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TRANSCRIPT
P E A R S O N
8Investigating
SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY
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P E A R S O N
8Investigating
SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY
Senior Author
Lionel SandnerScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project
Authors
Nora AlexanderRosebank Road Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Mike CarlinVice-PrincipalWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Glen FatkinNorth Surrey Secondary SchoolSurrey School District, BC
Doug HerridgeGreensborough Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Michael LattnerSpecial Assignment TeacherAlgonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board
Catherine LittleProgram CoordinatorScience, Environmental and Ecological StudiesToronto District School Board
Jim WalshInstructor, Science and TechnologyFaculty of Education, University of Ottawa
Sandy M. WohlInstructor, Curriculum StudiesFaculty of Education, University of British Columbia
Contributing Authors
Jay IngramScience JournalistDaily PlanetDiscovery Channel Canada
Sandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4–8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Senior Technology Consultant
Josef MarthaScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canadaa division of Pearson Canada Inc.
All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should beobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the PermissionsDepartment at Pearson Education Canada.
The information and activities presented in this book have been carefully edited andreviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole orin part, from the reader’s use of this material.
Brand names that appear in photographs of products in this textbook are intended toprovide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and technology andare in no way intended to endorse specific products.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-208049-1ISBN-10: 0-13-208049-4
Printed and bound in Canada
3 4 5 TC 12 11 10 9 8
PROJECT MANAGER: Yvonne Van Ruskenveld (Edvantage Press)
DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Nancy Andraos, Tricia Armstrong, Janis Barr, Susan Girvan,Georgina Montgomery, Rosemary Tanner
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Erin Khelouiati, Ken Peck
COPY EDITORS: Moira Calder, Louise Oborne
PROOFREADERS: Jennifer Hedges, Christine McPhee, Kari Magnuson
INDEXER: Jennifer Hedges
PRODUCTION COORDINATORS: Sharlene Ross, Shonelle Ramserran
SENIOR MANUFACTURING COORDINATOR: Jane Schell
DESIGN: Alex Li
COMPOSITION: Carolyn E. Sebestyen
ILLUSTRATORS: Kevin Cheng, David Cheung, Crowle Art Group, Jeff Dixon, Jane Whitney
PHOTO RESEARCHER: Terri Rothman
PUBLISHER: Reid McAlpine
MANAGING EDITOR: Cecilia Chan
RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION MANAGER: Deborah Nelson
This book was printed using paper containing recycled fibre content.
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ProgramMarietta (Mars) BlochDirector, Education ServicesLet’s Talk Science
Assessment Derek TottenCurriculum Consultant York Region District School Board
LiteracySandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4 - 8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Catherine CostelloEducation Consultantformerly Curriculum Coordinator, LiteracyYork Region District School Board
Environmental EducationJane ForbesInstructor, Science and TechnologyOntario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto
Aboriginal Education
Darin CorbiereConsultant, Aboriginal EducationToronto District School Board
Differentiated InstructionKaren HumeStudent Success LeaderDurham District School Board
NumeracySue ContinelliGrapeview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Character EducationDennis CaronSt. Maurice Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Leda OstafichukJosyf Cardinal Slipyj Catholic Elementary SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Mirella SanwalkaCurriculum ConsultantScience K-12, EnvironmentYork Region District School Board
Raymond WiersmaLord Elgin Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Combined GradesMaureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
ELL/ESLJane E. SimsEducation Consultantformerly Sir Sandford Fleming AcademyToronto District School Board
Maureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board
Safety Peter BlochNorthern Secondary SchoolToronto District School Board
Expert ReviewersIngrid BajewskyNipissing University
Randy DumontMcMaster University
Marina Milner-BolotinRyerson University
Dr. Nagina ParmarHospital for Sick Children (Toronto)
Unit ReviewersMarietta AlibrantiBayview Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Chris AtkinsonMath/Science/Technology ConsultantCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Angela CuleHighview Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Consultants and Reviewers
Acknowledgements
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Anne BradleySt. James the Greater Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Helen BrownGordon B. Attersley Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Patricia Cava Sacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board
Brenda CollinsSt. Jude Catholic SchoolLondon Catholic District School Board
Joan D’EliaRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Chris di TomassoSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Jessica EgelnickRoyal Orchard Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Jody FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Heidi FergusonOur Lady of Sorrows Catholic SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Alison FernandesSt. Sebastian Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Andy ForgraveHarmony Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Donna Forward Sacred Heart Intermediate SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board
David GillespieRoland Michener Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Jocelyn HarrisonDixon Grove Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Pat Hogan St. Francis de Sales Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Bill HrynkiwNottingham Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Jodie Hancox-Meyer Doon Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Jessica KotsopoulosYorkhill Elementary SchoolYork Region District School Board
Heather A. MaceFeatherston Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Audra MorganDonview Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Brian MurrantRegent Park Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Jette PowrieOrchard Park Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Allan SavageJoseph Howe Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Jeffrey SchaefferBlue Willow Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Robert StronachAnnette Street Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Casey WilsonW.G. Davis Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Susan WilsonSt. Rita Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board
Field-Test TeachersChris AtkinsonSt. Francis Xavier Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Jody Bonner-VickersJ.W. Walker SchoolRainy River District School Board
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vii
Nizam HussainMilitary Trail Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Matt JohnstonBirch Cliff Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Kristi Johnston BatesSt. Michael Catholic High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board
Irene KicakGlenview Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Heather LanningGeneral Crerar Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Jeff LauckeRosedale Public SchoolLambton Kent District School Board
Nicholas LemireHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board
Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Hugh MacLeanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Marjory MassonEarl Beatty Junior and Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board
Irene McCuaigLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board
Mary Sue McIntyreMonsignor Michael O'Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Brian MurrantVictoria Harbour Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Tom RhindLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board
Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Phil SandersNorthdale Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Rey SandreSt. Mark Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board
Ryan SealeSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
John StarrattMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Corinna Taverna-RossiKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board
Stacy van BoxtelSt. Andrew’s SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Janice WhitonKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board
Raymond WiersmaChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Craig WinslowSt. Martin SchoolNiagara Catholic District School Board
StudentsThe authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank allthe students who participated in focus groups and field tests duringthe development of this book.
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Michele ChomniakAbbey Lane Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Brenda CollinsSt. Jude SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Craig CorbettRolling Meadows Public SchoolHalton District School Board
Rosalie CrossBlossom Park Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Mary CuylleHillcrest Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Kara DalgleishBellmore Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Brett DavisQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Ian DawsonRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Veronica DeignanSt. Elizabeth Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Sonia DiCola KopichanskiOur Lady of Lourdes SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Nadine Dodds CormackW.H. Day Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Seana DonohueNotre Dame High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Kristy DuncanLockview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Sam FalzoneR.J. Lang Elementary & Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Julia FarewellCamilla Road Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Jodi FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Prepublication ReviewersLisa AckmanHighview Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Ann-Marie BabineauD.A. Moodie Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Savita BalagopalSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Vijaya BalchandaniNorth Kipling Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Swarnaly Banerjee-ModiTomken Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Janet BartoliniHumber Valley Village Junior SchoolToronto District School Board
Martin BeswickPrincess Margaret Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Shivani BhagriaHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Marlene BilkeyRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Tracy BridgenWestdale Park Public SchoolLimestone District School Board
Melissa BrownlowEarnscliffe Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Mahlon BryantonBeachburg Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Sukwinder BuallElia Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Shayne CampbellKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Patricia CavaSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Lenny ChiroAmesbury Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
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Heidi FergusonOur Lady of SorrowsRenfrew County Catholic District School Board
Ian FischerSt. Joseph High SchoolOttawa Catholic School
Erika Fleming GillespieSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Kim FoleyPerth Road Public SchoolLimestone District School Board
Donna ForwardSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Michael Frankfort Public School
York Region District School Board
Jeff FraserRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Jennifer FreelandtImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Lorraine GaneshFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Sarah GarrettKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Krista GauthierRockwood SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Fraser GillMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Mike GlazierLondon District Catholic School Board
Kevin GoodeMinesing Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Shaunna GoodeMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Rob GreenTreeline Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Akaran GuyadinThe Elms Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Deb HearnMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Tara HewittAgnes Hodge Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Marc HodgkinsonLorn Avenue Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Bryan HonsingerCarleton Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Wayne IsaacSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Krista JarvieHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Brent Johnston W.T. Townsend Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Kristi Johnston-BatesSt. Michael High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Darayus KangaHilltop Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Adam KellyGreenbank Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Gita KhannaFisherville Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board
Deb KiekensEarling Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Amy Kilty SchwandtOxbow Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Dr. Jean Kisoon-SinghMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board
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Thornhill Woods
Acknowledgements
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Elizabeth MayockHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Monica McArthur-JosephErin Centre Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Rob McBeth Baden Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board
Cara McCraeCentennial Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Diana McFarland-MundyQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Dave McGaghranRyerson Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Mark McKinleyJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board
Chris McKinnonSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Hugh McleanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Manish MehtaLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Paul MenicaninWinona Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Cindi Mitchell Armadale Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Yvan MoiseSt. Paul High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Ginny MonaghanBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Luis MorgadinhoSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Frank MullerBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Brenda KusmenkoFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Helen Laferriere Monsignor J.E. Ronan SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board
Marilyn LajeunesseMonsignor William Gleason Catholic SchoolWaterloo District School Board
Jean-Benoit LancaImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board
Chris LanisJohn English Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board
Bill LegateBeavercrest Community SchoolBluewater District School Board
Natalie LeitchJ.D. Hogarth Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Andrew LeslieHillcrest Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Steve LogueCheyne Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lara LosetoWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Andrew LovattSt. Thomas Aquinas High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario
Heather MaceFeatherstone Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Jenn MacKinnonSt. Agnes Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Tracey MacMillianHerman Street Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board
Art MacNeilMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Sean MathesonHighland Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board
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Katie MullerGateway Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Trevor OrmerodElementary Instructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board
Johanna PastmaCaistor Central Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Steacy PetersenKortright Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board
Jennifer PhillipsHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board
Elizabeth PiwowarSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Julie PodestaHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
Georgina PurchaseJack Donahue Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Rena RoSunny View Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lisa RomeHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Michaeline RowberryBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Ernie SalacJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board
Shirley SaundersHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board
Tamara Sayers-PringleHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board
Ericka SchroederSt. Clemens Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
Manny Sciberras John McCrae Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Clare ShannonEgremont Community SchoolBluewater District School Board
David Shulman German Mills Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Denise StansfieldSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Trevor StarkesRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Corrina StrongLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Enzo TignanelliSt. Luke Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board
John ToveyNobleton Sr. Public SchoolYork Region District School Board
Brandon TseLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board
Dana WallaceSir Winston Churchill Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board
Greg WatsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara
Corey WellsBaxter Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board
Deborah WestonLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board
Lisa Weston TourignySir Arthur Carty SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board
Annie WhiteBennetto Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board
Michelle WillsonCourtland Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board
Sandy WilsonHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board
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1.0 Chapter Review 32A19 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Reverse Osmosis 33
Cellular processes sustain living things. 34
A20 Quick Lab Meeting Basic Needs for Survival 37
2.1 Unicellular Organisms 38A21 Starting Point What Is Going on in theComposter? 38
A22 During Reading Visualizing with Combination Notes 39
A23 Inquiry Activity Observing Unicellular Organisms 41
Check and Reflect 42
A24 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Cooking and Freezing 42
2.2 Multicellular Organisms and CellSpecialization 43A25 Starting Point Specialized Structures to Do Specialized Jobs 43
A26 Learning Checkpoint Explaining the Size 46
A27 Inquiry Activity Observing MulticellularOrganisms 47
A28 Design a Lab Cells and Solutions 48
Check and Reflect 49
A29 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Water for Cells 49
2.3 Plant and Animal Cellular Processes 50A30 Starting Point Yeast in Action 50
A31 During Reading Visualizing the Cell as a Factory or a City 51
A32 Quick Lab Modelling Diffusion 53
Check and Reflect 54
A33 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Helping Cells, Harming Cells 55
Science and Technology in Your WorldMicrobiologists at Work 55
2.0 Chapter Review 56A34 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Protecting Cells in the Environment 57
Science and Technology Safety Procedures xx
Exploring Your Textbook — Investigating Science and Technology 8 xxiii
UNITA 2
CellsA1 Quick Lab One Big Cell 6
A2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Using an Insecticide 6
Cells are the basic units of all living things. 8
A3 Quick Lab Defining Living Things 11
1.1 Living Things and Cell Theory 12A4 Starting Point Make Your Own Magnifier 12
A5 During Reading Reading Like a Writer 13
A6 Quick Lab Care and Use of a Microscope 15
Check and Reflect 16
A7 Thinking about Science, Technology, andSociety The Importance of Technology in Science 16
1.2 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells 17A8 Starting Point What’s the Magnification? 17
A9 During Reading Using Headings 19
A10 Quick Lab Building a Cell 21
A11 Quick Lab Preparing Dry Mount Slides 21
A12 Quick Lab Preparing Wet Mount Slides 22
Check and Reflect 23
A13 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society “Perfecting” Plants 23
1.3 The Flow of Materials into and ut of Cells 24
A14 Starting Point Finding Buried Treasure 24
A15 Learning Checkpoint Build a Mind Map 25
A16 Inquiry Activity Diffusion Detective 28
A17 Inquiry Activity Food for Thought 29
Check and Reflect 30
A18 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society The Artificial Kidney 30
Science and Technology in Your WorldSolving the Mystery of Viruses 31
Contents
1.0
2.0
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Healthy organisms depend on the interaction of healthy cells,tissues, and organs. 58
A35 Quick Lab Amoeba Race 61
3.1 From Cells to Tissues to Organs 62A36 Starting Point Your Body Can Heal Itself 62
A37 Learning Checkpoint Note Taking 64
A38 Problem-Solving Activity Special-EffectsTechnician 65
Check and Reflect 66
A39 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society X-Rays and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 66
3.2 Interdependent Organ Systems 67A40 Starting Point An Open and Shut Case 67
A41 During Writing The Structure of a Newspaper Article 69
A42 Inquiry Activity Flower Power 70
Check and Reflect 71
A43 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society How Loud Is “Too Loud”? 71
3.3 The Impact of Research in Cell Biology 72A44 Starting Point Simple Solutions 72
A45 During Writing What’s Your Opinion? 75
A46 Decision-Making Analysis Stopping the Spread of Infectious Disease 76
A47 Decision-Making Analysis Growing Bt Corn and Other Modified Plants 77
Check and Reflect 78
A48 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society What Kind of Testing Should Be Done? 78
Making Connections Wow! Bacteria 79
3.0 Chapter Review 80A49 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Public Choices Affect the Health of Cells 81
Unit A Summary 82
Unit A Task 83
Unit A Review 84A50 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment What’s the Limit? 87
3.0
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Science and Technology in Your WorldArtificial Limbs 123
4.0 Chapter Review 124B22 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Garden Rake versus Leaf Blower 125
Mechanical systems involvemachines that are designed to do work efficiently. 126
B23 Quick Lab Locating Simple Machines on a Mountain Bike 129
5.1 Simple Machines and Mechanisms 130B24 Starting Point Choose a Simple Machine 130
B25 During Reading To Predict or to Infer? 132
B26 Learning Checkpoint Three Classes of Levers 135
B27 Inquiry Activity Measuring the MechanicalAdvantage of Simple Machines 141
B28 Problem-Solving Activity Best Machine for the Job 142
Check and Reflect 143
B29 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Think Before You Buy 143
5.2 Efficiency 144B30 Starting Point Work Can Be a Drag 144
B31 Learning Checkpoint Calculating Efficiency 147
B32 Inquiry Activity Increasing Efficiency 149
Check and Reflect 150
B33 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment Ontario’s Bright Idea 150
Science and Technology in Your WorldMechanical Engineer 151
5.0 Chapter Review 152B34 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Building a Modern Pyramid 153
UNITB 88
Systems in ActionB1 Quick Lab Clothes Peg Surgery 92
B2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Components of a System 92
Mechanical systems use forces to transfer energy. 94
B3 Quick Lab Lift This 97
4.1 Force 98B4 Starting Point Identifying Forces 98
B5 During Reading Making Connections 100
B6 Learning Checkpoint Weight and Mass 102
B7 Quick Lab Measuring Force with a Spring Scale 103
B8 Inquiry Activity The Force of Gravity 104
Check and Reflect 105
B9 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment The Right Shoe 105
4.2 Work and Energy 106B10 Starting Point What Is Work? 106
B11 During Reading Making Connections 107
B12 Learning Checkpoint Calculating Work 111
B13 Quick Lab How Much Work Does It Take? 111
Check and Reflect 112
B14 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Giving Society a Lift 112
4.3 Mechanical Advantage 113B15 Starting Point Everyday Machines 113
B16 Learning Checkpoint Describing Machine Forces 116
B17 Learning Checkpoint Mechanical Advantage119
B18 Learning Checkpoint Human MechanicalAdvantage 119
B19 Quick Lab Calculating Mechanical Advantage 120
B20 Design a Lab My Bicycle’s Mechanical Advantage 121
Check and Reflect 122
B21 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Can Opener 122
4.0 5.0
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Systems have an impact on our society. 154
B35 Quick Lab Your School’s Waste Management 157
6.1 Non-mechanical Systems in Society 158B36 Starting Point Non-mechanical Systems inSociety 158
B37 During Writing A Problem, Its Causes, and Some Solutions 159
B38 Quick Lab Assembly Not Included 161
B39 Quick Lab Providing a Service to Society 162
Check and Reflect 163
B40 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society You: The Consumer 163
6.2 Assessing the Impact of Automation and Alternative Systems 164B41 Starting Point To Mall or Not to Mall: That Is the Question 164
B42 During Writing Organizing Writing Ideas 165
B43 Decision-Making Analysis My Opinion ofAutomation 171
Check and Reflect 172
B44 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Automating Your School’s Recycling Program 172
Making Connections The Trebuchet 173
6.0 Chapter Review 174B45 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Assessing the Change 175
Unit B Summary 176
Unit B Task 177
Unit B Review 178B46 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Rethinking the Engine 181
6.0
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8.1 Viscosity and the Effects of Temperature 210C15 Starting Point Thick or Thin? 210
C16 During Reading Monitoring Comprehension ith “Fix-up” Strategies 212
C17 Design a Lab Flow Rate of Fluids 214
Check and Reflect 215
C18 Thinking about Science and TechnologyMeasuring the Flow Rate of Gas 215
8.2 Density and Buoyancy 216C19 Starting Point Dense and Denser 216
C20 Learning Checkpoint Calculate and Compare 219
C21 Inquiry Activity Calculating Mass-to-Volume Ratio 222
C22 Problem-Solving Activity HomemadeHydrometer 224
Check and Reflect 226
C23 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWorldwide Shipping 226
8.3 Pressure in Fluids 227C24 Starting Point Pressure Can — TeacherDemonstration 227
C25 Inquiry Activity Compressing Fluids 230
Check and Reflect 232
C26 Thinking about Science and TechnologyPipes and Plumbing 232
Science and Technology in Your WorldMeteorologist 233
8.0 Chapter Review 234C27 Thinking about Science and TechnologyPropane Tanks 235
Many technologies are based on the properties of fluids. 236
C28 Quick Lab Soap Foam 239
9.1 Fluid Systems 240C29 Starting Point Pressure Push 240
C30 During Writing Using a Venn Diagram toCompare and Contrast 243
UNITC 182
FluidsC1 Quick Lab Pump Up the Volume 186
C2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Fluids on the Move 186
Fluids are used in technologicaldevices and everyday materials. 188
C3 Quick Lab Cartesian Diver 191
7.1 The Many Uses of Fluids 192C4 Starting Point Finding Flowing Fluids 192
C5 During ReadingPOE (Predict, Observe, Explain) 194
C6 Quick Lab Functions of Fluids 195
Check and Reflect 196
C7 Thinking about Science and TechnologyUseful Properties of Fluids 196
7.2 Fluids and the Particle Theory of Matter 197C8 Starting Point Colourful Crystal 197
C9 Learning Checkpoint Understanding the Text 199
C10 Quick Lab Balloon Tricks 200
C11 Inquiry Activity Mixtures of Matter 201
Check and Reflect 202
C12 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWhen Water Freezes 202
Science and Technology in Your WorldGlowing Glass 203
7.0 Chapter Review 204C13 Thinking about Science and TechnologyTechnology Tools 205
Viscosity, density, andcompressibility are all properties of fluids. 206
C14 Quick Lab Full of Hot Air — TeacherDemonstration 209
7.0
8.09.0
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C31 During Writing Talk Time — A Rehearsal forWriting 246
C32 Decision-Making Analysis The “Cost” ofExtracting Oil 248
C33 Problem-Solving Activity Golf Ball Loader 249
Check and Reflect 250
C34 Thinking about Science and TechnologyTransporting Fluid 250
9.2 The Impact of Fluid Spills 251C35 Starting Point Not Every Oil Spill Is the Same 251
C36 Learning Checkpoint Classifying Clean-upMethods 255
C37 Decision-Making Analysis Disposing ofHousehold Fluids 257
C38 Inquiry Activity Oil Spill Clean-up 258
Check and Reflect 260
C39 Thinking about Science and TechnologySearching for the Source of Spills 260
Making Connections Quicksand 261
9.0 Chapter Review 262C40 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Taking Care of Fluids 263
Unit C Summary 264
Unit C Task 265
Unit C Review 266C41 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentPipeline Problems 269
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Check and Reflect 302
D18 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment The Unfreezing of the Northwest Passage 302
Science and Technology in Your WorldPoint Pelee: A Great Lakes Microclimate 303
10.0 Chapter Review 304D19 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Predicting Major Storms 305
Monitoring water systems is critical for maintaining water supply and quality. 306
D20 Quick Lab Dissecting a Water Filtration Device — Teacher Demonstration 309
11.1 Natural and Human Factors Affecting Our Water Supply 310D21 Starting Point Nature and the Water Table 310
D22 Learning Checkpoint Your Water Table K-W-L Chart 313
D23 Problem-Solving Activity Clearing MuddyWaters 315
Check and Reflect 316
D24 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Competing for Water Use 316
11.2 Obtaining Water Quality 317D25 Starting Point How Much Do You Know About Your Drinking Water? 317
D26 Learning Checkpoint The Water You Drink 321
D27 Inquiry Activity Be a Water Quality Inspector 322
Check and Reflect 323
D28 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Down the Drain 323
11.3 Managing Our Water Systems 324D29 Starting Point How Much Do You Know About Waste Water? 324
D30 Learning Checkpoint Treating Waste Water 326
D31 During Reading The Question-AnswerRelationship 330
UNITD 270
Water SystemsD1 Quick Lab Taking a Closer Look at Earth’sPopulation 274
D2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Caring for Our Global Water Supply 274
Water on Earth exists in different states and is alwaysmoving and changing. 276
D3 Quick Lab Would You Drink It? 279
10.1 Earth’s Supply of Water 280D4 Starting Point Water Systems Alphabet 280
D5 Learning Checkpoint Liquid Water 283
D6 Learning Checkpoint The Watershed Connection 287
D7 Quick Lab How Much Fresh Water Is Available for Use? 287
D8 Inquiry Activity Make a Model Aquifer 288
Check and Reflect 289
D9 Thinking about Science and the Environment Canada’s Groundwater MappingProgram 289
10.2 Water’s Influence on Weather and Climate 290D10 Starting Point The Water Cycle and Weather 290
D11 During Reading Main Idea or Supporting Detail? 291
D12 Learning Checkpoint Water’s Heat 293
D13 Quick Lab Investigating Climate Data 295
D14 Inquiry Activity Can It Take the Heat? 296
Check and Reflect 297
D15 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Weather in the Media 297
10.3 The Effects of Ice on Water Systems 298D16 Starting Point Predicting the Effects of Water System Changes 298
D17 Inquiry Activity Researching a Changing Glacier 301
10.0
11.0
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D32 Quick Lab How Phosphates Affect Our Water Supply 330
D33 Decision-Making Analysis Managing Small Sound’s Water Supply 331
Check and Reflect 332
D34 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Educating the Community 332
Science and Technology in Your WorldCareer: Public Health Inspector 333
11.0 Chapter Review 334D35 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Lessons Learned 335
Stewardship of our water systems is needed to ensure their sustainability. 336
D36 Quick Lab What Does Stewardship of WaterSystems Look Like? 339
12.1 Stewardship through WaterConservation 340D37 Starting Point Daily Water Use in an Average Canadian Home 340
D38 During Writing Gathering Information in a Web 341
D39 Inquiry Activity Be a Water Watchdog 344
Check and Reflect 345
D40 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment You and Your Water Bill 345
12.2 Issues Relating to Water’s Sustainability 346D41 Starting Point Finding Messages ehind Words 347
D42 During Writing Writers Make Decisionswith RAFTS 349
D43 Decision-Making Analysis Exploring a Great Lakes Issue 350
Check and Reflect 351
D44 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Mini Media Analysis 351
12.3 Water Sustainability through Science and Technology 352D45 Starting Point Looking More Closely at Solutions 352
D46 Inquiry Activity Changing Salt Water into Fresh Water 355
Check and Reflect 356
D47 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment Fog Water 356
Making Connections A Tea Cup of Storm Clouds 357
12.0 Chapter Review 358D48 Thinking about Society and the Environment Group Actions 359
Unit D Summary 360
Unit D Task 361
Unit D Review 362D49 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Water for All 365
Toolkits 366Glossary 405Index 411Photo Credits and Acknowledgements 417
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You will be doing many activities in thisbook.
When doing an activity, it is veryimportant that you follow the safety rulesbelow. Your teacher may have safetyinstructions to add to this list. As you readthe rules, discuss with a partner or note why each one is an example of common-sense safety.
Before You Begin
1. Read and make sure you understand theinstructions in the text or in anyhandouts your teacher may provide.Follow your teacher’s direction always.Never change or start an activitywithout approval.
2. Watch for “Caution” notes. These noteswill tell you how to take extra care asyou work through the activity. Makesure you understand what the cautionsmean.
3. Learn to recognize the warning symbolsfor hazardous materials shown inToolkit 1, pages 367–368.
4. Keep your work area uncluttered andorganized.
5. Know the location of fire extinguishersand other safety equipment.
6. Always wear safety goggles and anyother safety clothing as requested byyour teacher or this book.
7. If you have long or loose hair, tie it back.Roll up long shirt sleeves.
8. Inform your teacher if you have anyallergies or medical conditions, oranything else that might affect yourwork in the science classroom.
During the Activity
9. Report any safety concerns you have orhazards you see (such as spills) to yourteacher.
10. Don’t eat, drink, or chew gum in yourscience classroom.
11. Never taste anything in science class.
12. Never smell any substance directly.Instead, gently wave your hand over itto bring its vapours toward your nose, asshown in the photo below.
Science and Technology Safety Procedures
Safety
Smell an odour by wafting it toward you.
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13. Handle all glassware carefully. If you seecracked or broken glass, ask your teacherhow to dispose of it properly.
14. Handle knives and other sharp objectswith care. Always cut away fromyourself, and never point a sharp objectat another person.
15. Heat solids and liquids only in openheat-resistant glass containers and testtubes. Use tongs or protective gloves topick up hot objects.
16. When you heat test tubes, make sure thatthe open end is pointing away from youand anyone else in the room. The photobelow shows the correct way to do this.
17. When heating a substance, make sure thecontainer does not boil dry.
18. If any part of your body comes in contactwith a chemical, wash the areaimmediately and thoroughly with water.If you get anything in your eyes, do nottouch them. Wash them immediately and continuously with water for 15 minutes. Inform your teacher.
19. Keep water or wet hands away fromelectrical outlets or sockets.
20. Use tools safely when cutting, joining, ordrilling. Make sure you know how to useany tools properly.
21. Use special care when you are nearobjects in motion, gears and pulleys, andelevated objects.
22. Make sure equipment is placed safely sothat people will not knock it over or tripover it. Report any damaged equipmentto your teacher immediately.
23. Treat all living things with respect.Follow your teacher’s instructions whenworking with living things in theclassroom or on a field trip.
When You Finish the Activity
24. Make sure you close the containers ofchemicals immediately after you use them.
25. Follow your teacher’s instructions tosafely dispose of all waste materials.
Make sure the open end of the test tube is pointing awayfrom you when you heat it.
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26. Always wash your hands well with soap,preferably liquid soap, after handlingchemicals or other materials. Alwayswash your hands after touching plants,soil, or any animals and their cages orcontainers.
27. When you have finished an experiment,clean all the equipment before putting itaway. Be careful with hot plates andequipment that have been heated as theymay take a long time to cool down.
Wear the proper safety equipment when doing science activities.
Learning Checkpoint
The picture shows a
science class performing
a science activity.
Unfortunately, some of
the students are not
following proper safety
procedures. Work with a
partner to identify and
list the problem actions.
Then suggest a better,
safer way to perform
each action. After you
have finished, share
your observations with
the class.
Safety Skills
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Investigating Science and Technology 8
Exploring Your Textbook
Discover how to use your Investigating Science and Technology 8 book.Explore the different parts of your textbook by finding the answers to thefollowing questions.
EExxpplloorree1. Find the Unit Overview for Unit B. What BigIdeas will you learn as you explore this unit?2. At the beginning of each chapter you canfind a list of key terms. How many key
terms are there in Chapter 5? Where canyou go to find the meanings of these terms?
3. Find a Take it Further margin feature inChapter 7 that describes plasma. Where canyou go to explore this topic in more detail?
4. For some of the Inquiry Activities, there aresymbols at the top of the Materials &Equipment list. Find and sketch three ofthese symbols and describe what theymean. Can you find a place in your textbookwhere all of the symbols are explained?
AAnnaallyyzzee
1. Look at the Getting Ready to Read feature at
the beginning of Unit A. What does it
suggest you do to help you read the unit?
Find an example of another Getting Ready
to Read feature in your textbook.
2. When would you use the Toolkits located at
the back of the book? Find an activity that
refers you to Toolkit 2.
3. Find an example of a Before Reading Activity
at the beginning of a chapter. How could
this activity help you to understand the
chapter better?
4. Look at the headings for a Chapter Review
and a Unit Review. Which headings occur in
both reviews? Which headings occur in only
one review?
DDiissccoovveerr
1. What are the four units you will study in
Investigating Science and Technology 8?
2. How many chapters are there in Unit A?
Each chapter is divided into parts. What are
these parts called? How many are there in
Chapter 3?
3. Find examples of two different types of
reading activities. Where will you find
each one?
LLeeaarrnn1. Where can you find a summary of what youwill learn in each section?2. Find a Words Matter margin feature from
Chapter 9 that describes what SCUBAmeans. What can you learn about in aWords Matter margin feature?
3. When would you use a LearningCheckpoint?
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