Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

Astronomy: The Earth’s Role in (Outer) Space

1. Draw the hierarchy of the universe universe-made up of billions of galaxies – made up of billions of stars – some of those stars have planetary systems (like our Sun, planets orbit around the Sun)

2. Describe three ways that the Sun makes life possible on Earth.a. lightb. heatc. food (plants make food using the Sun’s energy, photosynthesis)

3. The Earth is not stationary (it does not “stand still” in space. Explain the four major motions of Earth in space).a. Rotation – Earth rotates around its own axis at an angle of 23.5 degrees (basketball spins on its axis)b. Revolution – Earth (and all planets) make one complete “lap” around the Sunc. Precession – the Earth’s axis points to a different point in the night sky every 13,000 yearsd. Nutation – Earth wobbles around its precessional axis (caused by tides, which are caused by moon’s pull

of gravity on Earth)

Multiple-Choice Review:

1. True or False: All of the planets, including Earth, spin in the same direction and go around the Sun in the same direction due to the Sun’s gravity. (1.1.1-1)

Use this word bank for questions 2,3, and 4. Galaxies Moons Stars Elliptical Time Planets Areas North Carolina2. The hierarchy of organization in the universe is that the universe is made up of ____galaxies_____________, which are made up of _____stars__________ and some of these have _________planetary systems________. (1.1.1-2)Use the following diagram to help you answer questions 3 and 4 about Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion.

2. Kepler’s First Law states that all planets and orbiting objects follow a/an __elliptical_______________ orbit path. (1.1.1-3)

3. Kepler’s Second Law states that a line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal ____areas______ in equal ____time________. (1.1.1-3)

4. The Big Bang Theory states that_____ a. The universe has always been the same but is expanding outward in all directionsb. The universe will collapse back onto itself into a single pointc. The universe began as a single point and expanded outward in all directions with continued expansion todayd. The world was created in a huge explosion similar to a bomb

5. The main piece of evidence is for an expanding universe is the ____________. (1.1.1-4)a. One Shift in light coming from other galaxiesb. Two Shift in light coming from other galaxiesc. Red Shift in light coming from other galaxiesd. Blue Shift in light coming from other galaxies

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

6. The tilt of Earth’s axis is_____ (1.1.1-4)

a. 32.5 degrees c. 52.5 degreesb. 23.5 degrees d. There is no tilt of Earth’s axis

7. In the diagram below, circle the position in which the northern hemisphere is experiencing summer. (1.1.2-1)

8. Fusion is so important for life on Earth because__________. (1.1.3-1)a. It is how we get nuclear energy from power plantsb. It happens in volcanoes creating light and heat for life on Earthc. It happens in stars like the Sun sending radiant energy to support life on Earthd. Fission is actually the important one.

9. Define precession. What does precession mean for our north star? A diagram can be used to support your explanation. (1.1.1-5) -precession: The Earth’s rotation is not fixed in space! The Earth moves like a toy top that wobbles a bit as it spins. This motion causes the North Star to change about every 13,000 years or so.

10. The wobbling of Earth’s tilted rotational axis between 23 degrees and 24 degrees is called __________________. (1.1.1-6) [nutation]

11. Earth’s magnetic field protects us from ______________. (1.1.4-4)a. Spinning or rotating too fast c. Solar energyb. Moon winds d. Solar winds

12. Create a flow chart of energy through space starting with fusion in the Sun and ending with food for humans. (1.1.3-3)Nuclear fusion Sun’s radiant energy (light and heat) plants absorb light plants make food via photosynthesis animals and humans eat those plants

13. Even though the Sun emits many kinds of energy, why do we not feel or experience all the different kinds of energy it emits? (1.1.3-2) a. The atmosphere absorbs most of it, including much of the dangerous ones.b. They are all different names of the same thing.c. The magnetic field protects us.d. Photosynthesis captures it all.

CHALLENGE QUESTION:

Lithosphere: The Rock Cycle

1. Draw the rock cycle below. Include the following forces that transform rock from one form to another: extreme heat, pressure, compaction, cementation, gravity, etc. [check]

2. Define the lithosphere (what two layers comprise or make up the lithosphere?): layer of Earth made up of the crust and upper mantle

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

3. Label the four layers of the earth [in order top to bottom: crust, upper and lower mantle, outer core, inner core]

4. In the table below, fill in each layer of the earth and write one characteristic of each (besides where it is located).

Name of Layer One characteristic (fact)

Crust 5-70 km thick (thinnest layer; varies in thickness)

Mantle 2890 km thick; magnesium and iron

Outer Core 2260 km thick; iron and nickel

Inner Core 1220 km thick; SOLID iron (and some nickel)

*heat/temperature and pressure increase as you move down from crust to core*5. Create an analogy to describe the Earth and its layers.

For example:The earth is like an appleThe crust is like the skin because it is thin and on the outsideThe mantle is like the flesh because it is the largest layer and is a soft solidThe outer core is like the outside of the seeds because it is towards the inside The inner core is like the inside of the seeds because it is the solid, innermost part

Now, create your own!The earth is like a _______________________The crust is like the ____________________ because ________________________________________The mantle is like the ___________________ because _______________________________________The outer core is like the ________________ because ________________________________________The inner core is like the ________________ because ________________________________________[creativity]

6. Use the words PANGAEA, CONTINENTAL DRIFT, and MOVEMENT to describe the theory of continental drift (textbook):Alfred Wegner’s theory that the continents were once joined together in one giant landmass (named Pangaea). The theory states that 200 million years ago, the continents started breaking apart and drifted to their current locations.

7. Why didn’t people believe Alfred Wegener when he proposed continental drift (the answer is NOT that he did not have enough evidence) (textbook): Wegener said that fossils on coasts of South America and Africa (between

Name: _______________________________ Freshwaterthem the Southern Atlantic Ocean) were similar; however, people argued that erosion continually changes coastlines over time. Scientists rejected this theory because Wegener could not provide a FORCE that would cause those continents to move across the globe.

8. Draw a picture illustrating how convection currents work in the mantle.

Heat increases as you travel down from the crust to the core. Hotter magma at the base of the mantle is less dense and rises, while cooler denser magma nearer to the crust sinks back down, and the cycle continues.

9. How do convection currents contribute to plate movement?The upper mantle and crust form the lithosphere, which is divided into 7 large plates. Plates move because of convection currents in the mantle.

10. Explain plate tectonics theory. What is the main difference between continental drift and plate tectonics theory?The plate tectonics theory states that the plates interact in various ways producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes, and the like. The plates move very slowly at a rate of about 5cm per year! The main difference between the theories: (1) none of the plates is defined as a continent (2) the plates move along with the ocean floor (not through it as in Wegner’s theory of continental drift).

11. Complete the following table : NOTE: The total surface area of the Earth’s plates does not change, but each may grow/shrink in area

Boundary Type How do the plates move? What does it cause? Picture

Convergent

Together Volcanoes, some earthquakes (subduction zone: when one oceanic plate is forced beneath a 2nd plate, destructive)

Ocean-continent: volcanic island; Ocean-ocean: volcano; Continent-continent: mountain (neither plate sinks/can be subducted)

Divergent

Apart Seafloor spreading (Upwelling from the mantle to create new seafloor/ new oceanic crust)

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

Transform fault

Side-by-side (two plates grind past each other without destroying the lithosphere/plate)

Ex) San Andreas fault

*earthquakes

Multiple-Choice Review:

1. Which of the following is not a major type of rock. (2.1.1-1)a. Metamorphic c. Igneousb. Mesozoic d. Sedimentary

2. ______ Deposition (2.1.1-1) A a. The layering of rocks or sediment

______ Bedding (2.1.1-1) C b. An even amount of pressure causing a layered or banded appearance. ______ Foliation (2.1.1-1) B c. The piling of eroded sediments

3. Lava is located ____________ the Earth while magma is located _____________ the Earth. (2.1.1-(lava – on top of Earth’s surface/exit the volcano while magma is underneath Earth’s surface)

4. True or False: Volcanic Ash contains gases and affects atmospheric composition with pollutants such as dust, rock particles, and ash (2.1.1-4)

5. Waves that push and pull (like a slinky) are called _____________ waves and the waves that move up and down are called ___________ waves. (2.1.1-5)a. S and Pb. P and Sc. Body waves and surface wavesd. Surface waves and body waves

6. Which theory explains why the earth vibrates in an earthquake? a. Elastic rebound theoryb. Strike slip theoryc. Seismatic theoryd. Theory of relativity

7. Which of the following is not a fault type involved in earthquakes? (2.1.1-5)a. Normal faultb. Strike slip faultc. Hanging wall faultd. Reverse fault

8. In the case of an earthquake, in the diagram below A represents the __epicenter________________ and B represents the ________focus____________. (2.1.1-5)

(deleted diagram)

9. The two main causes of sea level rise are_________ and ________. Pick two! (2.1.1-7)a. Warmer water expanding c. It is raining too muchb. People drinking too much water d. Land based ice is melting

10. Which of the following does NOT affect the rate of weathering. (2.1.3-2)a. Topography c. Rock compositionb. Climate d. How much sun there is

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

11. On the map below, predict where earthquakes, volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridges will be. Also indicate where at least one of each of the three types of plate boundaries is located. (2.1.2-1)

CHALLENGE QUESTION:

Atmosphere: Layers of the Atmosphere1. List the layers of the atmosphere, in order and include the composition of each. (ex) The troposphere is the layer

of the atmosphere closest to Earth’s surface where weather occurs.

Layer Composition (what it’s made of)

Altitude Characteristic

troposphereMostly water vapor, some ozone (nitrogen, oxygen); weather

0-20km (Earth’s surface-on)

Decrease in temperature with height (mountain)

stratosphereMostly ozone (absorbs radiation from the sun)

20-50km Increases in temp with altitude

mesosphere50-80km Decreases in temp

with altitude

thermosphereVery thin, made of some nitrogen and oxygen

80-100km Increases in temp with altitude

2.

Front Key Players (Air Masses) How Air Masses Interact Weather (Type of Way)

Warm frontWarm and cold air mass meet

Warm air mass overtakes cold air mass

Warm, clear skies

Cold frontWarm and cold air mass meet

Warm air mass rises and cold air moves in

Cold, precipitation (rain)

Stationary frontWarm and cold air mass meet

Warm and cold air mass equalize in pressure and temperature

Clear skies, possible precipitation

Occluded front Cold front chasing other fronts

Cold air mass overtakes warm air mass and keeps moving until it meets another cold air mass

Cold, storm/rainy, snow

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater3. Wind Systems:

a. What types of winds are responsible for our weather here in North Carolina? Westerliesb. In the tropics/Equator? The trade winds (think ships sailing on the seas)c. At the Poles? Polar Easterlies

Multiple-Choice Review:1. As you move away from the earth (altitude is increasing) the temperature of in the troposphere

___________________. Decreases (think about climbing up a mountain)

2. Denver, CO is 5100 ft. above sea level while Roanoke Rapids is 154 ft. above sea level. Which would you expect to have higher average temperature? Roanoke Rapids

3. What is the most abundant (highest percentage) gas in the atmosphere? (2.5.1-1)a. Argon c. Water vaporb. Nitrogen d. Oxygen

4. Oxygen makes up about ______ percent of the atmosphere. (2.5.1-1)a. 79 c. 99b. 1 d. 20

5. Water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), Argon, and other gases make up _______ percent of the atmosphere. (2.5.1-1)a. 79 c. 99b. 1 d. 20

6. Water can be found in three states in the atmosphere: ______________, _____________, and _____________. (2.5.4-3) (solid, liquid, gas)

7. When water changes states in the atmosphere it either ______________ or _____________ heat. (2.5.4-3)(gains or loses)

8. True or False: The motion of air over water and land redistributing heat creates weather in an attempt to find a heat balance in the atmosphere.

9. What are the two solid particles in the atmosphere? Circle two. (2.5.4-3)a. Dust c. Salt b. CO2 d. Argon

10. The ozone layer protects living things on Earth from: a. Visible light c. UV radiationb. Infrared radiation d. carbon dioxide

11. The ozone layer is in the _____________. a. Thermosphere c. Mesosphereb. Stratosphere d. Troposphere

12. Humans produce harmful chemicals that harm the environment, such as CFCs that deteriorate the ozone layer. Describe what could happen if we continue to emit CFCs and how that could affect human life. (2.5.5-2)CFCs have been banned since 1996 because they can destroy the ozone layer (which protects us from harmful UV radiation). [made of carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine]13. Meteorology is the study of__________

a. Meteors c. Space and planetsb. Weather and the atmosphere d. alternative energy sources

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater14. Below, please draw arrows and label the Trade Winds, Polar Easterlies, and Prevailing Westerlies on the globe. Locations don’t have to be exact. Make sure the order is right and the directions are right.

15. Because of the coriolis effect, _____________a. The air in the northern hemisphere is deflected to the right and the air in the southern hemisphere is deflected to

the left.b. The air in the northern hemisphere is deflected to the left and the air in the southern hemisphere is deflected to the

right.c. The atmosphere spins at the same rate as the surface of the earthd. The equator spins the fastest

*Rather than moving directly from areas of HIGH to LOW pressure, winds move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, to the left in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect/rotation of Earth on its axis.*

16. Below is a May 2013 weather map. Identify the fronts on the map and predict the weather in Texas, Kansas, and Florida. (2.5.4-1, 2.5.4-2). TX: cold front, low pressure system moving in: cold weather, precipitation; KS: warm front: clear skies as the rain moves out; FL: very little weather action

17. High-pressure systems are typically associated with __________________ weather and low-pressure systems are associated with ________________ weather. (fair weather; lousy/stormy weather)

18. High pressure air systems are more dense so they _____________ while low pressure systems are less dense and ______________. (2.5.3-1) (sink, rise)

19. Air masses move from ________ pressure to ________ pressure, creating wind. (2.5.3-1) (high to low)

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater20. What is the ultimate source of all energy in the atmosphere?

a. Heat c. The sunb. The moon d. Temperature

Hydrosphere: The Water Cycle1. Label the following steps of the water cycle on the diagram below (runoff, evaporation, condensation,

precipitation, transpiration) – each can be used more than once.

2. What is the difference between saltwater and freshwater?Salt content

3. What are 2 major sources of freshwater?Glaciers, rivers, lakes, streams, etc.

4. Define the following: Evaporation – water heats up and changes state from liquid to gas (boiling pot of water) Condensation – water cools down and changes state from gas back to liquid (morning dew) Transpiration – evaporation off of a plant/leaf Precipitation – water in vapor form (gas) in clouds gets heavy, falls back to Earth as liquid (rain, snow,

sleet, hail) Runoff – water that hits the Earth’s surface and is not absorbed into the top layer of soil (flows down

slopes and into streams/rivers/lakes) Infiltration – water that hits the Earth’s surface and IS absorbed into the top layer of soil

5. Does the amount of water on Earth ever change? Why or why not? NO; it simply changes form/state from solid-liquid-gas in a continuous cycle.

6. Classify each of the following as either evaporation (E), condensation (C), precipitation (P), infiltration (I), transpiration (T), runoff (R) (each may be used more than once)E______ water changing from liquid to gasC_____ water changing from gas to liquidC______ formation of cloudsT______ evaporation from plants

Name: _______________________________ FreshwaterI______ when precipitation seeps into the ground through cracksR______ carries non-point source pollutionE______ cause of steam from boiling waterP______ rain, snow, sleet, hailC______ cause of water droplets on the outside of a cold water bottleR______ water flowing down slopes, leads to formation of streams

7. What are 3 things water can do when it reaches Earth’s surface?Runoff into streams, evaporate, infiltrate/seep into cracks in the Earth’s surface

8. Explain how streams are formed. Use the words erosion and runoff in your answer.Streams begin as fast-moving V-shaped channels of runoff water. Over time, more water is added to the stream, and the sides of the stream (stream banks) begin to erode. Erosion causes that channel to go from U-shaped to V-shaped.

9. How is weathering different from erosion?Erosion involves the movement of those weathered particles over time (by 4 different agents: wind, water, waves, ice/glaciers).

10. What are the two types of weathering and how are they different? (physical also called mechanical weathering)Physical and chemical (chemical weathering involves a change in the composition or make up of the rock, it’s a new rock!), while physical weathering just changes the shape. (Recall: physical and chemical changes from physical science)

11. Classify the following as examples of weathering (W) or erosion (E)W______ frost wedgingE______ stream formationW______ tree roots breaking up rockW______ rustE______ uploadingE______ sediments carried by runoff

12. Classify the following as examples of mechanical weathering (M) or chemical weathering (C)_M_____ pothole formation due to frozen water expanding_C_____ rust_C_____ damaged surface of rock due to acid rain_M_____ uploading and exfoliation__C____ copper reacting with oxygen in the air and turning green__M____ humans digging up rock at a construction site

13. Why is point source pollution different than non point source pollution?a. Because I say sob. Because point source reaches a point under earth’s surfacec. Because point source has a known point of origind. Because non point source has nothing to do with runoff.

14. Which of the following is NOT a source of freshwater?a. Lakeb. Oceanc. Riverd. Stream

Name: _______________________________ FreshwaterMineral Resources and Energy

1. What is a renewable resource? A nonrenewable resource?Renewable resources can be replaced/replenished within our lifetime; whereas a non-renewable resource cannot be replaced/replenished within our lifetime.

Classify the terms below as either RENEWABLE or NON-RENEWABLE. You only need to write the letter of each term. Renewable Non-renewableB, D, E, E A, C, F, G, H, I

A. Coal E. ReusableB. Solar energy F. Millions of years to replenishC. Natural gas G. PetroleumD. Wind energy H. Fossil fuelsE. Wood I. Gasoline

2. Why are the earth’s resources being depleted? We are using Earth’s resources at a rate faster than we can replace/replenish them.

3. Why is it important to use alternative energy resources?We would like for future generations to have some energy resources!

4. What are some examples of fossil fuels? (coal, oil, natural gas)

5. Coal and petroleum are formed when plant and animal remains are buried and placed under very high ____________________ and _______________________. How long does this take?*temperature and pressure; millions of years*

6. What is the definition of sustainable (it has 2 parts)? Able to be maintained at a certain level over time

7. Classify the terms below as either SUSTAINABLE or NON-SUSTAINABLE. You only need to write the letter of each term.

Sustainable Non-sustainableB, C, D, F, G A, E, F, H, I

A. Fossil Fuels E. Using gasoline to power a carB. Solar energy (sunlight) F. Recycling paperC. Geothermal energy G. Wind energyD. Hydroelectric power H. Clear-cutting E. Nuclear power I. Coal

Air, Water, and Land Resources1. Why are oceans important? What about freshwater?

Name: _______________________________ FreshwaterTransportation (travel by ship), food (fish), renewable source of energy (wave/tidal power), non-renewable energy (oil deposits buried deep underneath the seafloor, think offshore drilling); freshwater: we need it to survive (and water plants)Fun Fact: How long can you survive without water?

2. How much of the Earth’s surface is water? 70%

3. What is runoff and what does it have to do with pollution? When precipitation hits Earth’s surface and does not evaporate or sink into the ground (infiltrate), it runs off down slopes into surface water: lakes, rivers, streams.

4. What are some ways that we pollute the water? Trash/waste, fertilizers (nitrates, sulfides), runoff from road (leaking fuel from cars etc.)

5. What is point source pollution? Nonpoint source pollution? Give an example of each.

Point source pollution can be traced back to 1 source, while non-point pollution cannot be traced to just 1 source (results from many sources coming together); point =

6. What is the layer that protects the earth from UV radiation?Stratosphere (contains ozone)

7. How do we damage this layer?Chloroflourocarbons into the air

8. What are some ways that we pollute the air?Dust, smog/smoke from industrial factories

9. Match each of the following types of air pollution with its definition _____ sulfur oxides a. soot, ash, dust in the air_____ nitrogen oxides b. primary component of smog_____ carbon monoxide c. colorless, odorless poisonous gas_____ particulate matter d. found in gasoline, batteries, paint_____ ground-level ozone e. primary cause of acid rain_____ lead f. forms ozone, produced by industrial plants

Human Impacts1. What is one of the things you can do to protect our resources? [reduce, reuse, recycle] – reducing total amount

used in the first place may be the most helpful

2. State one policy (or law) that the government passed to protect the air, water, or land resources. Who in the government enforces these laws? [Water Conservation Act; who enforces?]

3. What can loggers do to prevent deforestation? http://www.rainforestconcern.org/education_resources/what_can_we_do_to_stop_deforestation/

4. What are invasive (non-native) species, where do they come from, and what problems do they cause? Non-native (species not originally from that area, usually transplanted by human action]; problems: disrupt food web, possibly no natural predators, competition for another species’ food.

Greenhouse Effect

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater1. According to the graph, what is happening to

CO2 levels and how does this affect temperature?

Co2 levels are rising over time (positive slope); Co2 is a greenhouse gas that traps the Sun’s (solar) energy, causing average global temperatures to rise (global warming).

2. What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect is the process whereby carbon-containing gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) trap Solar energy in

the atmosphere. This heat-trapping effect can cause global temperatures to rise.3. What are some greenhouse gases? What do they do? Where do they come from?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) – they are responsible for the greenhouse gas effect (above). They come from human and animal waste, humans and animals breathing, burning fossil fuels (such as gasoline in our cars).

4. What will happen to our Earth if we continue to put greenhouse gases into the environment?

If we continue to put greenhouse gases into the environment, the Earth’s average global temperature will continue to rise. This change in temperature can impact entire biomes/ecosystems. Thinking specifically of the tundra: ice caps/glaciers will continue to melt as global temperatures rise, which causes a rise in sea level. This will affect marine environments as well as coastal environments (some states/countries near sea level, for example, will sink)

5. How can we lower greenhouse gas emissions (and thus our carbon footprint)?

There are many correct answers; ex) use fewer fossil fuels or ones with fewer carbon emissions (natural gas), use less electricity (cut off lights/be conscious of everyday actions)

Alternative EnergyComplete the following tableName of energy source

Description Advantages Disadvantages Sustainable?

Solar From the sun No pollution, renewable

Inefficient, expensive to install solar panels, not always sunny; depends on the weather

Yes

Wind From moving air No pollution, easy to set up, could provide 80% of world’s energy

Depends on the weather, wind turbines are expensive, can disrupt migratory birds

Yes

Hydroelectric From moving water

No pollution, renewable

Dams eventually fill up Yes

Name: _______________________________ FreshwaterGeothermal From hot magma

underneath the crust/close to the surface

Naturally occurring, renewable

Same area dries up after 10-15 years

No

Nuclear Energy from splitting radioactive nuclei

Cheap, lots of energy produced

Expensive equipment for nuclear power plants

No

Fossil Fuels Hydrocarbons Cheap, widely used Carbon emissions that contribute to the greenhouse gas effect, and thus global warming

NO!

Multiple Choice Review

1. Fossil fuels are seen by some scientists as a temporary energy source. Which aspect of fossil fuels encourages scientists to find other sources of energy production?

a. It takes a very long time for fossil fuels to form. b. The burning of fossil fuels results in decreased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. c. Fossil fuels store energy for a short period of time. d. Fossil fuels are too expensive to produce.

2. Minerals that are deposited when magma hardens are formed by _________ processes.a. Igneousa. Point sourceb. Placerc. Erosion

3. Resources that can be replenished over a relatively short time span are called ____. a. fossil fuelsb. nonrenewable resourcesc. renewable resourcesd. mineral resources

4. Which of the following is NOT required to form coal? a. Heatb. Magmac. High pressured. Buried plant remains

5. Pollution carried to a water source by runoff is an example of ____ a. Point source pollutionb. Nonpoint source pollutionc. Thermal pollutiond. Groundwater pollution

6. The earth is considered the “water planet” because the surface is about _____% water. a. 60b. 70c. 10d. 3

7. Even though most of the Earth’s surface is water, why do we still need to make sure to use it carefully?

Name: _______________________________ Freshwatera. Most of the water is pollutedb. Most of the water is not freshwaterc. Most people live far from a water sourced. Most of the water is underground

8. Which of the following is NOT a function of the atmosphere? a. Protects us from UV raysb. Traps heatc. Provides oxygend. Protects us from CFC’s

9. What in the atmosphere protects people from the sun’s ultraviolet radiation? a. Oxygenb. Nitrogenc. Ozoned. Carbon dioxide

10. Which of the following is NOT a main cause of air pollution? a. Power plantsb. Transportationc. Burning fossil fuelsd. Coal mining

11. Which of the following is NOT a main effect of air pollution? a. Destruction of habitatsb. Acid rainc. Reduced visibility and hazed. Respiratory illness

12. Which of the following is largely responsible for the growing hole in the Ozone layer? a. Carbon dioxideb. Methanec. CFCsd. Carbon monoxide

13. Which of the following is NOT a major resource we get from the land? a. Cropsb. Mineralsc. CO2

d. Wood

MAP SKILLS

1. Label the 5 major oceans on the map below.

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

2. What is the definition of an ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment.

3. In the absence of sunlight, where do organisms in the deep ocean get their energy? [deep-sea thermal vents: bacteria tap the energy from hydrogen sulfide]

4. What is coral reef bleaching? Describe what causes it and what happens to the coral as a result?

[think back to article on coral reefs in South Florida]

5. Density currents can be caused by differences in temperature or salinity. For each, explain which type of water rises and which sinks.

Temperature - ___hot water_____ rises, ____cold water______ sinksSalinity - _____unsalty water___ rises, _____salty water________ sinks

6. How are density currents similar to convection currents in the mantle? Cycle: hot magma rises (less dense) towards the crust, cools (more dense) and moves back down towards the lower mantle [those currents are based on density]

Upwelling generally occurs where two or more ocean currents diverge, or flow away from one another. 7. Use the map below to circle a location where you think upwelling could occur.

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

8. How does upwelling affect the marine life (fish, etc.) in the area?

9. What is downwelling and what does it bring?

10. How might global climate change and the greenhouse effect affect ocean currents? What will this do to weather in different regions?

11. What are 3 things that determine the height of a wave?Wind speed, wind duration, fetch (how far the wind travels)

12. Under what conditions would you expect to find the highest waves? (when 3 factors in #11 are highest)

13. In the diagram below, label the crest, trough, wavelength, and wave height. (DRAW)

Multiple Choice Review:1. What causes ocean currents?

a. The sun, onlyb. The sun, density, and windc. The moon, onlyd. The sun and moon

2. (SKIP) Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between polyps and algae in coral reefs? a. polyps provide oxygen for algae and algae clean the polypsb. algae provide a place for polyps to grow and polyps scare off predators of algaec. polyps and algae compete for nutrientsd. polyps provide nutrients for algae and algae provide sugar for polyps

3. Which of the following does NOT affect the height of a wave? a. Wind speed b. Salinity

c.Wind duration d. Fetch (space over which wind travels)

4. Which of the following will lead to the tallest wave? a. High wind speed and long wind durationb. Low wind speed and long wind durationc. High wind speed and short wind durationd. Low wind speed and short wind duration

1. Draw an elliptical orbit.

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

2. What does Global Positioning Systems (GPS) show you?

Position on Earth (latitude, longitude)3. What is a satellite?

Artificial object placed into orbit

4. What is the purpose of latitude and longitude? (specify position on a map)

5. On a globe, in which direction do latitude and longitude run? (latitude: left to right/ east to west; longitude: top to bottom or north to south)

6. What is the name for 0 degrees latitude? What about 0 degrees longitude?Equator; Prime Meridian

7. What do the lines on a topographic map show? (contour lines connect areas of equal elevation)

8. Fill in the latitude and/or longitude coordinates of the following locations using the map below. (DRAW IN)

Use the topographic map below for questions #9-10 9. What is the size of the contour interval?

10. What is the

elevation of the smiley face on the topographic map above?360 (10 per contour interval)

11. Using the map below, which side is steeper? A. East sideB. West sideC. Neither

350

400

Name: _______________________________ Freshwater

12. Fill in the directions on this compass rose: (NESW)