Science 10 Unit 2

CHEMISTRY IN

• 6 weeks• Vocabulary list• Quizzes & 1 MAJOR TEST• 1 MAJOR TERM PROJECT• Labs – Once a week

Word Bird• List of terms from Mrs. Pheifer in your binder

Chemistry • Chemistry is the science concerned with the

composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

What do chemists do?

• A chemist generally can be involved in developing new products, quality testing using qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses, conduct research through experiments and even teaching. Some chemists may:

• Create products such as drugs and that can be produced profitably and can be patented.

• Use laboratory and computer controlled equipment• Observe and analyze reactions from their experiments

and document reactions, changes• Some may teach you!

Careers in Chemistry

Biochemist Food Technologist

Chemical Analyst Industrial Hygienist

Chemist, Food Laboratory Assistant

Pharmaceutical

Police - Crime Lab Analyst

Matter• Matter is everything around you. Matter is anything made of atoms and molecules.

• Matter is anything that has a mass.

• Even though matter can be found all over the universe, you usually find it in just a few forms. As of 1995, scientists have identified five states of matter. They may discover one more by the time you get old.

What makes a state of matter?

• It's about the physical state of molecules and atoms.

• Changing states of matter is about changing densities, pressures, temperatures, and other physical properties. The basic chemical structure does not change.

5 States of Matter

• Solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates are all different states of matter.

• Each of these states is also known as a phase. • Elements and compounds can move from one phase to

another phase when special physical forces are present.

• One example of those forces is temperature.

Phase Changes

• Copy this into your notes!

Changing States of Matter

CHEMICAL vs. PHYSICAL CHANGES

• Physical changes are about energy and states of matter. Chemical changes happen on a molecular level.

• Physical Change = To add energy (temperature or force) and change the shape of the molecule.

• Chemical Change = A process in which new substances with new properties are formed.

Physical Change

Chemical Change

Solid Basics

• Solids are usually hard• Molecules are pushed

together• Solids can hold their own

shape• The atoms inside of a solid

are not allowed to move around too much.

•

Liquid Basics

• Fill up the container they are in.

• Difficult to compress (push the atoms together).

• Liquids have cohesive (sticky) forces at work that hold the molecules together.

Gas

• Gas is everywhere (e.g. atmosphere).

• Gases are random groups of atoms.

• Gases are really spread out and the atoms and molecules are full of energy. They are bouncing around constantly.

Gases

• Gases can fill a container of any size or shape. (e.g. Balloon)

• Vapor and gas mean the same thing.

• Gases hold huge amounts of energy, and their molecules are spread out as much as possible. With very little pressure, when compared to liquids and solids, those molecules can be compressed.

Plasma Basics

• Plasma is the fourth state of matter and occurs at very high temperatures.

• Commonly occur in nature.

• The Sun’s core, the stars and lightening are all examples of plasmas!

Bose-Einstein Condensation

• The lowest state of matter.

• Occurs at very cold temperatures called absolute zero

• Results in the formation of a SUPER SOLID!

Review

SOLUTIONS AND MIXTURES

• Solutions are groups of molecules that are mixed up in a completely even distribution.

• Homogeneous Solutions

• Heterogeneous Solutions

CAN ANYTHING BE IN SOLUTION?

As a rule of thumb, there is usually more solvent than solute.

MAKING SOLUTIONS

ALLOYS

• Alloys are basically a mixture of two or more metals.

• The main idea with alloys is that they are better at something than any of the metals would be alone.

EMULSIONS

• A mixture of oils and waters.

• Think about a bottle of salad dressing. Before you mix it, there are two separate layers of liquids.

• When you shake the bottle, you create an emulsion.

• As time passes, the oil and water will separate to their original states.

Homework

• Bring in coloured pencils for tomorrow!