school of geosciences, university of the witwatersrand, · pdf filereport tamiru alemayehu...

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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Regional Training on:

GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT FOR WATER MANAGERS: A ROLE OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SCIENCE

School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 06-10, July, 2009

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Report

Tamiru Alemayehu Abiye _____________________________________________________________________

July, 2009 Background:

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Groundwater is considered as the only realistic water supply option for meeting the needs of

dispersed rural communities, as well as supplementing the water demand from expanding urban

centers in Africa. The challenge is immense. The present ineffective and unsustainable use of

groundwater throughout Africa will require national, regional and international actions on a

number of fronts. With the emergence of MDGs and the 2015 targets for clean drinking water

supplies for all, a call for managing groundwater development has arisen in order to curb

irrational abstractions, ensure that groundwater demand is met, and control poor management

practices. Groundwater management includes engineering, economic and political factors that

affect the locations of boreholes, the rate of pumping and groundwater allocation. The stress on

the groundwater system affects the total aquifer output, the water levels, well discharge rates

and the water quality of the groundwater system. The legal and political pressures forces are

prompting renewed scientific investigation of the groundwater system for effective management

of the resource. The safe development of groundwater reserves should consider various

scenarios such as variability of natural recharge, transboundary reaches and legal and

institutional mechanisms. These scenarios add to the challenges for groundwater management,

which involves lack of sufficient knowledge on the determination of natural recharge, lack of

corporate management of transboundary aquifers and poor understanding of local legislation

and water rights. Therefore, the purpose of this short course was to describe the role of

hydrological science in support of emerging issues and practices in the management of

groundwater for the non-hydrogeologists.

The training program was designed to create groundwater awareness to water managers who

have no prior knowledge in hydrogeology through the initiative of the Africa Groundwater Network

(AGW NET).

Target: To attain sustainable use of groundwater it is crucial to equip water managers with

appropriate groundwater management skills. Due to the natural characteristics of groundwater,

which is located in heterogeneous aquifers with variable recharge-discharge settings, it is

indispensable to develop key technical issues that can enhance managerial skills. In many

countries in Africa, water managers may not be professionally qualified. The training is aimed at

conveying basic and advanced groundwater principles and knowledge for better management of

groundwater resources and at raising awareness of the importance of groundwater in the

hydrologic cycle. Some additional targets are:

• to improve the groundwater management skills at all levels in all African countries

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• to strive to implement IWRM planning within the groundwater sector

• to promote groundwater research and academic activities

• to enhance groundwater knowledge sharing among African countries

• to provide a positive contribute to the realization of the African Groundwater commission

(AGWC) targets to achieve sustainable development.

Coordination and Sponsorship:

Training coordinator: Dr. Tamiru Alemayehu Abiye

AGW NET coordinator: Dr. Richard Owen

Organizer: Africa Groundwater Network (AGW NET)

Sponsors: CAP-NET, SPLASH, BGR, SDC, BMZ

Host: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Partners: International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), British Geological Survey (BGS),

Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)

In collaboration with: AfricaArray project

Facilitators:

1. Dr. Tamiru A. Abiye (South Africa)

2. Dr. Richard Owen (Zimbabwe)

3. Dr. Hans Klinge (Germany)

4. Dr. Karen G. Villholth (Denmark)

5. Dr. Torleif Dahlin (Sweden) Guest Lecturer:

Venue: School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Activity:

The training program was proposed by African Groundwater network (Dr. Tamiru Alemayehu

Abiye). After the proposal was accepted by the Cap-Net and SPLASH, the call for candidates

was launched in Feb. 2009. Invitation letters with the application form were dispatched to most

of Water Resources Ministries and River basin organizations. The reply for the call was not

satisfactory from the River basin organizations; however, Water Ministry and academic

applicantion were many.

Selection criteria:

Based on the criteria indicated in the invitation letter, eligible participants were identified. The

criteria were:

• Candidates must be currently active in water management sector

• Should have at least a first degree

• Non-hydrogeologist

• Female applicants are encouraged

The interested applicants were requested to submit an application letter together with CV,

contact address and letter of support from the employer and completed AGW NET application

form.

Over 35 applications were received and as a matter of fact based on the aforementioned

criteria, 15 participants were selected. Several emails were sent to river basin organizations

such as Orange/Senqu River commission, Okavango River basin commission, Komati basin

water authority and Lesotho highlands water commission. However, no replies were obtained.

Additional contacts were made to Nile basin capacity building network from which several

applicants were obtained.

Out of 15 participants, which were drawn from 9 countries (Table 1) four of them were from the

Nile basin capacity building network. All the selected participants were not able to make their

way to South Africa, maybe due to Visa process, lack of communication etc. Only twelve of

them were able to arrive at the training venue. One additional eligible participant from Namibia

was added to the list and he has covered his own costs to take part in the training. We have

provided training materials to the Namibian participant. Out of 13 participants who have

attended the training, 5 were female (38.5%).

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Plate 1. Five Female participants with Karen at the back.

Opening session:

The training session was opened after a brief introduction by the Tamiru A. Abiye. Instructors

and participants have introduced themselves which was followed by an introductory lecture on

SPLASH activities by Dr. Hans Klinge and the preliminary lecture by Dr. Richard Owen on the

Need for the Groundwater Management Training in Africa. The current head of School of

Geosciences, Prof. Roger Gibson, and the former head of school, Prof. Paul Dirks, have

welcomed the participants. It is noted that in one century history of the School, which is famous

in mining sector, this training was the first in its kind.

Plate 2. Presentation of instructors and welcome speech by the former head of school, Prof.

Paul Dirks

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Plate 3. Training participants with instructors

The training program was undertaken in association with the Africa Array workshop and the

participants have got chance to attend the geophysics sessions and gain an applied geophysics

knowledge.

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Table 1. List of participants who have attended the training No Title Name/Surname Institution Address Country 1 Mr Aliyu Jari Katsina State water Board, Managing Director P.o.Box 2027, Katsina, NG

Email: [email protected] Nigeria

2 Mr Chisanga Siwale Ministry of Energy and water development Hydrologist Department of Water Affairs, P.O.Box 30530, Kusaka, Zambia Email: [email protected]

Zambia

3 Ms Christine Nanyanzi Mukwaya Ministry of water and environment, Senior water officer Directorate of Water Resources Magt. P.O.Box 19, Entebe, Uganda Email: [email protected]

Uganda

4 Mrs Gwendolyn Kyoburungi Zaake Ministry of Water and Environment, Principal water officer DWRM, P.O.Box 19, Entebe, Uganda Email: [email protected]

Uganda

5 Mr Henry Njau Kamunge Ministry of water and irrigation Deputy Director P.O.Box 49720, Nairobi, Kenya Email: [email protected]

Kenya

6 Mr Mustafa A/Rahim Yousif Ministry of Irrigation and Water resources Director P.O.Box 15006, Khartoum, Sudan Email: [email protected]

Sudan

7 Mrs Ngasia Lela Marie Valence Min. of Environment Nature Conse. & Tourism, Manager P.O.Box 12348 Kinshasa, DRC Email: [email protected]

DRC

8 Mr Nuredin Assaro Hulder Water supply and Sanitation, Water bureau Head P.O.Box 153, SNNPRS, Awassa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected]

Ethiopia

9 Mr Sileshi Gobena Tadessa Water Bureau,Water sector Engineer P.O.Box 8630, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Email: [email protected]

Ethiopia

10 Ms Slindile Sthandiwe Mhlawuli DWAE Water sector coordinator Private Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001 Email: [email protected]

South Africa

11 Mr Tsafack Tagny Bathermy Water Energy and sanitation for development, (WESDE) National Coordinator P.O.Box 599, Maroua, 1863, Gayak St, Cameroon Email: [email protected]

Cameroon

12 Mrs Widad Mutwakil Saadalla Ministry of Irrigation and Water resources Head: information center P.O.Box 878, Khartoum, Sudan Email: [email protected]

Sudan

13 Mr Inekela Iiyambo Rossing Uranium Limited, Water and Environment manager [email protected] Namibia

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Training materials:

Participants have been provided with the following items for the Groundwater management

training.

1. Training Manual (81 pp)

2. Note book

3. Pen

4. Bag

5. IWRM training CD (from CAP-NET)

6. Book: Applied Groundwater studies (IAH)

7. Book: Developing groundwater: Guide for rural water supply ( BGS)

8. Groundwater management CD from Meta Meta (provided by Dr. Richard Owen)

9. AGW NET brochure

10. BGR transboundary map and groundwater brochures

11. CD containing training presentations

12. AfricaArray project information

13. Wits University Campus map

Plate 4. A Bag for Trainees

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Lecturing and class activity

All lectures were delivered in Microsoft power point which were handed over to participants in a

CD. The main topics which are covered by five instructors are as follows:

1. Dr. Karen Villholth

i. Groundwater pollution

ii. Groundwater management strategies and good lessons

2. Dr. Richard Owen

i. Groundwater management need

ii. Groundwater monitoring

iii. Groundwater management and IWRM

iv. Facilitator of the discussion sessions

3. Dr. Hans Klinge

i. Groundwater recharge

ii. Groundwater protection

4. Dr. Tamiru A. Abiye

i. Hydrologic cycle and elements: methods and uncertainties

ii. Aquifer properties

iii. Groundwater Resource assessment techniques

iv. Hydrogeological applications

v. Adaptive groundwater management and Multi Criteria Decision Analysis

vi. Field trip guide to Hartbeesport dams and adjacent irrigation areas

5. Dr. Torleif Dahlin

i. Role of Geophysics in groundwater development

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The first four instructor have attentively guided the participants throughout the training sessions.

Dr. Karen Villholth Dr. Richard Owen

Dr. Hans Klinge Dr. Tamiru A. Abiye

Dr. Torleif Dahlin

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Plate 5. Instructors in action

Topics covered during the training:

Groundwater Management Need

General, Role of hydrogeologist, Distribution of Water on Earth, Surface and groundwater

interaction, General facts about groundwater

Hydrologic cycle and Elements

General, Precipitation, Interception, Evaporation, Transpiration, Evapotranspiration,

Runoff, Infiltration/recharge

Aquifers: Water Bearing Materials

Groundwater availability, Types of Aquifers, Unconfined Aquifer, Confined Aquifer, Leaky

Aquifers, Types of water in soils, Vertical Distribution of water, Zone of Aeration, Zone of

Saturation, Hydrogeological parameters

Groundwater Recharge Processes

Introduction, Water balance, Groundwater recharge, Factors affecting recharge, Recharge

estimation method, Renewable and non-renewable groundwater

Groundwater Resources Assessment

Groundwater resource assessment, Exploration techniques, Geologic Methods,

Hydrological Methods, Geophysical Methods, Pumping Test, Environmental isotopes

Groundwater dependent ecosystem, Climate change and groundwater

Groundwater Pollution and Protection

Human influence, How do aquifers become polluted?, Principles of groundwater protection

Groundwater quality protection, Risk assessment and protection strategies, Urban

wastewater reuse, Aquifer vulnerability to pollution assessment, Methodology, Rating of

groundwater contamination sources

Groundwater Management: Monitoring

Monitoring, Detecting groundwater quality changes, well selection criteria, Factors to

consider.

Groundwater Management and IWRM

Challenges in groundwater management, Legislation, Groundwater management

strategies, Adaptive management, Adoption of a multiple criteria decision analysis,

Artificial recharge, Groundwater information related to its management, Integrated

approach

Geophysics and groundwater

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Besides the lecturing activity by instructors, one hour and half discussion session was allocated

for four days that has allowed the participants to reflect their understanding and experience.

Participants were divided into a group of 3 to 4 people in order to give answers to questions put

forward by instructors. On the 9th July, 2009 each participant was given with 15 minutes for

presentation on the country groundwater management practices that has allowed exchanging

experience among the participants.

Group 1

i. Slindile Sthandiwe Mhlawuli

ii. Christine Nanyanzi Mukwaya

iii. Henry Njau Kamunge

Group 2

i. Inekela Iiyambo

ii. Mustafa A/Rahim Yousif

iii. Aliyu Jari

iv. Nuredin Assaro Hulder

Group 3

i. Widad Mutwakil Saadalla

ii. Ngasia Lela Marie Valence

iii. Tsafack Tagny Bathermy

Group 4

i. Gwendolyn Kyoburungi Zaake

ii. Chisanga Siwale

iii. Sileshi Gobena Tadessa

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Participants’ activity during the training sessions

Some questions were put forward by Dr. Richard Owen to initiate group discussion. The points

were:

1. Which different Departments and Ministries are managing groundwater in your

respective countries?

2. Identify the management conflicts.

3. What are the management solutions?

4. Does your country have groundwater management map? What source of information do

you want from the map?

5. How to manage groundwater data base?

6. How to manage the catchment water balance: physical/policy level, Local/global?

Plate 6. Class discussion

According to the presentation by the participants, the main institutions that use and manage

groundwater resources are:

• Ministry of water resources

• Ministry of energy and water development

• Ministry of water resources and environment

• Ministry of agriculture

• Ministry of environment

• Ministry of minerals and energy

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• Ministry of housing and human settlements

• Ministry of defence

• Ministry of Industry

• Ministry of public works

• Ministry of health

• Ministry of Science and technology

• Ministry of Rural development

• Ministry of irrigation and water resources

• Ministry of forestry

Etc...

The main conflicts/problems are:

• Lack of coordination and integration

• Different laws on GW among Ministries

• No sharing information b/w GW and surface water

• Transboundary water quantities and qualities

• Lack of EIA

• Clashing legislation

• Conflict of interest

• Poor information sharing

• Political priority with a particular interest (mainly surface water)

• Short Office term of Ministers and Managers

• Compliance and enforcement

• Lack of groundwater information

• Small budget allocation for groundwater development

• Lack of key regulatory framework

• Absolute lack of knowledge on groundwater

• Allocation of water for different users and uses

• Prioritizing: scheduling of allocation

The proposed solutions, or proposed conflict management strategies are:

• Promote good coordination b/w ministries

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• Create a common data base of information

• IWRM related to GWMR

• Promote Studies on qualities of water

• Harmonization of legislation

• Alignment of legislation towards groundwater

• Consultation with different stakeholders

• Stakeholder participation

• Education at different level: local and national

Due to large number of user ministries in many countries, different management strategies are

applied. In different countries water resource is managed through:

• “High Council for Water Resources” which is composed of senior ministries.

• Some countries have ‘Ministerial council” that gets feedback from the “technical steering

committee” which receives input from the Line ministries, technical team and water board.

• In some countries, Ministry of water resources has absolute mandate to decide on water

allocation and coordinate user ministries.

• In some other countries, groundwater management is lacking where the countries did not

yet update WATER LAW to address the burning groundwater issue.

Participants have agreed that this activity is a “PROCESS:.

Specific management questions were given to the participants to discuss based on their country

experience.

Group 1. Major groundwater abstraction for major agriculture/irrigation. Deep aquifer, conflict

between users.

Group 2. Rural water supply system based on hand pumps.

Group 3. Mining areas with tailing dumps downstream of which is a city. Manage the

groundwater to avoid groundwater contamination.

Group 4. Urban groundwater management strategies in large cities, water quality for drinking/

municipal wells.

Group Results:

Group 1

Conflict between agriculture users and urban cities users around GW

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• What sort of information we need to know and manage it?

• What management strategies you need to reduce conflict from GW between

stakeholders

Answers:

1. Information required:

• Monitoring aquifer water level change over time

• Abstraction

• Contamination status

• Quality of water used

• Quantity of water available

• Water demand for different users (agriculture, domestic, etc.)

• Water accessibility

• Climate change information

• Others alternatives (waste water for agriculture, springs for drinking water,

surface water )

• Budget of monitoring

2. Strategy of conflict management

• Update the GW laws according to the real situation on the field and apply it

• Give licence to users according to the law

• Establish a collaboration committee between stakeholders and Government

• Monitoring water quality and quantity

• Give the first priority for drinking

• Promote Climate change & GW for land cover

• Promote IWRM related to GW

Group 2

Issues:

• Poor community participation

• Operation and maintenance problem

• Contamination by users

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• Area technicians availability

Interventions:

• Socio economic study (Equity). Community participation in planning and management.

• Formation of village water committees and care takers. Spare parts provision centers,

training on maintenance.

• Regular monitoring of water source (water levels, abstraction, quality)

• Educate users on sanitation and hygiene

• Involve private partners

• Involve civil society

Group3.

Information required:

• Geology and structures

• Information on water quality

• Rainfall pattern/recharge

• Installation of monitoring wells set program

• Source of town water supply

• Ecology of water/ bio monitoring

• Design of the dump site

• Baseline information of the area

Management intervention

• Data base

• Legality of the mine/EIA

• Treatment of the waste before disposal

• Compliance monitoring and enforcement (EA)

Group4.

Problem identification

• Identification of aquifer properties

• Water quality changes

• Estimation of recharge

• Demand analysis

• Legal framework

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• Stakeholder involvement

• Awareness and sensitization

Country presentation by participants

Fifteen minutes presentations were made by participants in order to understand their degree of

awareness in groundwater related issues. Most of them have low range of knowledge as their

background is far away from groundwater science.

Mustafa A. Yousuf (Sudan) Widad M. Saadalla (Sudan)

Henry Kamunge (Kenya) Slindile S. Mhlawuli (South Africa)

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Aliyu Jari (Nigeria) Tsafack Bathermy (Cameroon)

Nuredin A. Hulder (Ethiopia) Inekela Iiyambo (Namibia)

Sileshi G. Tadessa (Ethiopia) Gwendowlyn Zaake (Uganda)

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Chisanga Siwale (Zambia)

Christine N. Mukwaya (Uganda) Ngasia L.M. Valence (DRC)

Plate 7. Pictures during the class activity

Field excursion:

Field excursion was undertaken in the Hartbeespoort Dam area to learn the surface and

groundwater interaction. The Hartbeespoort dam is constructed on Crocodile River and is was

completed in 1923 and filled in 1925. The main aim of the dam was to provide water for

irrigation scheme to soldiers demobilised after World war one as poor whites. However, it is

reported that the attitude of these groups towards hard labour resulted in a request for

permission to use blacks. The dam has a crest length of 140m and capacity of more than 200

million m3. The dam is famous due to its eutrophication as a result of high level of phosphates

and nitrates. The main river that flows into the dam is Crocodile river which is polluted by

domestic wastes, acid mine drainage from west rand mines and nuclear wastes. This has a

negative effect on the water quality, fish life, use of the dam and the environment. The tritium

concentration shows rapid increase downstream due to the wastewater discharge from the

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NECSA nuclear facility before Broederstroom, that concentrates 3H in the Hartebeespoort dam.

The alluvial deposits, which are located in the lower Crocodile River valley (down-stream of

Hartebeespoort dam), produce substantial amount of water that receive recharge from the

Crocodile River. Such aquifers produce as much as 16 l/s. The river and irrigation returns are

regularly recharging the aquifer from which farmers are extracting irrigation water. There is also

a dam leakage through tectonic structures that add contaminated water into the alluvial aquifer.

The downstream farmers are using the polluted water from the canals and pump the shallow

groundwater which is recharged by the dam water to irrigate the vegetables and crops.

Plate 8. Discussion during the field trip

Plate 8. Participants during the field trip

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Plate 9. Irrigation using polluted water from the dam.

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The training was successfully undertaken based on the program. Enough time was given to participants and the program was accordingly updated

(Table 2).

Table 2. Training Program GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT FOR WATER MANAGERS: A ROLE OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SCIENCE

Date: 06-10 July, 2009; Venue: School of Geosciences, Wits University, Johannesburg, South Africa Time O6 July, 2009

Monday 07 July, 2009

Tuesday 08 July 2009 Wednesday

09 July 2009 Thursday

10 July 2009 Friday

08:00-08:45 Registration 08:00 -08:20 Registration Registration Registration

Field visit

Hartbeespoort Dam

(Tamiru)

17hr00 Certificate award

O8:45-10:00

Introduction (Participants)

SPLASH (Hans Klinge)

GW management need

(Richard Owen)

08:30-09:10 Africa Array Keynote Lecture (Hydrogeology and

Geophysics) (Torleif Dahlin)

09:40-10:00 Groundwater recharge

processes Hans Klinge

Groundwater monitoring :water level

(Richard Owen)

GW Management and IWRM (Richard Owen)

10:00-10:15 Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break 10:15-12:30 Hydrologic cycle,

parameters and groundwater

(Tamiru A. Abiye)

Groundwater resources assessment techniques

(Tamiru A. Abiye)

Discussion GW Management strategies : Adaptive and MCDA

(Tamiru A. Abiye)

12:30-13:30 Lunch Break Lunch Break Lunch Break Lunch Break 13:30-14:00 Aquifer properties

(Tamiru A. Abiye)

Groundwater pollution (Karen G. Villholth)

GW Management strategies (Karen G. Villholth)

GW Management experience (Participants)

14:00-15:00 Discussion Discussion Discussion Discussion 15:00-15:15 Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break 15:15-17:00 Role of Geophysics in

the field of Groundwater development

(Torleif Dahlin)

Hydrogeological application (Tamiru A. Abiye)

GW Management strategies: Groundwater Protection

(Hans Klinge)

Evaluation and conclusion (Richard and Tamiru)

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General questionnaire replies Question Choices Nigeria Namibia Uganda Kenya Ethiopia Uganda Within your country responsibility for managing groundwater is mostly with:

a) the national government b) sub-national or regional or area governments c) responsibility is shared with national and sub-national government d) government is not involved in groundwater management e) it is not clear which level of government is responsible

C C A, C A A A, C

How often your country changes its water law or regulation significantly:

a) within 5 years b) within 6-10 years c) within 11-20 years d) 20 or more years ago e) we have no specific groundwater law f) it has never been changed significantly

B B F B F F

Have these changes if any resulted in any difference in the way water is actually managed?

Yes____ No_____

No YES NA Yes Yes NA

If someone wants to pump water from the ground by law they must:

a) Receive a permit or license to pump that says how much they may pump b) They may do so after giving notice they will pump (but no permit required) c) They just do it no permission is required of anyone d) They must receive permission of others near the pump location e) There is no law governing groundwater pumping

C, E A A

A B A

If someone wants to pump water from the ground he/she must:

a) Own the land where they want to pump b) Only need the permission of the owner of the land c) Receive government permission but they need not own the land d) Need not own the land or seek government permission

A C A, C A C A, C

Water under the ground belongs to:

a) the state b) the owner of the land above the ground c) the community

A A A B A A

Approximately what percentage of water used in your country comes from groundwater?

a) 0-9 % b) 10-20% c) 21-40% d) 41-50% e) 51% or more

C - Not Sure C A NA

Approximately what percentage of groundwater used in your

a) 0-9 % b) 10-20% c) 21-40% d) 41-50% e) 51% or more

A - Not Sure B A D

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country is used -for irrigation?Select from the list below which best describes the policies your country follows in managing groundwater:

a) conservation b) mining (planned overdraft) c) short term economic development d) sustainable management e) agricultural expansion f) social justice g) equal access to water for all

G - D A D NA

Select from the list below which best describe the problems your country has in managing groundwater:

a) salt water intrusion b) over pumping c) conflict over users or ownership d) lack of laws or rules governing groundwater e) oversaturation of the soil f) need for more wells and drilling g) drying up and loss of shallow wells

D - Not in the list

F, G G NA

What are the qualifications of water managers in your country? List them.

Engineers Hydrogeologist

- Engineers Geologist Hydrogeologist Chemist Civil Engineers

Hydrogeologist Engineers Sociologists

Degree in Natural Science

Question Choices Sudan DRC South Africa Cameroon Ethiopia Zambia Sudan Within your country responsibility for managing groundwater is mostly with:

a) the national government b) sub-national or regional or area governments c) responsibility is shared with national and sub-national government d) government is not involved in groundwater management e) it is not clear which level of government is responsible

A C A E E A A

How often your country changes its water law or regulation significantly:

a) within 5 years b) within 6-10 years c) within 11-20 years d) 20 or more years ago e) we have no specific groundwater law f) it has never been changed significantly

C E C E E E C

Have these changes if any resulted in any difference in the way water is actually managed?

Yes____ No_____

Yes No No No None No Yes

If someone wants to pump water from the ground by law they must:

a) Receive a permit or license to pump that says how much they may pump b) They may do so after giving notice they will pump (but no permit required) c) They just do it no permission is required of anyone

C C A C D E C

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d) They must receive permission of others near the pump location e) There is no law governing groundwater pumping

If someone wants to pump water from the ground he/she must:

a) Own the land where they want to pump b) Only need the permission of the owner of the land c) Receive government permission but they need not own the land d) Need not own the land or seek government permission

A C C B D A A

Water under the ground belongs to:

a) the state b) the owner of the land above the ground c) the community

A B A A A A A

Approximately what percentage of water used in your country comes from groundwater?

a) 0-9 % b) 10-20% c) 21-40% d) 41-50% e) 51% or more

E A C c E D E

Approximately what percentage of groundwater used in your country is used for irrigation?

a) 0-9 % b) 10-20% c) 21-40% d) 41-50% e) 51% or more

D A D B A C D

Select from the list below which best describes the policies your country follows in managing groundwater:

a) conservation b) mining (planned overdraft) c) short term economic development d) sustainable management e) agricultural expansion f) social justice g) equal access to water for all

D A, E A, D, G A, E C D D

Select from the list below which best describe the problems your country has in managing groundwater:

a) salt water intrusion b) over pumping c) conflict over users or ownership d) lack of laws or rules governing groundwater e) oversaturation of the soil f) need for more wells and drilling g) drying up and loss of shallow wells

A,B,C,D,F D A, C, G C D, D, G D A, B, C

What are the qualifications of water managers in your country? List them.

Degree holder

degree holder

Engineers Social Science Environmental Science

Geologist Hydrologist Hydrogeologist Scio-Economist Medical Doctor Geographer Agronomist Chemist

Engineers Hydrogeologist Economist Management specialists Chemist

Water engineers, geology, hydrogeology, environmental science

All with a degree

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COMMENT: In many countries groundwater management is the responsibility of national and local government. Most

of the participants claim that water law is subjected for change within 6 to 10 years which is not practically

done. Many countries did not change their water law to address the importance and management of

groundwater. Permit is required if one wants to sink a well and pump groundwater. Except in Kenya and

DRC, groundwater belongs to the state. In the current state, 9 to 40% of groundwater is exploited in many

countries while up to 50% of groundwater is used for irrigation. In a broad sense, in Africa, any person

with a first degree in any subject can be assigned to manage groundwater.

Course evaluation replies

Question Namibia Uganda Sudan Sudan Which aspects of the course did you like best? Why?

Resource assessment Materials provided Case studies

Need for gw mangt

Groundwater magt, Hydrogeology and geophysics IWRM, MCDA

Groundwater protection , MCDA

Which aspects of the course did you like least? Why?

None None Add time for city visit None

Please indicate how this course could be improved.

Surface-groundwater interaction

Add more issues Training course in GWM for decision makers

Give this training in other countries

What do you recommend for the better groundwater management in Africa to be included in the course?Relevance of the topic to your work/area of expertise

None None None None

Question South Africa Zambia Ethiopia Ethiopia Which aspects of the course did you like best? Why?

Groundwater recharge, hydrologic cycle, Resource assessment, Groundwater pollution and protection

Base flow separation Assessment technique, management strategies, monitoring,

Lectures, discussion


Geophysics Geophysics Geophysics None


Increase time for group discussion

Time for participant presentation

Increase awareness on private drillers, academics, update curriculum Increase discussion time

Surface-Groundwater interaction


Skills, qualifications required for a groundwater manager

Septic tanks location Address high level participant

Experience of other countries

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Question Kenya Uganda DRC Cameroon Nigeria Which aspects of the course did you like best? Why?

Discussion Need for gw magt., GW magt strategies Improved magt strategies

Discussion part All lectures


None Geophysics Geophysics None Participant presentation


One week is short More group work and discussions

More case studies One week is too short

Increase the training date


The best practice Isotope hydrology techniques in groundwater magt

It is okay The best practice None

Comment: The preference of participants to a particulate topic has no pattern. However, appropriate consideration will be given to improve further the training.

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Course content survey questionnaire Analysis

1. Rank different components of the course in terms of usefulness , knowledge, Applicability and time allocation (1 to 5)

Parameters Usefulness New knowledge Applicability Time allocation Need for groundwater management

100% 80.0% 92.3% 81.5%

Hydrologic cycle 90.8% 60% 87.7% 76.9% Aquifer properties 92.3% 90.8% 87.6% 78.5% Geophysics 86.2% 86.2% 80% 83% Groundwater recharge 98.5% 84.6% 86.2% 75.4% Resource assessment techniques

93.8% 84.6% 90.8% 78.4%

Hydrogeological applications

92.3% 86.2% 93.8% 86.1%

Groundwater monitoring 100% 73.8% 92.3% 78.5% Groundwater management strategies

96.9% 89.2% 89.2% 72.3%

Groundwater pollution 98.5% 84.6% 98.4% 73.8% Groundwater protection 100% 83.0% 92.3% 73.8% Groundwater and IWRM 93.8% 73.8% 84.6% 75.3% Adaptive management and MCDA

95.4% 96.9% 86.1% 73.8%

Discussions 93.8% 81.5% 89.2% 80% Participant exercise 95.4 89.2% 89.2% 90.8% Participant presentation 89.2% 76.9% 78.5% 69.2%

2. Suggest any additional topics to be included. • Geospatial technology application in groundwater resources • Uncertainties in groundwater resources • Drilling techniques • Water quality • The politics of groundwater vs surface water • Isotope management • Transboundary aquifer • Groundwater mapping • Use of legislative tools in groundwater management resources • Relation between groundwater and environment • Remote sensing and groundwater management • Groundwater economics+

3. What type of future follow up activities would you suggest? Rate from 1 to 5. Refreshment course: 90.8% New course on different topic: 87.7% Assistance to mount such course in your own countries: 93.8%

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4. Rank teaching methodologies from 1 to 5. a) Lectures: 93.8% b) Discussion: 89.2% c) Participant exercise: 83% d) Participant presentation: 81.5%

5. Mark your answer under the relevant column.

not Useful Useful Very useful a. Relevance of the topic to your work/area of expertise 23.1% 76.9%b. Knowledge and skills gained for your current or future work 15.4% 84.6% c. Providing an informal forum for exchange of information with other

participants 23.1% 76.9%

d. Providing an opportunity to establish new useful contacts 23.1% 76.9%e. Identification of applicable good practices and lessons learned 15.4% 84.6%f. Providing reference materials for future use 30.8% 69.2%g. Providing an opportunity to learn from different lecturers 7.7% 92.3%

Comment: The overall percentages which appear above are encouraging. Additional consideration is necessary by AGW NET to address the specific topics. For the time being the foreseen solution is to regularly provide the participants with the state-of-art groundwater management materials (case studies) from different sources through emails. All the indicated new topics cannot be basically covered in 5 days training.

Outcome and perspective: The main results of the groundwater management training that was held in Johannesburg between 06 and 10 July 2009, are:

• Exchange of knowledge among participants • Delivery of wide experience of the instructors to the participants • Introduction of applicable groundwater management strategies • The importance of integrated work among stakeholders for the successful groundwater

development • Continent wide dissemination of groundwater knowledge

It is very important to mention the appreciation of the participants to the materials that they are provided during the training. Most importantly the IWRM CD from Cap-NET, IAH and BGS books, MetaMeta CD, and BGR documents which were not easy to get in different countries. Such materials are useful in standardizing the groundwater knowledge across Africa.

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At the end of the training, attendance certificate was handed over to the participant by Prof. Paul

Dirks that describes participation of a participant in the groundwater management training.

Plate 10. Course attendance certificate

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ANNEX

Face to face discussion with participants

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Annex 1. Evaluation questionnaire format

Groundwater management for water managers: a role of hydrogeological science 06-10, July 2009. Johannesburg, South Africa

GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT INQUIRY

Name:________________________________________________ Country:______________________________________________ 1) Within your country responsibility for managing groundwater is mostly with: a) the national government b) sub-national or regional or area governments c) responsibility is shared with national and sub-national government d) government is not involved in groundwater management e) it is not clear which level of government is responsible 2) How often your country changes its water law or regulation significantly: a) within 5 years b) within 6-10 years c) within 11-20 years d) 20 or more years ago e) we have no specific groundwater law f) it has never been changed significantly 2a) Have these changes if any resulted in any difference in the way water is actually managed? Yes____ No_____ 3) If someone wants to pump water from the ground by law they must: a) Receive a permit or license to pump that says how much they may pump b) They may do so after giving notice they will pump (but no permit required) c) They just do it no permission is required of anyone d) They must receive permission of others near the pump location e) There is no law governing groundwater pumping 4) If someone wants to pump water from the ground he/she must: a) Own the land where they want to pump b) Only need the permission of the owner of the land c) Receive government permission but they need not own the land d) Need not own the land or seek government permission 5) Water under the ground belongs to: a) the state b) the owner of the land above the ground c) the community 6) Approximately what percentage of water used in your country comes from groundwater? a) 0-9 % b) 10-20% c) 21-40% d) 41-50% e) 51% or more 7) Approximately what percentage of groundwater used in your country is used for irrigation? a) 0-9 %

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b) 10-20% c) 21-40% d) 41-50% e) 51% or more 8) Select from the list below which best describes the policies your country follows in managing groundwater: a) conservation b) mining (planned overdraft) c) short term economic development d) sustainable management e) agricultural expansion f) social justice g) equal access to water for all 9) Select from the list below which best describe the problems your country has in managing groundwater: a) salt water intrusion b) over pumping c) conflict over users or ownership d) lack of laws or rules governing groundwater e) oversaturation of the soil f) need for more wells and drilling g) drying up and loss of shallow wells 10) What are the qualifications of water managers in your country? List them. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

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AFRICA GROUNDWATER NET WORK (AGW-NET)

Groundwater management for water managers: a role of hydrogeological science 06-10 July, 2009. Johannesburg, South Africa

SURVEY QUESTIONS

1. Which aspects of the course did you like best? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Which aspects of the course did you like least? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Please indicate how this course could be improved.

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

4. What do you recommend for the better groundwater management in Africa to be included in the course?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Are there any other comments you wish to make about the training?

_____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Course evaluation Country:____________________________________________ 6. Rank different components of the course in terms of usefulness , knowledge, Applicability and time allocation (1 to 5)

Paramters Usefulness New knowledge Applicability Time allocation Need for groundwater management

Hydrologic cycle Aquifer properties Geophysics Groundwater recharge Resource assessment techniques

Hydrogeological applications

Groundwater monitoring Groundwater management strategies

Groundwater protection Groundwater and IWRM Adaptive management and MCDA

Discussions Participant exercise Participant presentation

7. Suggest any additional topics to be included.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What type of future follow up activities would you suggest? Rate from 1 to 5. Refreshment course:____________________ New course on different topic:__________________________ Assistance to mount such course in your own countries:___________________

9. Rank teaching methodologies from 1 to 5.

e) Lectures:___________________________ f) Discussion:_________________________ g) Participant exercise:__________________ h) Participant presentation:_______________

10. Mark your answer under the relevant column.

not Useful Useful Very useful b. Relevance of the topic to your work/area of expertise c. Knowledge and skills gained for your current or future work d. Providing an informal forum for exchange of information with other

participants

e. Providing an opportunity to establish new useful contacts h. Identification of applicable good practices and lessons learned i. Providing reference materials for future use j. Providing an opportunity to learn from different lecturers

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Sponsors List

1. CAP-NET (UNDP) (Capacity building for integrated Water Resources Management)

2. SPLASH 3. German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural

Resources (BGR) 4. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) 5. Federal Ministry for Economic cooperation and

Development (BMZ), Germany 6. University of the Witwatersrand

7. International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH),

8. British Geological Survey (BGS),

9. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)

school of geosciences, university of the witwatersrand, · pdf filereport tamiru alemayehu...

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