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Science Fiction:

7of 9 on Star Trek Doc Ock (Spiderman) Convergence: GMO, AI & nano

nanopantsWhen nanopants

attack

Guess: Nano (yellow/pink patent)

Nano sells!

Nanocube

Even our Life Style is being Nanoized

Nanosomes

(L’Oréal)

“If I were asked for an area of science and engineering that will most likely produce the breakthroughs of tomorrow, I would point to nanoscale science and engineering.” (…)

Neal Lane, Assistant to former US President Clinton for science and technology

The Impact of Nano

“The total societal impact of nanotechnology is expected to be much greater than that of the silicon integrated circuit because it is applicable in many more fields than just electronics.”

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Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip

Imaging at 5.0 kV

A. Schirmeisen,

G. Cross,

A. Stalder,

U. Durig

P. Grutter

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip

Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip

Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV

Field Ion Microscopy of tungsten tip

Imaging at 5.0 kV Manipulating at 6.0 kV

Single atom on tungsten tip

Imaged at 2.1 KV

How big is a nanometer?

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nm Nano: Renaissance Science

size

time

solid state physics & engineering

biology

chemistry

now!

nm

Top-down vs. Bottom-up

Top-down: traditional microfabrication

Traditional litho and local probe oxidation

Double Quantum Dots

Qubit in state |0>Qubit in state |1>Qubit in state α|1> + β|0>

Hilke Group, McGill

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Meli and Lennox, Langmuir 19, 9097 (2003)

Chemical self-assembly / patterning

10 nm

20 nm Definition of Nanoscience

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology investigates and applies phenomena, systems and structures where:

1. At least one dimension lc is a few nm2. The properties are qualitatively different because l < lc

Condition 2 distinguishes ‘nano’ from ‘micro’, macro-molecular chemistry’ or ‘biology’

Sub-micron is not nano!

‘Nanotechnology on siliconproducts: Intel leads in production and research’(Wall Street Journal)

Moore’s Law

What is Nanoelectronics? What is Electronics?• By electronics we mean the handling of complicated

electrical wave forms for communicatinginformation, probing (such as in radar) and data processing.

• Data processing is the result of one complex stream of information interacting with another.

• This requires non-linear behavior, otherwise information just gets passed on from one place to the other.

(Landauer, Science 1968)

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Nanoelectronics

* Investigate those electronic properties of small systems that are fundamentally different because of size. Look for interesting non-linearities.

* ‘Smallness’ depends on property and temperature.

The relevant length scale for conductance (the Fermi length) is 0.5nm for metals, 5 nm for semiconductors.

Conductance Quantization

Conductance quantization in a 5 nm diameter wire during elongation

J.L. Pascual, Science 267, 1793 (1995)

Experiment

Modelling

Nanoelectronics sub-fields

• Molecular electronics• Spintronics• Quantum computing• ….

Crossbar architecture

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Beware of PowerPoint Engineering

or Cartoon Physics!!!

Molecular electronics: the issues

• Contacts• Structure-function

relationship between transport process and molecular structure

• Dissipation

• Crosstalk (interconnects)

• Architecture • I-O with a trillion

processors• Fault tolerance• Manufacturing costs

Storing information atom by atom

Ultra high density(Library of Congress on a pin head)

Ultra slow (needs life time of universe to write)

Huge footprint(UHV 4K STM)

D. Eigler, IBM Almaden

AFM - in imaging mode…

PTCDA on KBr, unpublished

Burke et al,PRL 94, 096102 (2005)

C60

KBr

J. Mativetsky, S. Burke, S. Fostner, R. Hoffmann, P. Grutter

Dynamics of tungsten tip: 30 frames per second field ion

microscope movie

Anne-Sophie Lucier, Grutter Group

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Does atomic structure of the contact matter?

Mehrez, Wlasenko, et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 195419 (2002)

(Guo Group, McGill Physics)

Nanoscience

• New tools (hardware and software) • Nanoelectronics• Nanomaterials• Nanobio/nanomed

Where will nano make an impact?• Electronics and photonics

– molecular electronics, spintronics– photonics– sensors

• Materials– ultra-fine powders, composites– harder, more corrosion resistant, dirt/bacteria repellent– green manufacturing, cost effective

• Bio-medical– emerging applications (materials, diagnostics, drug delivery...)– biomedical research tools (labeling, nanotools applied to biomed )– biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Self-assembled quantum dots

50 nm diameter InAs Qdotsgrown on 10 nm InP and a

InGaAs 2DEG

Sample grown at NRC IMS Levebvre et al J. Crystal Growth (2002)

= (quantum) engineering of an ‘atom’

Microfabrication of QDots in InAsSelf-organised growth by Chemical Beam Epitaxy (layer by layer

using 3 sources) produced by lattice-mismatched heteroeptitaxy

InPInAs (3.1% strain) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Freq

uenc

y S

hift

(Hz)

Sample Voltage (V)

0

32

64

96

128

160

3rd CB jump

2nd CB jump

1st CB jump

Dis

sipa

tion

(fW)

Stomp et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 056802 (2005)

+ 3 electrons

+ 2 electrons+ 1 electron

Single charge control and detection by AFM

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Where will nano make an impact?• Electronics and photonics

– molecular electronics, spintronics– photonics– sensors

• Materials– ultra-fine powders, composites– harder, more corrosion resistant, dirt/bacteria repellent– green manufacturing, cost effective

• Bio-medical– emerging applications (materials, diagnostics, drug delivery...)– biomedical research tools (labeling, nanotools applied to biomed )– biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

The Lycurgus Cup (glass; British Museum; 4th century A. D.)

When illuminated from outside, it appears green. However, whenIlluminated from within the cup, it glows red. Red color is due to very small amounts of gold powder (about 40 parts per million)

www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/science/lycurguscup/sr-lycugus-p1.html

“Labors of the Months” (Norwich, England, ca. 1480).(The ruby color is probably due to embedded

gold nanoparticles.)

New materials: non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic,...

Lotus leafLotus leaf (artificial):nm sized hydrophobic wax

size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleanssol-gel based technique -> on market

SelfSelf--cleaning plastic, textiles:cleaning plastic, textiles:CNT stabilized enzymes in polymerTextiles with ‘Stain Defender’

AirAir--DD--FenseFense (InMat, New Jersey):

nanoclay/butyl thin film3000 fold decreased permeability

Ceramic Coatings:Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat)

No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag

Nano materials in labeling

• High throughput multiplexed assays (‘nano bar code’)

• Optical tracking on a cellular level with tagged CdSe quantum dots: which gene is active?

Basis: size dependent emissioncolor of ZnS capped CdSenano particles

Experimental Nanomechanics

…understanding mechanicalproperties on the molecular scale.

…engineering structureswith atomic precision.

… using atomic force microscopyto manipulate and analyze the nanoworld.

Roland Bennewitz(roland.bennewitz@mcgill.ca)

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Microscopic origins of friction

0 1 2 3 4 5-0,6

-0,3

0,0

0,3

0,6

F L (nN

)

x (nm)

Atomic friction … … and wear

NanobiotechnologyNanobiotechnology: : the next the next ueberueber--hype ???hype ???

currentcurrent

NanoBioTechnology

• NOT more cleverly packed, sub-μ arrays• NOT microtechnology scaled to nano • NOT macromolecular chemistry

• So - what is it ???

Nanobiotechnology

• Emerging applications: – new drugs and drug delivery systems– new materials

• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed

• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Nanobiotechnology - examples

• Emerging applications:– new drugs– new materials

• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed

• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Potential new drugs

• Cyclic peptides assemble into hollow, nanometer sized pipes.

• These tube forming rings punch holes into (negatively charged) microbe membranes (nanobiotics).

Ghadri et al. Nature 412, 452 (2001)

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Potential new drugs & drug delivery systems

• Nanoshells of gold (tagged if necessary) can be heated from outside of body by IR, thus releasing drugs locally and controlled

• Makes use of high optical density of agglomerates

Nanobiotechnology - examples

• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials

• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed

• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Nano materials in screening

• Polymer microspheresfilled with different intensity ratios of color coding nanoparticles

• Each sphere is tagged with a different receptor /ligand/antibody/DNA strand, ...

Han et al., Nature Biotech 19, 631 (2001)

Nano materials in screening

• Pass DNA through nano sized pore, forcing it to straighten out.

• Electrically detect onebase at a time -> whole genome sequencing in matter of hours!

• Generally: small amounts of materials, separated or detected based on size and shape segregation

Nanobiotechnology - examples

• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials

• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed

• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Live Cell Imaging:

Time-lapse sequence after contraction stimulation (~20min/frame).Images are 50x50 μm. B. Smith, B. Tolosko, J. Martin, P. Grutter

• Smooth muscle cell from rat trachea. • The contractile dynamics are relevant in the study of asthma.

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Understanding compactification of DNA

B. A. Kaufman, N. Durisic et al (Shoubridge and Grutter groups, MNI and Physics, McGill)

Smooth muscle cell

-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 10000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

η =

G"/G

'

t ime (s)

Structural Damping Constant (response to 10μM 5-HT)

Ca2+imaging

DNA ‘unwinding’

AFM probe

Au surface

Nature - DNA replication,polymerization

Experiment - AFM force spectroscopy

DNA Intercalant Ethidium BromideDuplex poly(dG-dC) with EB

200 300 400 500

Forc

e [4

00 p

N / d

iv.]

Forc

e [4

00 p

N /

div.

]B-S Transition ~ 70 pN

Melting Transition ~ 300 pN

Duplex poly(dG-dC)

300 450 600 750 Molecular Extension [nm]

b = 0.8 nmL = 778 nm

b = 0.8 nmL = 462 nm

A,G

A,G

T,C

T,CEB

Anselmetti et. al. Single Mol. 1, 58 (2000)

B. Smith, N. Duriscic

P.Wiseman (McGill)

Y. deKonik (Laval)

Dendritic Spines:

AFM Topograph

Force-Volume Elasticity Map

2-photonfluorescence

images

View of AFM cantilever scanning fixed hippocampal cultures.

Stimulation of Single Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Natural Process:Synaptic Transmission

Goal: To study channel gating kinetics and binding forces, while maintaining precise control of agonist location.

Experiment: Ligand-functionalized AFM tip

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Nanobiotechnology - examples

• Emerging applications: – new drugs– new materials

• Biomedical research tools:– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed

• Biotechnology applied to nanoscience & technology

Biotechnology applied to Nanoscience

• Better materials (e.g. Abalone shell)

• Positioning of parts (e.g. DNA scaffolding)

• Growing of wires, magnetic particles, …

+

Branching scaffold units for the construction ofgeometricallygeometrically controlled nanostructures

Synthesis of Branched Metal-DNA conjugates

Hanadi Sleiman (Chemistry McGill)

P

NN

Ru

NN N N (CH2)6

N N (CH2)6

OO-5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3'

O-

PO

O-5'-TTTTTTTTTT-3'O-

O

O

+2

1

(PF6)2

Oligonucleotide

DNA as a construction set

Sleiman Group, McGill, Angew. Chem. 45, 2204 (2006)

Nano Technology Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite

primitive!

Predicting the future is hard…

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Nano Technology

• Science!• Scaling Laws? • Statistics?• Better function?• Throughput?

Nanotechnology is at its infancy, still rather quite primitive!

•Cost?•Systems integration?•Environmental impact?•Social acceptance?•Ethics?

some of the issues:

Nanoscience -> Nanotechnologycrystal ball gazing!

New tools: NOW Nanomaterials: 0-5 years Nanoelectronics: 15-20 yearsNanobio/nanomed: 20-30 years

Canada is World Class in NanosciencePatents as strength indicators:

Marinova and McAleer, Nanotechnology 14, R1-R7 (2002)

TS…Technological Specialization Index

PS…Patent Share

RAP…Rate of Assignment (=market share)

CR…citation rate (=knowledge creation)

McGill UniversityNanotools Facilitywww.physics.mcgill.ca/nano/

Part of NanoQuebec’sCore Infrastructure

Micromachining fab

Atomic manipulation facilityCanada’s fastest supercomputer

Why will gray goo remainremain fiction?

• Contradicts many well-established laws of physics and chemistry:– fat finger problem – sticky finger problem– stability problem (positional and chemical)– (see R. Smalley, Sci. Amer. Sept 2001, p. 76)

• Challenges:– communication macro-nano– surface - volume effects

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How to succeed in nanotechnology

(a 3 step program)