INTRO ABOUT OOPS,ANDROID AND ITS COMPONENTS

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REFRESHMENT OF OOPS » What is OOPS ?

» Object

» Class

» Abstraction

» Encapsulation

» Inheritance

» Polymorphism(Run Time & Compile Time)

Object Oriented Programming System

Object Oriented Programming is a methodology to design a program using Classes and Objects.

It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

> Object > Class> Inheritance> Polymorphism> Abstraction> Encapsulation

OBJECTA runtime entity that has state and behavior is known as Object.

Object= data + method ,Object is an instance of a class.

An object has these characteristics:

State: represents the data of an Object.Behavior: represents the behavior of an Object.

Real time Example:Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds, color is White etc,.Known as it state.It is used to write, so Writing is its behavior.

CLASS

A Class is a group of objects that have common property. (or)

Collection of Objects. It is a Template or Blue Print from which objects are created.

Syntax to declare a Class: Class <class name> { data member; method; }

Example for Class and Object: Class Company { String name = “Target Soft Systems”; int phoneno = “9382383393”; public static void main( string[] args) { Student s1 = new Company(); // object System.out.println(“Name is:” +s1.name); System.out.println(“Phone No:” +s1.phoneno); }

} Output: Name is: Target Soft Systems Phone No: 9382383393

ABSTRACTION Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user. (OR)It highlights the essential things to the user and hides the non- essential things.

Real Time Example:Sending SMS: you just type the text and send the message you don’t know the internal processing about message delivery. Syntax to declare the abstract class: Abstract class < class- name> {

}

ENCAPSULATION

Encapsulation is a process of wrapping code and Data together into a single unit.

We can calculate a fully encapsulated class by making all the data members of the class private now we can use setter and getter methods to set and get the data in it.

INHERITANCEInheritance is a mechanism in which one object acquires and the properties and behaviors of parent class. A new class derived from old class.Syntax for Inheritance:

class subclass name extends super class name{

}extends is a key word is used to inherit one class for another class.On the basis of class, there can be three types of inheritance single, multilevel and Hierarchical. Multiple and Hybrid is supported through interface only. To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple interfaces are not supported in Java.

POLYMORPHISMIn general polymorphism is a particular thing behave differently in a different situation

Two types of Polymorphism: Compile time Polymorphism Run time PolymorphismCompile time Polymorphism Example: Method Overriding.Run time Polymorphism Example: Method Overloading.

Real time Example:Mobile Phone: It acts like a phone where you calling to someone. It acts like a camera whiles you taking a snap. It acts like a Music player whiles you hearing song from that.

Compile Time Polymorphism

Method Overriding:Method having same name, same number of arguments and its data type.

Sum( int a, int b)Sum( int c, int d)Sum( float a, float b)Sum( float c, float d)

overriding method MUST have the same argument list (if not, it might be a case of overloading)

Run time PolymorphismMethod overloading:Method having same name but difference in the number of arguments and its data type.

Example:Sum( int a, int b)Sum( int a, int b, int c)Sum( float a, float b)Sum( float a, float b, float c)

For example the entire method names are same but the main difference in the number of arguments and its data type.

BASIC MODEL MOBILE PHONESSMART PHONES

LETTERS LANDLINE PHONE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASIC MOBILE & SMART MOBILE

BASIC MOBILE SMART MOBILE

A normal phone has the primary purpose of only calling and sending text messages

Smart phones offer a variety of features that allows advanced computing capability and connectivity.

Its not possible to install the mobile apps in basic phone

It is possible to install the mobile apps using smart phone

Basic phones are quite cheap Smart phones are costlier when comparing to basic phones.

Its not possible to use a memory card It is possible to use a memory card.

WHY SMARTPHONE?• Smart phone plays a major role among the users.• The current generation of consumers are equipped with

smart phones that provide extensive applications to transact with.

• Besides making phone calls, nearly all smart phones today can natively provide directions through GPS, take pictures, play music and keep track of appointments and contacts.

• Through the installation of apps, the list of possible smart phone uses multiplies by tens of thousands and grows longer everyday.

MOBILE USERS

GROWTH OF MOBILE USERS

MOBILE APPS

ABOUT ANDROID

If you are interested in mobile app development, you need to learn android. Learning android app development and programming is important for professional programmers and amateurs alike, simply because there is a lot you can achieve through an android app of your own. According to a report by Google in September 2012, 500 million android activations have already taken place all over the world. The comScore mobiLens survey reported in January 2013 that there were 68 million Android users in US alone. 

ANDROID HISTORY

•Android Inc was founded in Palo Alto of California, U.S. by Andy Rubin, Rich miner, Nick sears and Chris White in 2003. Later Android Inc. was acquired by Google in 2005.

•In 2005 Google purchased Android and took over its development work and also the development team.

•Google wanted Android to be open and free then most of the Android code was released under open source.

VERSIONS OF ANDROIDPre-commercial release versions (2007–2008)

Android alpha

There were at least two internal releases inside Google and the OHAreleases code-named “Astra Boy", “Bender"

Android betaThe Android beta was released on 5 November 2007

The Software Development Kit (SDK) was released on 12th November 2007.

The 5th November date is popularly celebrated as “Android's Birthday”

SDK• A software development kit that enables

developers to create applications for the Android platform. The Android SDK includes sample projects with source code, development tools, an emulator, and required libraries to build Android applications. Applications are written using the Java programming language and run on Dalvik, a custom virtual machine designed for embedded use which runs on top of a Linux kernel.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

 Android has seen numerous Updates which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases.

Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat

For example

Version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut.

The latest released version is 4.4 Kit Kat

CUPCAKE 1.5

On 30 April 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released.

This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ("Cupcake")

» Added auto-rotation option.

» Copy and Paste feature added in the web browser.

» Increased speed and performance but not up to required level.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

DONUT 1.6

On 15 September 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK - Donut was released

» Voice search

» Search box

» Faster OS boot times

» Fast web browsing experience.

» Typing is quite slower.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

ECLAIR 2.0On 26 October 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK codenamed Eclair was released.

» Bluetooth 2.1 support.» Improved typing speed on virtual keyboard with smarter dictionary.» no Adobe flash media support.

 on 3 December 2009 Android 2.0.1 Éclair was released.

on 12 January 2010 Android 2.1 Éclair was released.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

FROYO 2.2

On 20 May 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 was released

» Support for Adobe Flash 10.1

» Improved Application launcher

with better browser

» No internet calling.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

GINGERBREAD 2.3

On 6 December 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was

released

» Updated User Interface with high 

» efficiency and speed

» Internet calling

» One touch word selection and copy/paste.

» New keyboard for faster word input.

on 9 February 2011 Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread was released.

on 28 April 2011 Android 2.3.4 Gingerbread was released.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

HONEYCOMB 3.0On 22 February 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK was released

» Support for multi-core processors

» Ability to encrypt all user data.

» This version of android is only available for tablets.

on 10 May 2011 Android 3.1 Honeycomb was released.

on 15 July 2011 Android 3.2 Honeycomb was released.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

ICE CREAM SANDWICH 4.0On 19 October 2011, the Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) SDK was released

» Virtual button in the UI.

» A new typeface family for the UI.

» Ability to shut down apps that are using data in the background

on 16 December 2011 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich was released.

on 29 March 2012 4.0.4 Ice Cream Sandwich was released.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

JELLY BEAN 4.1

On 27 June 2012, the Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) SDK was released

» User – Installable Keyboard Maps

»  Audio record triggering

» Bluetooth Data Transfer with Android Beam.

on 29 October 2012 4.2 Jelly Bean was released.

on 24 July 2013 4.3 Jelly Bean was released.

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

KIT KAT 4.4

On 3 September 2013, the Android 4.4 (Kit Kat) SDK was released

» Built-In Screen Recording.

» Wireless printing Capability

VERSIONS OF ANDROID

LOLLIPOP ANDROID 5.0• on June 25, 2014, the android

LolliPop 5.0 was released. • Redesigned user interface built

around a design language known as "Material design".

• Improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lock screen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners.

ANDROID FEATURES

» STRORAGESQLite, a lightweight relational database.

» CONNECTIVITYSupports GSM, CDMA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX.

» MESSAGING Supports both SMS and MMS.

» MEDIA SUPPORTSupports following media files: MP3,3GP,MP4,JPEG,PNG,GIF,BMP,AMR,MIDI,...etc.

» HARDWARE SUPPORTAccelerometer sensor, Camera, GPS

Android Application Life Cycle

» Environment Setup

» Development

» Debugging & Testing

» Deploy

Environment Setup

Set up Your Development

Environment

Set up AVD’s and Devices for

Testing

Install the Android SDK , Android Developer Tools and Android Platform

Create Android Virtual Device and connect Hardware Device that will be used for Testing

Development

Create Your

Application

Create Android Project with your source code, resource files and Android manifest xml file

Debugging & TestingBuild and Run

Your Application

Debug your Application

Build and Run your ApplicationIn Debug Mode

Debug your Applications using the Android Debugging and Logging Tools

Test Your Application using theAndroid Testing and Instrumentation Framework

Test your Application

DeployPrepare your

Application for release

Release Your Application

Configure ,build and test your application for Release Mode

Publish ,Sell and distribute your Application to users.

Android Architecture

Android Architecture having Four Main Layer and One Sub

Layer

» Applications - Main Layer

» Application Framework - Main Layer

» Libraries - Main Layer

» Android Runtime - Sub Layer

» Linux kernel - Main Layer

Android Architecture

Linux Kernel

» Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services» Memory and Process Management» Network Stack» Driver Model» Security

» Providing an abstraction layer between the H/W and the rest of the S/W stack

Android Runtime

Core LibrariesProviding most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java language

Dalvik Virtual MachineProviding environment on which every Android application runs

Libraries

» Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by components of the

Android system

» Exposed to developers through the Android application

framework

Application Framework Layer

Feature RoleView

SystemUsed to build an application, including lists, grids, textboxes, buttons, and embedded web browser

Content Provider

Enabling applications to access data from other applications or to share their own data

Resource Manager

Providing access to non-code resources (localized strings, graphics, and layout files)

Notification Manager

Enabling all applications to display customer alerts in the status bar

Activity Manager

Managing the lifecycle of applications and providing a common navigation back stack

Application Layer

Android provides a set of core applications:

» Email Client

» SMS Program

» Calendar

» Maps

» Browser

» Contacts

Android Architecture

ADT- Android Developer Tools Eclipse IDE Android SDK ADT Plug-in

Java JDK 1.7

OS RequirementsWindows XP (32-bit), Vista (32- or 64-bit), or Windows 7 (32- or 64-bit)Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later (x86 only)Linux (tested on Ubuntu Linux, Lucid Lynx) On Ubuntu Linux, version 8.04 or later is required.64-bit distributions must be capable of running 32-bit applications.

How to set up Android Environment

Components of Android

» Activity

» Services

» Broadcast Receiver

» Content Providers

Activities

Visual user interface focused on a single thing a user can do

Services

`No visual interface – they run in the background

Broadcast Receivers

Receive and react to broadcast announcements

Content Providers Allow data exchange between applications

» Basic component of most applications» Most applications have several activities that start each other as

needed

» Each is implemented as a subclass of the base Activity class

» Each activity has a default window to draw in.

» The content of the window is a view or a group of views.

» View(Group) made visible via Activity.setContentView() method.

Activities

Services

» Does not have a visual interface

» Runs in the background indefinitely

» Examples

» Network Downloads

» Playing Music

» You can bind to a an existing service and control its

operation

Broadcast Receiver

» Receive and react to broadcast announcements

» Extend the class Broadcast Receiver

» Examples of broadcasts:

» Low battery, power connected, shutdown, time zone

changed, etc.

» Other applications can initiate broadcasts

Content Providers

» Makes some of the application data available to other applications

» It’s the only way to transfer data between applications in Android

(no shared files, shared memory, pipes, etc.)

» Extends the class Content Provider;

» Other applications use a Content Resolver object to access the data

provided via a Content Provider

Activity Life Cycle

Each application runs in its own process.

Each activity of an app is run in the apps process

Processes are started and stopped as needed to run an apps

components.

Processes may be killed to reclaim needed resources.

Killed apps may be restored to their last state when

requested by the user

Most management of the life cycle is done automatically by the system via the activity stack.

The activity class has the following method callbacks to

help you manage the app:–onCreate()–onStart()–onResume()–onPause()–onStop()–onRestart()–onDestroy()

• Activities have

several states

• Lifecycle methods are

called on transitions

• You typically don’t

need to use them all,

but they are there

DDMSDalvik Debug Monitor Service, a GUI debugging application shipped with the SDK. It provides screen capture, log dump, and process examination capabilities.Viewing heap usage for a process

DDMS allows you to view how much heap memory a process is using. This information is useful in tracking heap usage at a certain point of time during the execution of your application.Tracking memory allocation of objects

DDMS provides a feature to track objects that are being allocated to memory and to see which classes and threads are allocating the objects.

LOGCATLogcat is integrated into DDMS, and outputs the messages that you print out using the Log class along with other system messages such as stack traces when the exceptions are thrown.Emulating phone operations and location

The emulator control tab lets you simulate a phone’s voice and data network status. This is useful when you want to test your application’s robustness in differing network environments.Changing network state, speed, and latency

The Telephony Status section of the Emulator controls tab lets you change different aspects of the phone’s networks status, speed and latency.

Voice - unregistered, home, roaming, searching, deniedData - unregistered, home, roaming, searching, denied Speed - Full, GSM, HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPALatency - GPRS, EDGE, UMTS Spooling calls or SMS text messages

The Telephony Actions section of the emulator controls tab lets you spoof calls and messages.• Voice - Enter a number in the incoming number field and click

call to send a simulated call to the emulator or phone Click the Hang up button to terminate the call.

• SMS - Enter a number in the incoming number field and a message in the Message: field and click the Send button to send the message

Views

An Activity contains Views and View Groups.

A View is a widget that has an appearance on screen.

A view derives from the base class android.view.View

Examples of views are buttons, labels and text boxes.

Textview Syntax:

TextView tv;

tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textview);

tv.setText(“ Textview is displayed ”);

User Interface

variety of widgets that are useful when creating forms, 1. image buttons, 2. text fields, 3. checkboxes, 4. radio buttons,5. Toggle buttons,6. Rating bar

View Groups

A ViewGroup provided a layout in which the order and

appearance of the views are placed.

A view derives from the base class android.view.ViewGroup.

Android supports the following ViewGroups,

LinearLayout RelativeLayout

AbsoluteLayout TableLayout

FrameLayout ScrollView

Linear LayoutArranges views in a single column

or single row.

Absolute Layout• An Absolute Layout lets you specify exact locations• Enables to specify the exact location of its children.

Table LayoutGroups views into rows and columns.

Relative LayoutEnables us to specify how child views are positioned relative to each other.

A

B C

D

Frame LayoutPlaceholder on screen to display as a single

view.

NOTIFICATION • Notification is just to notify some incoming mails and login status of friends etc…• Have to import these packages import android.app.Notification;Import android.app.NotificationManager;• A Notification is a short

message breifly displayed on the status line.

Three of the core components of an Android application -

activities, services, and broadcast receivers - are activated

through messages, called intents

One activity starts another activity by creating/sending an

Intent

Means of leveraging activities, services, and broadcast

receivers of other applications .

Intents

Explicit intents, Implicit intents

Types of Intents

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