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SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION

LECTURE 26

SCIENCE DISCIPLINE PEER REVIEW

ILLUSTRATION:SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES

& NSF DISCIPLINARY PROGRAMS

FREDERICK BETZPORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

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PROJECTPROPOSALSELECTION

RESEARCHPUBLICATION

RESEARCHPROJECT OVERSIGHT

RESEARCH PROGRAMFORMULATION

RESEARCH PROGRAMREVIEW

PROJECTLEVEL

PROGRAMLEVEL

PEER REVIEW IN SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION PROCESSES

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SCIENCE

Science is organized into disciplines and within disciplines, divisions and specialty areas. For example, in the second half of the twentieth century, physics was organized into division areas of particle physics, atomic physics, solid state physics, optical physics, acoustical physics, astrophysics, etc.

Interdisciplinary areas of physics overlap other fields of scientific focus, such as geology, metrology, analytical chemistry, and biophysics – wherein physical techniques intersects in the environment, in chemistry and in biology.

Each of these areas in the discipline or inter-disciplines form well-organized research communities, each with their own scientific journals. Accordingly, peer review of research proposals or publishable articles must draw upon published scholars within each area for review of quality.

Criteria for judging science proposals and publications are contributions to knowledge in the disciplinary as new discoveries or new theory.

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RESEARCH AREAS

EDUCATIONCURRICULUM

PEER-REVIEWER

SCIENCE

SCIENTIFIC PEER REVIEWERS ARE SELECTED AS TO THEIR EXPERTISE BOTH IN RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

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A learned society is a society that exists to promote an academic discipline or group of disciplines.

Membership may be open to all and may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election, as is the case with the oldest learned societies such as the Royal Society of London (founded 1660), the Roman Accademia dei Lincei (founded 1603), the Académie Française (founded 1635), or the Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana (founded 1488).

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.

Learned societies are of key importance in the sociology of science. The formation of a society is an important step in the emergence of a new discipline or sub-discipline.

SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES AS A SUBSET OF ‘LEARNED SOCIETIES’

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The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge (known simply as The Royal Society) is a learned society for science founded in 1660 (and the oldest such society still in existence).

Although a voluntary body, it serves as the academy of sciences of the United Kingdom (in which role it received about £30 million annually from the UK Government). It is a member organisation of the Brittish Science Council.

The Royal Society was founded in 1660. The Royal Society enjoyed the confidence and official support of the restored monarchy. Then the idea of a learned society for science had be popularized as a “new and experimental" form of philosophy then promoted by Sir Francis Bacon in his book The New Atlantis.

The Royal Society imagined a network across the globe as a public enterprise -- an "Empire of Learning“ of science. The Royal Society was dedicated to the free flow of information and encouraged scientific communication. Then Robert Boyle (the famous Brittish chemist) began the practice of reporting his experiments in great detail so that others could replicate them. This became the standard of scientific communication in the Royal Society.

The Royal Society

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Currently, the Royal Society publishes seven, high quality peer-reviewed journals covering:

- biological and physical sciences; - history and philosophy of science; - cross-disciplinary research at the interface between the physical and life sciences.

The Society is governed by its Council of Trustees, which is chaired by its President. The members of Council and the President are elected from its Fellowship.

Fellows are elected annually by the existing Fellowship for their "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".

Fellows must be citizens or ordinarily resident of the Commonwealth or Republic of Ireland, otherwise they may be elected as a Foreign Member.

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SOME PRESIDENTS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY

Sir Christopher Wren (1680-1682) Samuel Pepys (1684-1686) Charles Montagu (1695-1698) The Lord Somers (1698-1703) Sir Isaac Newton (1703-1727) Joseph Banks (1778-1820) Sir Humphry Davy (1820-1827) Prince Augustus, Duke of Sussex (1830-1838) William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse (1848-1854) Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1873-1878) Thomas Henry Huxley (1883-1885) George Gabriel Stokes (1885-1890) William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1890-1895) Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister (1895-1900) Sir William Huggins (1900-1905) John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1905-1908) Sir Joseph John Thomson (1915-1920) Sir Ernest Rutherford (1925-1930) Sir William Henry Bragg (1935-1940)

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UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT

SCIENTIFICDISCIPLINE

SCIENTIFICSOCIETY

SOCIETY

JOURNAL

DEGREES

COURSES

FIE

LD

SP

EC

IAL

TY

REVIEWER

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DIVISIONS

Atomic, Molecular & Optical PhysicsMaterials PhysicsNuclear PhysicsAstrophysicsCondensed Matter PhysicsFluid DynamicsLaser ScienceParticles and FieldsPhysics of BeamsPlasma Physics

Polymer PhysicsBiological PhysicsChemical Physics

Computational Physics

TOPICAL GROUPS

GravitationHadronic PhysicsMagnetismPlasma Astrophysics Shock Compression of Condensed Matter

Few-Body SystemsStatistical and Nonlinear PhysicsQuantum Information

Instrument and Measurement SciencePrecision Measurement & Fundamental

Constants

Organization of American Physical Society 2007

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History of Chemistry Computers in ChemistryChemical Education Chemical Information

Chemical Health & Safety Chemical ToxicologyIndustrial & Engineering ChemistrySmall Chemical BusinessesBusiness Development & Management

Professional RelationsChemistry & the Law Chemical Technicians

Analytical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry Inorganic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry  Colloid & Surface ChemistryCarbohydrate ChemistryPolymer Chemistry

Polymeric MaterialsRubber Cellulose and Renewable Materials

Agricultural & Food Chemistry Agrochemicals Biochemical Technology Biological ChemistryEnvironmental Chemistry Fluorine ChemistryFuel Chemistry Geochemistry Medicinal ChemistryNuclear Chemistry & Technology Petroleum Chemistry

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2007

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Society for Mathematical BiologySociety for Vascular Medicine and BiologySociety for Developmental BiologyFederation of American Societies for Experimental BiologyAmerican Society for Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySociety for Developmental BiologyAmerican Society for Cell BiologySociety for Molecular Biology and EvolutionBritish Society for Developmental BiologyAnd many more ……

BIOLOGY SOCIETIES

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief

Chuxia Deng, Ph. D.Chief, Mammalian Genetics SectionGDDB, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health10/9N105, 10 Center DriveBethesda, MD 20892, USATel: (301) 402-7225 Fax: (301) 480-1135

Dr. Chuxia Deng received M.S. from Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1984, and Ph.D. from University of Utah in 1992 under the supervision of Prof. Mario R. Capecchi. His Ph.D. thesis is Gene targeting in murine embryonic stem cells: frequencies, mechanisms and mouse mutants.

He then worked as a postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Philip Leder for three years in the Genetics Deptartment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.

He became an investigator in Laboratory of Biochemistry and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of National Institutes of Health in 1995.

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Dr. Deng currently works as Senior Investigator and Chief of Mammalian Genetics Section, Genetics of Development and Disease Branch of NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, USA.

Dr. Deng's current researches focus on FGF/FGF receptor, TGFb/SMADs signaling, and Brca1 tumor suppressor gene.

He has wide interests in gene targeting, oncology, site specific recombination and developmental biology, developmental genetics and virology, and other areas of biological sciences.

Dr. Deng was the receiver of the NIH-APAO Outstanding Achievement Award (2000, NIH, USA), Idea Grant Award (2000) and Concept Grant Award (2002) of U.S. Department of Defense, Outstanding Oversea Scholar from National Science Foundation (2002, China), NIDDK "You Make A Difference Award" (2005), and NIDDK "Serving Federal Government for Ten Years" Award (2005). He was visiting professor in Dept. of Medical Biophysics & Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan, and has been guest investigator of Institute of Biotechnology (Beijing, China) since 1999.

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Dr. Deng is the author or co-author of 149 research papers and 17 review papers published in peer-reviewed journals, as well as 3 book chapters and 1 book review.

Dr. Deng has given over 140 presentations, invited lectures and seminars, in universities, professional societies, international conferences, and government organizations around the world.

He actively participates in grant review for NIH and other funding agencies, and review of papers for many journals.

He serves on the editorial board of several journals such as Cancer Biology and Therapy, and Developmental Dynamics.

Dr. Deng has been the Editor of International Journal of Biological Sciences since 2005 and the Editor-in-Chief since 2006.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Editors & Editorial Members

Rodolfo AramayoDepartment of BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA

David K. BanfieldDepartment of BiologyHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyKowloon, Hong Kong

Koh-ichi KadowakiLab. Molecular BiodiversityNational Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Shawn S. LiDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondon, Ontario, Canada

James M. MasonNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesNational Institutes of HealthResearch Triangle Park, NC, USA

etc

17UNIVERSITY or GOVERNMENT/INDUSTRIALDEPARTMENT RESEARCH ORGANIZATION

SCIENTIFICDISCIPLINE

SCIENTIFICSOCIETY

SOCIETY

JOURNAL

DEGREES

COURSES

FIE

LD

SP

EC

IAL

TY

REVIEWER

DIVISION

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Astronomical Sciences (AST) Physics (PHY) Chemistry (CHE) Materials Research (DMR) Mathematical Sciences (DMS)

Office of Multidisciplinary Activities (OMA)

DIVISION OF MATHEMATICS & PHYSICAL SCIENCES

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Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Grants Astronomical Observatories

DIVISION OF ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCES

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Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics Biological Physics Elementary Particle Physics Gravitational Physics Basic Plasma Science and Engineering Nuclear Physics Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics Physics at the Information Frontier Theoretical Physics

DIVISION OF PHYSICS

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Fundamental concepts Quantum information Atomic and molecular structure and dynamics Atomic and molecular collisions and interactions Photon, electron, atom, and molecule interactions with solids and surfaces Clusters (including fullerenes) Atomic and molecular processes in external fields Matter waves Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics

ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS

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Disciplinary Research Activities Analytical & Surface Chemistry Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry Physical Chemistry Integrative Chemistry Activities Chemistry Centers Chemistry Research Instrumentation and Facilities Collaborative Research in Chemistry Discovery Corps Fellowships Undergraduate Research Collaboratives Other Programs Cooperative Activities in Chemistry between U.S. and German Investigators NSF-NIST Interaction in Chemistry, Materials Research, Molecular Biosciences, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering Small Grants for Exploratory Research

CHEMISTRY

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Biomaterials Ceramics Condensed Matter and Materials Theory Condensed Matter Physics Electronic Materials MetalsPolymers Solid-State Chemistry

Instrumentation for Materials Research Instrumentation for Materials Research - Major Instrumentation Projects Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers Partnerships for Research and Education in Materials National Facilities NSF-NIST Interaction in Chemistry, Materials Research, Molecular Biosciences, Bioengineering, and Chemical Engineering NSF-SIA/NRI Graduate Student and Postdoctoral Fellow Supplements to NSF Centers in Nanoelectronics (NSF 06-051) Office of Special Programs - International Materials Institutes - Materials World Network: Cooperative Activity in Materials Research between US Investigators and their Counterparts Abroad Research Experiences for Undergraduates

MATERIALS RESEARCH

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Disciplinary Programs Algebra, Number Theory and Combinatorics Analysis Applied Mathematics Computational Mathematics Foundations Geometric Analysis Mathematical Biology Probability Statistics Topology Grants for Computational Resources Scientific Computing Research Environments for the Mathematical Sciences Institutes and Support for Conferences and Travel Conferences, Workshops, and Special Meetings in the Mathematical Sciences National Institutes in the Mathematical Sciences Collaboration in Mathematical Geosciences Focused Research Groups in the Mathematical Sciences Infrastructure Joint DMS/NIGMS Initiative to Support Research in the Area of Mathematical Biology Mathematical Sciences: Innovations at the Interface with Computer Sciences (MSPA-MCS) Mathematical Social and Behavioral Sciences (MSBS):

DIVISION OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

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NSF SCIENCE DIRECTORATES

DIRECTORATE OF MATH & PHYSICAL SCIENCES

DIVISION OF PHYSICS

ATOMIC MOLECULAR & OPTICAL PHYSICS

SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTY

SCIENTIFIC REFEREES

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2

3

4

5

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ILLUSTRATION – NSF PHYSICS SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONORDER-OF-MAGNITUDE ESTIMATE OF NUMBER OF SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTIES

7DIRECTORATES

5DIVISIONS

9PROGRAMS

9SPECALITIES

2835TOTAL

SPECIALTYAREAS

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SCIENCES

SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE

SCIENTIFIC DIVISION

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTY

SCIENTIFIC REFEREES

1

2

3

4

5

6

SIX SCIENTIFIC LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION TO PEER REVIEW

NSF PROGRAMOFFICER

7DIRECTORATES

5DIVISIONS

9PROGRAMS

9SPECALITIES

2835TOTAL

SPECIALTYAREAS

28

SCIENCES

SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE

SCIENTIFIC DIVISION

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTY

SCIENTIFIC REFEREES

1

2

3

4

5

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NEEDED: A TUBITAK INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE TOTALITY OF SCIENCE PEER-REVIEWERS -- BUILDING UPON ARBIS

2835SCIENCE

SPECIALTYAREAS

PROGRAMOFFICER

BREADTH

REVIEWBREADTH

STRATEGYBREADTH

BREADH

STRATEGYBREADTH

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SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION

COMPUTER ASSISTED PEER REVIEW (CAPR)

ENGINEERING

COMPUTER ASSISTED DESIGN (CAD)COMPUTER ASSISTED MANUFACTURING (CAM)