SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS IN BASIC SCHOOLS IN GHANA

Prof. J. Anamuah-MensahEDUIT Consortium

&

Prof. A. Asabere-Ameyaw

Vice chancellor, UEW

The Power of the Teacher‘The assumption that teachers are not

powerful is one of the biggest fallacies of our society. As a group they have a power which

is second to none… It is they, the teachers now at work and going through Training

College who are shaping what [the country] will become, much more than we who pass

laws, make rules, and make speeches!’(Julius Nyerere)

Context of SME for Basic Education

• Farmers are still using traditional methods of farming;• Scientific and mathematical literacy among the youth

is low;• SME has no influence on majority of people;• Low pass rate in SME at BECE & SSSCE/WASSCE• Enrolment of people with poor grades in SME in

TTCs• Enrolment in science-based prog. at SHS declined

from 30.6% in 2000 to 26.6% in 2005;• Enrolment in science prog. in universities is only

35%.

Guiding Philosophy of Education

• “…..create well-balanced (intellectually, spiritually, emotionally, physically) individuals with the requisite knowledge, skills, values and aptitudes for self-actualisation and for the socio-economic and political transformation of the nation”

Purpose of Basic Science and Mathematics Education

• Exciting pupils in things around them;• Develop inquiry, problem solving and

creative skills;• Provides foundation for development of

human resources for the nation;• Provides capabilities in engineering,

science research and innovation;• Produce scientifically literate citizens

Weaknesses in SME in basic schools

Weakness

• Persistence of pupils’ misconceptions

• Poor performance on CRT and PMT

• JICA Baseline Study

• TIMSS study

Mathematics - JICA data

• Pupils found word problems difficult due to weak conceptual understanding and poor English language

• In upper primary, weaknesses in ratio, fractions, percentages, division, shapes and decimals

• At JSS/JHS, areas of weakness include operation of fractions, proportion, geometry, and measurement.

Science - JICA data

Science and mathematics are bedfellows,a good knowledge in maths is needed in science.

• Weakness in carrying out simple mathematical procedures embedded in science tasks, eg., conversion of centimeters to meters

• Difficulties in recording observations diagrammatically, graphically or pictorially or answer questions in relation to their observations

Trends in international Mathematics and science Studies(TIMSS)-Science• The overall performance of the Ghanaian students on the

science test was very low- the overall mean score of 255 placed the nation at 45th position(International average:474)

• The mean percentage correct on all test science test items for each participating Ghanaian student was 19%.

• There was a very large variation in science abilities among the students with some scoring as low as 52 and others scoring as high as 450.

• Pupils’ weakest content area was in physics• Students performed well at the “factual knowledge” level instead

of the “conceptual understanding” and “reasoning and analysis” levels

TIMSS- Mathematics

• Ghana’s overall performance in mathematics was poor, placing it in the 45th position- the overall score of 276 was far below the international mean of 467

• The mean percentage correct on all mathematics test items for each participating Ghanaian student was 15

• Their weakest content areas were in Algebra, Measurement and Geometry

• There was a large variation in mathematical abilities among the students with some scoring as low as 130 and others scoring as high as 430

• Performance was more at “facts and procedures” level instead of “using concepts”, “solving routine problems” and “reasoning” levels

TIMSS- some students’ & teachers’ characteristics

Students’ High index of self confidence in learning

Students’ High index of valuing science

Mean yrs of teaching experience

Ghana

Maths Science Maths Science Maths Science

43 57 82 83 8 8

Curricular issues - TIMSS

• No provision made in the curricula for teaching children with different abilities

• Students were taught by teachers who were not specialists in maths or science

• Teaching was dominated by demonstration and lecture

• Students spent considerable time on homework but the nature of home work did not seem to improve their achievement

Issues in pre-service teacher preparation

What pre-service training has equipped you with…….

• Pedagogical content knowledge

• Curriculum knowledge

• Subject content knowledge

• Knowledge of learners and their characteristics

Science and Mathematics curriculum

Intended Curriculum

Implemented Curriculum

AttainedCurriculum

goalsexperiencesetc.

What society willLike to be taught

interaction ofteacher, learnerand curricular materials

What is actuallytaught

extent of achievementof implementedcurriculum

What is learnt

Factors influencing science and mathematics education

Weaknesses in TE preparation

• Low emphasis given to subject matter content during pre-service;

• Disconnection between theory and practical application;

• Teaching of science and mathematics at the primary level is conducted in English which is not the mother tongue but a foreign medium of instruction

S & Mcontent

Method

Schoolresources for S&M

Pupils’Performancein S & M

pupil

S&M Teacher

Community S&M Community S&M

Community S&M Community S&M

A model of factors involved in science and Mathematics teaching and learning

Conclusion • Place emphasis on practical and innovative

S&M teaching,particularly, development of scientific skills such observation, recording and interpretation of data - drawing, labeling, graphing

• Improvisation of simple expts. • Teach science and maths in the context of

everyday life in order to bring out their application.

• Being conversant with new syllabuses

Primary1-3

Primary4-6

JHS1-3

Natural science Integrated science Integrated science

Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics

Science and mathematics subjects in Basic schools

ICT ICT ICT

• The challenge of changing teachers attitudes and practices

• Changing perceptions of what constitute good science at the basic level;

• Teaching according to the grain of the brain

Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just by sitting in class listening to teachers, memorizing prepackaged assignments, and spitting out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves. Arthur W. Chikering & Zelda F. Gamson,

“Seven Principles of Good Practice” AAHEBulletin 39 3-7, March 1987

WHAT IS LEARNING?

BEING INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE IS THE

HALLMARK OF A SCIENCE AND MATHEM ATICS

TEACHER

THANK YOU