bends the armat the elbow.

When the femoralbiceps contracts, itbends the leg atthe knee.

When the calfmuscles contract,they pull up theback of the feet.

When the tricepscontracts, itextends andstraightens the arm.

The gluteal muscleshelp you to standup and walk.

When thequadricepscontracts, itextends andstraightens theleg.


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4. Joints

Joints are places where two or more bones are connected.

We can classify joints by how much they move:

Fixed joints cant move. Many of the bones in your skull areconnected by fixed joints.

Semi-moveable joints cant move very much. The vertebrae in yourspinal column are connected by semi-moveable joints.

Moveable joints can move a lot. Your shoulders, elbows and kneesare moveable joints. Inside these joints, there is a tough, flexible tissuecalled cartilage. It stops the bones from touching, to protect them fromfriction.

Joints and pairs of muscles

Muscles often work together in pairs. They take turns contracting andrelaxing. When one of the muscles contracts, it becomes shorter andpulls on the other muscle. At the same time, the other muscle relaxes andbecomes longer.

3.8

Which muscles do you use to

flex and extend your arm?

Touch your right shoulder wit

your right hand. How do your

arm muscles move?

Think about it

The spinal column has gotmany semi-moveable joints.

Hip

Elbow

Knee

Shoulder

Examples of moveable joints.


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5. Good habits for yourmusculoskeletal system

To keep your muscles and bones healthy, you should do exercise, andhave good posture. You shouldnt carry things that are too heavy.

3.9

1. What are the three types of joints? Write one example for each type.

2. Copy the true sentences into your notebook.

a) Sleeping on your front isnt good for your spine.

b) When you sit in a chair, you should keep your back straight.

c) You should use your back when you pick up heavy things.

3. Quiz.3.10

Eat foods with lots of calcium, phosphorus,vitamin C and vitamin D. They help yourbody to build strong bones.

Get moving! Do differenttypes of exercise andsport.

Try to sleep on your back or onyour side. Its better for yourspinal column.

Sit up straight. Keep yourknees at the same level as

your hips.

Bend your knees when you pickup heavy things. Dont use yourback muscles.

Wear yourrucksackproperly. Usboth strapsand keep thrucksack in

the centre ofyour back.


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ACTIVITIE

thirty-sev

1. Write the names of the body parts that are numbered in the pictures.

2. Choose the correct option and copy the sentences into your notebook.

a) The muscles around your eyes are long/circular.

b) Voluntary/Involuntary muscles work automatically.

c) Tendons connect cartilage/muscles to bones.

d) Ligaments/Phalanges connect bones to other bones.

3. Match the types of joints with the pictures:

Fixed joint

Moveable joint

Semi-moveable joint

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1

3

5

7

2

4

7

8

12

13

9

810

6 6

5

3

4

2

9

11

15

a) b)

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