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Science 30Unit D: energy anD the environment

aSSignment Booklet D1


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Science 30Unit D: Energy And The EnvironmentAssignment Booklet D1Chapter 1 Assignment

For Teacher’s Use only

summary Teacher’s comments

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Chapter 1Assignment 80

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1 Assignment Booklet D1Science 30: Unit D


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assignmenT BookleT D1science 30: UniT D

chapTer 1 assignmenT

This Assignment Booklet is worth 80 marks out of the total 132 marks for the assignments in Unit D. The value of each assignment and each question is stated in the left margin.

Read all parts of your assignment carefully, and record your answers in the appropriate places. If you have difficulty with an assignment, go back to the textbook and review the appropriate lesson. Be sure to proofread your answers carefully before submitting your Assignment Booklet.

chapter 1 assignment: Dreams of limitless energy

For questions 1 to 4, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

1. In the activity “Electric Hand Dryer Versus Paper Towel” on page 469 of the textbook, you analyzed the energy used by several methods of drying hands. Which method involved the least amount of energy?

A. low-temperature, high-wind dryer B. non-recycled paper towel C. recycled paper towel D. standard electric dryer

2. Which of the following represents the largest amount of energy?

A. 1 J B. 1 cal C. 1 Cal D. 1 kWih

3. A student recorded that Bangladesh had a GDP of 69.0 billion US$ with a yearly energy consumption of 5.82 ¥105 TJ. According to the student’s data, what was the energy intensity of Bangladesh?

A. 4.02 ¥ 102 TJ/billion US$ B. 8.43 ¥ 102 TJ/billion US$ C. 8.43 ¥ 103 TJ/billion US$ D. 1.17 ¥ 103 TJ/billion US$

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� Assignment Booklet D1Science 30: Unit D


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Use the following graph to answer question 4.

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

12.00

10.00

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Canadian Energy Consumption (exajoules)

Year

Ene

rgy

(exa

joul

es)

4. According to the graph, by what percentage did Canada’s energy consumption increase from 1985 to 2000?

A. 12% B. 15% C. 25% D. 31%

5. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. A country with a high-tech economy tends to have a high energy intensity.

b. If a country can increase its GNP while keeping its total energy consumption from increasing, then its energy intensity will decrease.

c. The per capita energy use in developed countries is generally higher than it is in developing countries.

d. The total energy consumption of the United States is less than that of Canada.

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6. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer in the blank space given.

i. energy efficiency ii. energy intensity iii. input energy iv. useful output energy a. the desired energy form resulting from a process involving a transformation of

energy

b. the form of energy entering into a process involving a transformation of energy

c. the percentage of input energy that has been transformed into useful energy

d. the ratio of energy input (in TJ) to economic output (in billion US$)


i. energy ii. gross domestic product iii. per capita iv. royalty a. for each person

b. money paid to the government that is a share of the profits made from the development of a natural resource

c. the capacity to do work

d. the total market value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year

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19900

20

40

60

80

100

1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Year

Per

cent

age

Percentage of New Car Sales (1990–2001)

carlight-duty truck

8. In the decade following 1990, energy used for passenger travel in Canada increased. One change in the Canadian lifestyle during this period is reflected by the graph. Describe this change and how it contributed to the increase in energy use.

9. The United States is Canada’s largest trading partner and shares many similarities in terms of lifestyle and culture. However, Canada’s per capita energy use is significantly higher. Give two reasons you can think of for the higher per capita energy use in Canada.

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� 10. Almost three-quarters of household energy use is due to the following:

• home furnaces and air conditioners • water heaters • washers and dryers • lighting

For each of these uses of energy, give two reasonable ways to reduce household energy consumption.

Return to page 3 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.2.



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For questions 11 and 12, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.


Per

cent

age

Year

Percentage of World Total EnergyConsumption (1860–2000)

18600

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1880

Coal

Traditional Renewable Fuels

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

11. According to the graph, when did coal overtake traditional renewable fuels as the dominant source of world energy consumption?

A. 1880 B. 1897 C. 1900 D. 1920



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1 12. A student researched the consumption of energy in Canada. She made a graph to communicate her findings.

wood, 5%

natural gas, 30%

nuclear,11%

hydroelectricity11%

oil, 32%

coal, 11%

Types of Energy Consumed in Canada

According to the graph, approximately how much of the energy consumed in Canada comes from fossil fuels?

A. 40% B. 60% C. 70% D. 80%

13. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. Natural gas is a renewable source of energy.

b. Bias is a preference for one particular point of view that promotes objective decision making.

c. The energy from wood fires enabled FirstNations peoples to inhabit the cold forested regions of northern Alberta.

d. Charcoal releases fewer emissions than wood in combustion.

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i. chemical potential energy ii. fossil fuel iii. non-renewable iv. petroleum v. radiant energy vi. reclamation a. a hydrocarbon deposit derived from plants and animals that lived millions of

years ago that is now used for fuel

b. a resource that can only be used once within the scope of human time scales

c. liquid hydrocarbons formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient microscopic marine organisms

d. the restoration of a used area to its original purpose or some other usable form

e. the energy of electromagnetic waves

f. the energy present within the chemical bonds of a substance

15. A great deal of concern exists over the use of water from lakes and rivers for enhanced oil recovery. List two of these concerns.

For questions 16 and 17, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

16. Which statement accurately describes the energy changes within the cylinders of a snowmobile engine as a result of the combustion of fuel?

A. Chemical energy decreases and the total kinetic energy of the molecules decreases.

B. Chemical energy decreases and the total kinetic energy of the molecules increases.

C. Chemical energy increases and the total kinetic energy of the molecules decreases.

D. Chemical energy increases and the total kinetic energy of the molecules increases.


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17. When investigating the heat of combustion, a student found that 10.0 g of water warmed from 10.0°C to 20.0°C above the flame of a fuel being burned. What energy was absorbed by the water?

A. 100 J B. 150 J C. 210 J D. 419 J

18. Determine whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. Combustion is an example of an exothermic reaction.

b. Heat is the transfer of kinetic energy from molecules at a lower temperature to those at a higher temperature.

c. Temperature is a measure of the average potential energy of the atoms or molecules of a substance.

d. For millennia, Inuit people have burned seal and whale blubber as a source of heat and light.

e. In Alberta, the electricity used to charge cellphone batteries comes mostly from the combustion of fossil fuels.

f. There are modern calorimeters in which the energy released by the combustion reaction is completely transferred to the water with no loss to the surroundings.

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i. combustion ii. exothermic change iii. first law of thermodynamics iv. heat of combustion v. second law of thermodynamics vi. standard heat of formation a. a chemical change that involves a release of energy, usually in the form of

heat, to the surroundings

b. a chemical reaction that occurs in the presence of oxygen and results in the release of energy

c. a law stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed—energy is always conserved

d. a law stating that when energy is transferred or changed from one form into another, some of the energy is always transferred to the surroundings (usually as waste heat)

e. the amount of heat released when a substance undergoes combustion

f. the energy change for a chemical reaction that involves the formation of a compound from its elements and that is determined experimentally under standard conditions

20. During a trip, a truck consumed 5.38 ¥ 107 kJ of chemical potential energy stored in the gasoline it drew from the fuel tank. The truck’s internal combustion engine was able to transform this chemical energy into 1.45 ¥ 107 kJ of useful mechanical energy. Determine the engine’s efficiency during the trip.

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21. Methanol (CH3OH) has been widely used as a fuel in professional automobile racing,

and it is still widely used in drag racing. An engine fire in a methanol-fueled car can be extinguished with water. Gasoline-fed flames cannot be effectively put out with water.

a. Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of methanol.

b. Determine the energy change per mole for the combustion of methanol.

For questions 22 to 28, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.

22. The isotope americium-241 (used in smoke detectors) undergoes alpha decay. Which of the following isotopes is a product of this decay?

A. neptunium-237 B. neptunium-245 C. berkelium-247 D. berkelium-245


1� Assignment Booklet D1Science 30: Unit D


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23. A radioactive isotope of carbon, carbon-14, is used in the dating of ancient organic remains. Carbon-14 emits beta radiation as it undergoes nuclear decay. What isotope is a product of this nuclear decay?

A. boron-11 B. beryllium-14 C. carbon-12 D. nitrogen-14

24. According to the results from the activity “Shielding Radiation” on page 509 of the textbook, which barrier was an effective alpha radiation shield but was very poor as a gamma radiation shield?

A. aluminium B. paper C. lead D. air

25. The isotope nitrogen-17 undergoes beta decay. Which of the following is a product of this decay?

A. carbon-12 B. carbon-14 C. oxygen-16 D. oxygen-17

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26. The following are phases in the energy transformations of a nuclear power generation station.

I Ek

Kinetic Energy(high-pressure

steam)

II Ek

Kinetic Energy(spinning turbine)

III Ep

Intranuclear Potential Energy (uranium)

IV Ek

Kinetic Energy(electricity in

transmission lines)

V Ek

Kinetic Energy(generator)

In what order do these phases occur in the energy conversion of a nuclear power plant?

A. I, II, III, V, IV B. I, III, II, V, IV C. III, I, II, IV, V D. III, I, II, V, IV

27. The activity “Is Fusion the Energy Source of the Future?” on page 518 of the textbook is a study of the current state of fusion research and the development of electricity generation from fusion reactions. Based on this research, which one of the following remains a real obstacle to the generation of electrical energy from fusion reactions?

A. Fusion reactions produce nuclear wastes. B. The raw materials to supply fusion power stations are scarce. C. Maintaining the plasma within the torus of the reactor is difficult. D. The energetic gamma radiation emanating from the fusion reactor requires

thick lead shielding.



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1 28. The energy released in nuclear reactions is far greater than it is from the combustion of materials. The energy comparison is illustrated by the following data.

changeenergy released

(kJ/mol)

Combusting methane (a component of natural gas)CH�(g) + O�(g) Æ CO�(g) + H�O(g) + energy

80�

Fission of uranium-�3�

01

��3�

3��

��1�13n n+ Æ + +U Kr Ba

01 1.�� ¥ 1010

To make comparisons easy to grasp between numbers that differ widely, the variation of the numbers is approximated by a power of 10.

Based on the table, which statement most accurately uses a power of 10 to express the variation in energy released?

A. The fission reaction releases 107 more energy than the combustion reaction. B. The fission reaction releases 108 more energy than the combustion reaction. C. The fission reaction releases 109 more energy than the combustion reaction. D. The fission reaction releases 1010 more energy than the combustion reaction.

29. Determine whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank space given.

a. The strong nuclear force acts over long distances.

b. In a nuclear equation, gamma radiation is represented by 00g .

c. A Geiger counter is a device that detects and measures the intensity of ionizing radiation.

d. Sources of alpha radiation are more difficult to shield than sources of gamma photons.

e. CANDU nuclear power stations operate onlyin Canada.

f. CANDU nuclear reactors use heavy water.

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i. atomic number ii. isotope iii. mass number iv. neutron v. nucleon vi. proton

a. a component of an atomic nucleus with a mass of 1 atomic mass unit and a charge of 1+

b. a component of an atomic nucleus with a mass of 1 atomic mass unit and no net charge

c. determines the identity of an element

d. the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom; frequently written after the name of an element to identify a specific isotope

e. the name applied to protons and neutrons (the parts of an atom’s nucleus)

f. a particular variety of an element as defined by its atomic mass


i. alpha particle ii. alpha radiation iii. beta decay iv. beta particle v. beta radiation vi. radioactive decay a. a high-speed electron emitted from an unstable nucleus

b. a positively charged particle—a helium nucleus—consisting of two neutrons and two protons

c. a spontaneous change in which unstable nuclei emit a stream of high-speed electrons

d. any spontaneous change in which an unstable nucleus emits radiation

e. a stream of helium nuclei emitted from unstable nuclei

f. a stream of high-speed electrons emitted from unstable nuclei

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32. For each of the listed parts of a power plant, make a selection to indicate in what type(s) of power station the part is found. Place your answer in the blank space given.

I. part of a coal-fired power plant II. part of a nuclear power plant III. part of a coal-fired power plant and part of a nuclear power plant a. boiler

b. combustion chamber

c. condenser

d. control rod

e. generator

f. turbine

33. In the “Masses of Subatomic Particles and Radiation” table from the Science Data Booklet and in nuclear reactions, the electron is given a mass number of 0 in its nuclear notation of

-1

0 e, even though the electron does have some mass. Explain why the mass of the electron can be ignored in a nuclear reaction involving protons and neutrons. Include calculations to support your answer.

34. Thorium-232 undergoes alpha decay relatively slowly. Its nucleus gives off one alpha particle during its decay. Thorium-232, although radioactive, is found in the materials of some lantern mantles. Using nuclear notation, write the balanced nuclear equation representing the alpha decay of the isotope thorium-232.

35. The isotope radon-218 occurs as a product of the alpha decay of the isotope of another element. With each radon nucleus, one alpha particle is emitted. Using nuclear notation, write the balanced nuclear equation representing the alpha decay having the product radon-218.

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36. Cesium-137 is used as a source of gamma radiation in cancer treatment. Each nucleus of this isotope releases one gamma particle plus one beta particle during its decay. Placed in sensors in oil-drilling equipment, the isotope is used to detect geological formations. Using nuclear notation, write the balanced nuclear equation representing the beta and gamma radiation emission of the isotope cesium-137.

37. The following diagram represents a nuclear reaction. In this reaction, a neutron hits a nucleus of uranium-235, and new isotopes are formed.

neutron

neutron

neutron

neutron

fissionproductzirconium-94

fissionproducttellurium-139

uranium-235nucleus

a. Indicate whether the reaction is an example of nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Provide a reason.

b. Using nuclear notation, write the balanced nuclear equation representing the nuclear reaction.

38. Describe two important functions of heavy water in a CANDU reactor.



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39. An example of an exothermic fusion reaction is 12

13

01H H H

24+ Æ + n.

The energy released from this reaction is due to a small change in mass that occurs as the reactants are transformed into the products. Using the mass values given under the heading “Nuclear Chemistry” in the Science Data Booklet, calculate the change in mass per mole of hydrogen-2 that occurs in the reaction.

40. Determine the release of energy that corresponds to a change in mass of 2.2 ¥ 10-3 kg. Show your work.

41. Give a reason why nuclear wastes, such as spent fuel rods from nuclear power plants, must be stored in facilities that will be secure for such a long time.

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Submit your completed Assignment Booklet D1 to your teacher for assessment.Then return to page 8 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide,

and begin the Chapter 1 Summary.

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science 30 u d: e e ssignment d1 - · pdf filescience 30: unit d 8 assignment booklet d1...

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