SCIENCE

Chapter 1: Structure and Properties of Matter

&

Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Changes

Dr. Perez – Grade 5

The States of Matter… Gases, Liquids, and Solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the

behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases. The following

illustrates the microscopic differences:

Particles in gas are well

separated with no

regular arrangement.

Particles in liquid are

close together with no

regular arrangement.

Particles in solid are

tightly packed, usually

in a regular pattern.

Particles in gas vibrate

and move freely at high

speeds.

Particles in liquid

vibrate, move about,

and slide past each

other.

Particles in solid

vibrate but generally do

not move from place

to place.

Some characteristics of …

GAS LIQUID SOLID

Assumes the shape and

volume of its container

particles can move past

one another

Assumes the shape of

the part of the

container which it

occupies particles can

move or slide past one

another

Retains a fixed volume

and shape rigid –

particles locked into

place

Compressible lots of

free space between

particles

Not easily compressible

little free space between

particles

Not easily compressible

little free space between

particles

Flows easily particles

can move past one

another

Flows easily particles

can move past one

another

Does not flows easily

rigid - particles cannot

move or slide past one

another

What are physical properties?

The characteristics used to identify matter and distinguish them from

one another are called properties. Some examples of physical

properties are:

• physical state (solid, liquid or gas)

• color

• odor

• solubility in water (the ability of substance to dissolve in water)

• density

• melting point

• boiling point

• freezing point

• conductivity

• mass

• volume

Mass is… • Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is not the same as weight.

• Is measured with a balance

• Always constant! Will not change, no matter where the object is in

the universe.

• Weight is a result of the pull of gravity on an object and is measured with

a scale.

Density is…

• the concentration

(amount) of matter in an

object, or the amount of

matter in an objects

volume.

• tells us about the

compactness of a

material and is

determined by how close

together the particles are.

Clue Example Descriptions

Color

change

Bread dough

baking

Changes from

white to brown

Smell Eggs rotting Smells bad

New matter

created

Wood burning Wood changes

to ash

Gas created Baking soda

added to

vinegar

Creates carbon

dioxide gas

Heat or

Light

created

Fireworks Burning chemicals

creates light and heat

Solubility in Water… Ability of a substance to dissolve when added to water

• A liquid (lemon juice)

• A solid (powdered drink mix)

• A gas (carbon dioxide) can be dissolved in water

Relative Density Sinking & Floating… Weight does not determine if an object will sink or float.

Conduction… Some materials allow thermal (heat) energy or electrical energy to flow

through them easily.

Insulation… Some materials do not allow thermal (heat) energy or electrical energy to

flow through them easily.

Review…

Matter has measurable physical properties. Those properties determine

how matter is classified, changed or used.

Physical Science Vocabulary

SCIENTIFIC METHOD PURPOSE – The question you have in the experiment

HYPOTHESIS – Your educated guess

VARIABLE – The ONE thing in an experiment that is different; it is what

you are testing

CONTROLS – The things in an experiment that are the SAME

TRIALS – When you do an experiment three times to make sure the results

are valid.

Review…

MATTER

MASS – the amount of matter an object has; measured in grams

MATTER – anything that has mass and takes up space

PHYSICAL PROPERTY – A characteristic of matter

PHYSICAL CHANGE – A change in the appearance of matter without

changing the matter itself

TEXTURE – How something feels

ODOR – How something smells

VOLUME – The amount of space taken up by matter

DISPLACEMENT – when an object takes up the space that water used

to be in; it is how you find volume

GRAVITY – the force that brings objects down on Earth and other planets

DENSITY – the amount of mass an object has in a certain volume.

BUOYANCY – the ability of an object to float

WEIGHT – the measure of the amount of gravity acting on an object’s mass

Review…

THREE STATES OF MATTER: 1) SOLID – A state of matter that has a fixed shape and volume.

2) LIQUID – A state of matter that has a fixed volume, but its shape

changes to match the shape of its container

3) GAS – A state of matter that does NOT have a fixed shape or volume

FREEZING/MELTING POINT OF WATER -- 0 Degrees Celsius

BOILING POINT OF WATER – 100 Degrees Celsius

Review…

Mixtures & Solutions

MIXTURE – A combination of two or more substances that do not join

together to form a new substance; each substance maintains its own physical

properties can sometimes be easily separated; usually a solid

SOLUTION – A mixture in which the substances are spread out evenly

between one another and the physical properties change of the matter that

dissolves; usually difficult to separate

DISSOLVE – To form a solution with another substance – it looks like it

disappears. Salt, sugar and baking soda are examples in water

SOLUBILITY/SOLUBLE – The ability of a substance to dissolve

CRYSTALS – What is left behind/what forms in water.. sugar and salt

have crystals

Review…

Energy SOURCE – Where the energy originally comes from

CONDUCTOR – A material that heat, sound and electricity travels

through very quickly… Metals are the best conductors.

INSULATOR – A material that heat, sound and electricity DO NOT travel

through very quickly. Rubber, plastic, foam and wood are good insulators.

Forms of Energy MECHANICAL ENERGY - energy of motion

LIGHT ENERGY - radiant energy that our eyes can see from the visible

part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

THERMAL ENERGY - energy which involves heat and temperature

ELECTICAL ENERGY - energy produced by the movement of electrons

SOUND ENERGY - produced by vibrating objects

SOLAR ENERGY - light/thermal energy from the Sun

Review…

Electricity ELECTRIC CIRCUIT - A flow of electricity in a circular path

CURRENT/PATHWAY - the movement of electricity

ELECTROMAGNET - a temporary magnet made from a battery, metal

wire, and an iron nail

Force and Motion FORCE – a push or a pull

MOTION – movement

FRICTION – a force that works against motion

GRAVITY – the force that pulls objects towards one another

DISPLACEMENT - happens when one object pushes away or takes the

place of another object

WORK – happens when a force moves an object over a distance

Review…

Light LIGHT – A form of energy that travels in waves and can move through

empty spaces – travels in a straight line

REFLECTION – The BOUNCING back of light waves off of a surface.

Examples: Mirrors, Tinted Windows

REFRACTION – The BENDING of light waves as they travel from one

surface to another. Light goes through the substance. Examples: Glass,

Lenses in Eyeglasses, Cameras, Telescopes, Hand Lens.

LENS – A curved piece of clear plastic or glass that bends (refracts) light

rays

ABSORB - The ability of a material to retain heat Darker materials absorb

more light than lighter materials.

RETAIN – holds in; keeps

TRANSPARENT – A material you CAN see through

OPAQUE – A material that you CANNOT see through