SCHOOL EDITION (Revised 7/2015)

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Note to Teacher, Welcome to The Art History Challenge! We’re about to go on an exciting adventure, exploring some of the greatest events, art, and architecture of recorded history. Are you ready to do some exploring? Just like Socrates taught his Greek students by asking questions, your students will learn a lot about what most scholars agree are some of the most important Historical Events and Art Masterpieces in the world with The Art History Timeline. You and your students will need to look and find, hunt and search on The Timeline for the answers. My hope is that your students will have a much clearer and richer understanding and framework of where we have come from through our remarkable history. Let’s begin exploring the signature of civilization! Sincerely Yours, Tracy Boberg Nichols

Copyright 2015 Tracy Boberg Nichols All Rights Reserved

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Art is the Signature of Civilization.............................................................3 What is The Timeline Staircase and Is There a Year Zero?.....................6 Prehistoric Art...........................................................................................8 Ancient Egyptian Art................................................................................10 Ancient Mesopotamian Art.......................................................................12 Aegean Art...............................................................................................14 Ancient Greek Art.....................................................................................15 Chinese Art...............................................................................................20 Ancient Roman Art....................................................................................22 Art of the Middle Ages...............................................................................26 Islamic Art and Architecture......................................................................30 Art of Africa...............................................................................................31 Renaissance Art........................................................................................32 South American Art...................................................................................39 Native American Art..................................................................................40 Art From the 1800’s and 1900’s................................................................41 Impressionism...........................................................................................46 Japanese Art.............................................................................................47 Architecture...............................................................................................50 Neoclassical Architecture..........................................................................51 Monumental Art.........................................................................................53 Different Kinds of Art Genre......................................................................55 Timeline Quiz............................................................................................57 Certificate..................................................................................................58

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ART IS THE SIGNATURE OF CIVILIZATION

Most of what we know about past civilizations have come

through our interpretation of the artwork and architecture that past peoples have left behind.

Historians agree that Recorded History began around 32,000­34,000 BC with the first recognized writing systems of cuneiform and hieroglyphs. These writing systems have lasted for centuries because they were all carved in stone or pressed in clay that hardened to stone.

1. Find cuneiform and hieroglyphs at the bottom of the Timeline. Who made cuneiform?________________________________________ Who made hieroglyphs?_______________________________________ 2. All time before 34,000 BC is called Prehistoric Times. Find Prehistoric Times on the Timeline. What does Prehistoric mean? ___________________________________________________________ 3. Before paper was invented, people wrote in stone, papyrus, and on animal skins. Who were the first peoples to invent paper around 100 BC?____________________________________________________ 4. What else did the Chinese invent? Look in the Timeline paragraph called Art of Ancient China. ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5. In the 1300’s AD, Europeans began making paper. How many years ago was that? __________________ 6. How many centuries is there between the Chinese and Europeans making paper? _____________

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7. The Chinese were also the first to print books in the 900’s AD? How did they print?_________________________________________________ What did they print? _________________________________________ 8. Who was the first European to invent the moveable type printing press? __________________________________________________________ When? ____________ 9.How many years have we had moveable type printing? ___________

It’s been less than 600 years in Europe and 1000 years in China since we’ve begun printing books. Before that, documents and books were carved in stone or written out and made by hand. This took a lot of time, energy, and money. Until fairly recently, books were rare and very expensive. You live in a very unique time in history with having access to so much information on the internet, free libraries, and access to so many inexpensive books and information.

10. Look at the top of the Timeline at the 1900’s. When was the internet given without restriction to the public? ____________________How many years ago was that? ________________ 11. What do you think are some positive things about having access to more information in a day than people have had in their lifetime for most of history? __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 12. What do you think are some negative things about having access to more information in a day than people have had in their lifetime for most of history? ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

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Most of what we know about past civilizations have come through our interpretation of the artwork and architecture that past peoples have left behind. Art can be called the signature of civilizations.

13. Write down and then explain to your neighbor four things you have learned about History from the Timeline Challenge so far. 1. ____________________________________________________ 2. ____________________________________________________ 3. ____________________________________________________ 4. ____________________________________________________

Like the art made by the ancients, what you make in your lifetime will reflect this unique time and place where you live now. You can make music, art, write stories, poetry, you can invent things, cure diseases, raise a family. What will be your signature on our civilization?

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WHAT IS THE TIMELINE STAIRCASE and IS THERE A YEAR ZERO?

Each stairstep is one hundred years. One hundred years is

called a century (‘cent’ is Latin for hundred). Count the steps from 2000 AD to 1000 AD. Each long diagonal on the Timeline is ten steps. Ten 100’s is one thousand. One thousand years is called a millennium (‘mille is Latin for thousand).’

1.How many years is a century? ______________ 2.How many years is a millennium? _____________ 3. Write the year we are in now. _________ Find and point to it on the main staircase. Count how many stairsteps (100 years) there are from now (2000 AD) to 1 AD. _____ 4.Find AD and BC in the middle of the Timeline. What does A.D. stand for? _______________________________________________________ Anno is Latin meaning ‘year’ and domini is Latin meaning "of the master"

Throughout history, there have been many calendars; Hebrew, Egyptian, Chinese, Greek, Babylonian, Mayan, and more. The calendar, or dating system we use today is called the Gregorian (Civic or Christian) Calendar. It’s based on Jesus Christ’s birth around 1 AD (now believed to be between 1­6 BC). There is no year “0”. 1 BC is the year before 1 AD.

The Gregorian Calendar was promoted by Pope Gregory XIII

in 1582 to make sure Easter, the celebration of Jesus Christ’s resurrection, was on it’s actual day. Before then, Europeans were using Julius Caesar's Roman Julian Calendar since 45­1 BC but it was now off by 10 days based on the lunar, moon cycle. So The

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Gregorian Calendar added a leap year, adding one day in February every four years to make set standards for lengths of days and years and to keep Easter on it’s actual day year after year.

5.What calendar do we use today? _______________________________ 6.Who is it named after? ________________________________________

There was another important person who influenced the calendar we use today. He was monk who lived in Rome in the 500’s AD named Dionysius Exiguus, (Dennis the Short, Dennis the Dwarf, or Dennis the Humble). He adjusted Julius Caesar's Julian Calendar’s starting date from 45 BC to the Birth of Jesus Christ and called it 1 AD. (He was off by a few years.) Dennis the Humble invented the Latin term ‘Anno Domini,’ or AD meaning, “In the Year of Our Lord”.

There is no year zero. Year 1 AD comes right after year 1 BC.

7. Explain in your own words what you know about how our calendar was designed. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

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PREHISTORIC TIMES 1.This Timeline reflects all of Recorded History. Look at the very bottom of the Timeline. What does Prehistoric mean?________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2.Prehistoric Times is all of the time before Recorded History. When do most scholars agree Prehistoric Time begins? ______________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Read the paragraph about the Cave of Lascaux from Prehistoric Times at the bottom of the Timeline. 4. The largest cave painting at Lascaux had to have been made by scaffolding or support planks for the artists to reach the upper cave ceiling. How big is the largest cave painting at Lascaux? ___________________ What animal is it a picture of? __________________________________ 5. Name all of the different kinds of animals you can see in the Prehistoric Cave Art pictures at the very bottom of the Timeline.__________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. .Look for animals over the whole Timeline, write down all of the animals you find. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 7. About how many animals total can you count on the Timeline? ________

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8. Prehistoric artists drew pictures from memory of animals that were important to them on some cave walls. Think of any animals in your life that you are very familiar with or are important to you. Try to draw them from memory in the box below.

This Art History Timeline reflects what most scholars and historians agree are some of the great masterpieces in the history of the world. A masterpiece is a work of extraordinary skill, artistry, and workmanship. You are a masterpiece. It’s up to you to make your life a masterpiece. Start by doing all of your jobs, big and small, the very best you can, including this challenge.

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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART

1. Find the Ancient Egyptian civilizations. Count how many stairsteps for all of the Ancient Egyptian Civilizations. (It’s always a good idea to count more than once to see if you get the same answer.) _______

2. Name the two earliest forms of writing. And which country they are from. _________________________ ­ ___________________________ _________________________ ­ ___________________________ 3. Read the paragraphs at the bottom of The TImeline’s right hand corner called Art of the Ancient World. From the Egyptian paragraph, what was most Egyptian art made for? __________________________________ 4. .Find King Tut’s Mask from the 1300’s BC. Write the king’s full name: ___________________________________________________________ 5. How much solid gold is it made out of? __________________________ 6. Find the Egyptian bust (head and torso) of Nefertiti, also from the 1300’s. What do you think makes her look like a queen?_______________ ____________________________________________________________ 7. What large animal can live in the Egyptian desert? _________________ 8. What is the very first historical (stone) document in the history of the world from around 3,000 BC? ____________________________________ Where was it made? ___________________________________________ 9. Looking at the oldest document in the world, what important event do you think they wanted people to remember by the images they made on the stone tablet? (Circle your answer below) Winning a war A Birthday A Marriage

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10. What are some clues from the images on the world’s oldest document to help you answer? _________________________________________________________ 11. Find the Sphinx. Where is it? _________________What year it was made. ___________________________________________________ 12.The Sphinx has a body of what?_______________________ and a head of who? ________________________

How did the Sphinx lose it’s nose? An historian from the 1500’s AD wrote that the Sphinx lost it’s nose in the 1300’s AD by a Sufi Muslim man chiseling it off so the local Egyptians would stop offering sacrifices to it as an idol.

Something similar happened recently in 2015 when a Muslim group called ISIS used power tools and chisels to deface and destroy ancient art from captured museums in the Middle East. On The Timeline, find the Human Head Winged Lion from the 800’s BC. The ISIS group photographed themselves chopping the face off of this 2,800 year old alabaster sculpture for the same reason of destroying idols.

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ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN ART

1. Look at the bottom middle of The Timeline. In Greek, what does the word Mesopotamia mean?______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Read the paragraph about Mesopotamia at the bottom right hand corner of The Timeline. In ancient times, there were four main people groups from that region. List them below:

1._____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________

3.. Circle True or False. The Ishtar Gate, built in 500 BC Babylon, is now in a Museum in America. Where is it? __________________

Made in the 1700’s BC, the Code of Hammurabi was made in Babylon. Find it on The TImeline. Picture a seven foot tall index finger shaped stone. The image on the Timeline is on the fingernail of the giant finger. Below the image are the cuneiform writings from the 6th King of Babylon, Hammurabi.

4. Read the caption of the Code of Hammurabi; How many laws and punishments are written on it? ___________________________ 5. Why do you think the law was depicted on a giant index finger?_______ ____________________________________________________________

Find the two artworks on The Timeline by the Neo Assyrians around 600’s BC with the lions. They are both low stone relief sculptures which are like the low bumpy textures you would find on a

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coin. These were carved into a wall at the king's palace to show the power of the king. Only the king could kill lions. It shows the King being the powerful protector of his people.

6. What are the titles of the two Neo Assyrian lion relief sculptures?

_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

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AEGEAN ART 1. Read the paragraph about Aegean Art in the bottom right hand corner of The Timeline. Between what two countries are the Aegean Civilizations? __________________________________________________________ 2.What is the Mask of Agamemnon from 1500 BC made out of? __________

In Greek mythology, Agamemnon was King of the Island Mycenae and the main leader of the Greeks during the Trojan War. Historians are still debating whether the Trojan War was fact or fiction. The archeologist who found the mask in the 1800’s named the mask for Agamemnon because it was found on the island of Mycena in a burial tomb. The story of the Trojan War is in Homer's Iliad written around 700 BC.

3. Look for the fresco from the Palace of Knossos from the 14­1500’s BC. What is the title of this artwork?___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

Today, there is still an ancient bullfighting sport in an arena called course Landaise where a man leaps or does handsprings over a charging bull. If you ever seen an American rodeo clown, he might do this as well.

4. What would you do if a bull is charging you in an arena? _____________ ____________________________________________________________

5.Where is the Aegean region? __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

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ANCIENT GREEK ART

1. Read the paragraph about Ancient Greece in the middle left of The Timeline called Art of the Classical Age to answer the next question. 2. List three things the Greeks valued. __________________________, _____________________________, _____________________________ 3. .Find the 700’s BC on the Timeline. What animal is on the world’s oldest coin? ________________ Where is it from? _____________________

4.What is the name of the storyteller of Fables who lived around the 600’s BC? ___________________

Aesop is credited with hundreds of fables. Aristotle wrote that Aesop was a slave and told stories with teaching a lesson at the end. His stories have animals as characters who acted like people because people don’t like to be told directly about their bad behavior. Each Fable has a lesson or moral to be learned.

5. Some famous titles from Aesop’s Fables are; The Tortoise and the Hare and The Lion and the Mouse. Can you think of any other Aesop Fables titles?_________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. Write two important things that happened during the 700’s BC.1 _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 7.The Greeks valued athletics. When was the very first Olympics? ______

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8. Find the Discus Thrower from the 400’s BC. Who made it? __________________________ 9. Compare the Discus Thrower with the Sumerian Statuettes from the 2700 BC. What do you notice about their body positioning? ____________ ____________________________________________________________

Ancient Greeks admired athletic strength. Do you know someone who has run a Marathon? It’s a 26.2 mile race.

The modern day Marathon Race is based on a Greek legend. After the invading Persian army had just been defeated by the Athenian Army in the Battle of Marathon, a messenger was sent to Athens. His name was Pheidippides, and he ran over 26 miles to Athens in less than three hours. As he ran into the Athens agora (marketplace), he yelled out, “Nike!” (“Victory!”) then fell down dead from exhaustion.

The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens in 1896. The Greeks wanted to honor Pheidippides so they started the modern day Marathon race. Someday, would you want to run a marathon? (circle one) Yes or No Why or why not?__________________________________________

10. Choose and write one interesting event that happened in 500 BC. _______________________________________________________ 11. One of the great architectural masterpieces is the Greek Parthenon. It was a temple to what Greek goddess? _________________________ 12. How was the Greek Parthenon damaged? ______________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

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13. Find a Greek vase on the Timeline from the 500’s BC. A Greek vase is also called an amphora. An amphora is a Greek storage jar or vase with two handles. What game are the Greek mythology characters Achilles and Ajax playing on this vase? ____________

This image on the amphora is based on Homer’s story about the Trojan War. It shows two warriors, dressed for battle with their spears. One even still has his helmet on. But they are resting and playing dice or a checkers like game.

14. What games or activities do you like to play when you are resting from your work? ______________________________________________________

15. Find the Greek Columns in the middle of the Timeline. The purpose of a column is to hold up a roof. In Greek Art, there are three different decoration styles at the top of columns. Under the labels, DRAW the three different columns and capitals on top of the columns.

Doric (Blocky) Ionic (Scrolls) Corinthian (Fancy leafs and plants)

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The Parthenon was built in Athens almost 2500 years ago by

the Greeks. This style has influenced modern architecture. The Parthenon was a temple to the the Greek goddess Athena. Let’s compare The Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC. It is a memorial to honor the US President Abraham Lincoln.

The Greek Parthenon, Athens The Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC

16. In the Venn Diagram below, write several similarities and differences between them.

The Greek Parthenon Similarities The Lincoln Memorial Differences Differences

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17. What do you think Abraham Lincoln would think about having a memorial to him inspired by the temple to the Greek goddess Athena? ___________________________________________________________ 18. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World are known to be part real and part myth. Research and circle the ones below that Historians say really existed.

1. The hanging gardens of Babylon 2. Phidias’ statue of Zeus in Olympia 3. the Lighthouse of Alexandria 4. The colossus of Rhodes 5. The pyramids of Egypt 6. The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 7. The temple of Artemis in Ephesus 19. Write down and then tell someone three things you remember from the Art and History of Ancient Greece. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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CHINESE ART

1. Read the paragraph about the Art of Ancient China under the picture of the Great Wall. What did the Chinese invent? ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. In your own words, what can you explain about porcelain from the Chinese Art paragraph? _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

3. Find the Great Wall of China on the Timeline. When was it built? _________ How long is it? ______________ 4. Find a sculpture of a horse from China from the 200’s AD. Where was it found? ____________________________________________________ 5. Look at the very top Timeline for when the first cars made? __________ Before cars were invented, besides walking, horses were the main mode of transportation. The sculpture of the horse found in a tomb is like someone today being buried with a model of their favorite car. 6. Why did the artist make one of the Flying Horse’s feet touching the bottom?____________________________________________________ 7. About how many horses you can count on the Timeline?______ 8. In Chinese landscape painting around 1000 AD, what two materials did the Chinese artists paint on? _________________________, __________________________

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9.The Chinese Ming Dynasty is around the same time as the European Renaissance. What is the creature on the Ming Chinese vase? ____________________

Dragons are huge lizard, serpent, dinosaur like creatures found in both of the legends and mythology of the East (China, Korea, and Japan) and the West (all over Europe).

In China, the dragon has a very positive image as a symbol of good luck, power, and overcoming obstacles. It is a symbol of the Emperor of China, and the Chinese even call themselves the ’Descendants of the Dragons’.

In contrast, the European or Western dragon has bat like wings is mostly a symbol of evil and terror.

(Optional) If you have read the book or seen the movie called The Hobbit, can you describe what the dragon Smaug is like? ___________________ ___________________________________________________________ Is Smaug like the Chinese dragon or European dragon? _______________ 10. How many Chinese Terracotta Warriors were made in the 200’s BC? ________________ Terracotta is Latin for ‘baked earth’. Terra means ‘earth’ and cotta means ‘baked’ 11. For what reason were the Terracotta Warriors made? _____________ ___________________________________________________________ 12. Besides the Terracotta Warriors, what else did the first Emperor of China have made during his reign?_______________________________

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ANCIENT ROMAN ART

1.Read the paragraph in the middle of the Timeline called Art of the Classical Age about The Ancient Romans. 2. List three things the Romans invented: __________________________, _____________________________,_____________________________ 3. The Romans are known for their amazing building projects. What did they build?__________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4. At the Roman Colosseum, what games were played there? ___________________________ For how many years? ____________ 5. The Romans were the first to use concrete and were great engineers and built things to last. How old is the Roman Colosseum today?______ 6. Can you think of any buildings today inspired by the Roman Colosseum? Think of modern sporting events. ___________________________________________________________ 7. Name any three events that happened in the first century AD (1­99 AD). _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Other events that took place at the Roman Colosseum were, wild animal hunts and fights, executions, acrobat performances, and it is said to have been flooded to reenact a naval battle scene.

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What does ‘Classical’ mean? The dictionary defines classical as ‘relating to ancient Greek or

Latin (Roman) literature, art, or culture’. The 1000 year Classical Age of Ancient Greece and Rome is

called The Classical Age or Greco Roman Era (Approx. 500 BC­ approx. 400 AD) is an important time period to understand because it has influenced a lot of our culture today.

8. What does Classical mean? ______________________________

The Renaissance happened in 1400­1600’s and the word means “rebirth” in French. It comes from the rediscovery of the Classical Greek and Roman literature and art that happened after The Middle Ages about a 1000 years after the Fall of Rome.

9. What does Renaissance mean? ______________________________________________________

The Neoclassical Era happened around 1750­1850. Like the Renaissance, is a revival and modern take on the Classical style of architecture using columns and arches. Neo is Latin meaning ‘new’. Similar to the Renaissance, it means ‘The New Classical’.

If you have been to your state's capitol building or the government buildings in Washington DC, you can see they are heavily influenced by the Classical Ancient Greek and Roman buildings with their white stone columns and domes. They are a mix of the new and the old classical style ­ The Neoclassical Style.

10. What does Neoclassical mean? ____________________________________________________________

The Classical Period of Music (1750–1830) ties in with the Neoclassical Art Period. It is the music of Haydn and Mozart, etc..

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11. Explain how the Classical Period of Music is different from Classical (Greek and Roman) era of civilization? __________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________

Classical education is also linked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans. The Socratic method teaches by questioning and exploring (like this Challenge). A study of Latin is useful in teaching meaning and decoding of so many of our everyday and scientific words.

12. Explain four interesting things you’ve learned about what Classical means.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. In Latin, aqua means ‘water’ and duct means ‘to lead’. What do you think an aqueduct does? __________________________________________ 14. An aqueduct directs water from the mountains to the Roman cities. What was the name of the 15 story tall Roman Aqueduct on the Timeline? __________________________________________________________ 15. Where is this Roman Aqueduct located? _________________________ 16. France and regions around it was called Gaul under the Roman Empire around 200 BC, find the sculpture of The Dying Gaul. The Romans are known as great conquerors. How do you think this sculpture shows a

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fallen Roman enemy? Does it show him dying with shame or dignity? ____________________What makes you think that?_______________ __________________________________________________________ 17. What are the dates for the Classical Age?(Both Greek and Roman) ______________________ 18. Reread the paragraph about Roman Art under the Art of the Classical Age. Roman Art reflects what? __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 19. Name three things that stand out to you about Ancient Roman Art. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ART OF THE MIDDLE AGES

The word Medieval is based on the Latin medius meaning ‘middle’ and aevum which means ‘age’. It is the 1,000 year period between the end of the Classical Age of Rome and the rebirth of new Classical Age called, The Renaissance,.

The Art of the Middle Ages in Europe was strongly influenced by the Christian Church. Our calendar was designed to start at the time of Jesus Christ’s birth, around the year 1 AD. The great architecture of the Gothic style cathedrals came to be and paintings and sculpture portrayed Bible stories. Books were not printed until the mid 1400’s, so before that, books were very rare, expensive, and handmade. Most people could not read. The art and architecture of that millennia was one of the important ways to tell the Bible stories to each generation.

1. The Rose Window is a round stained glass window. How many feet in diameter is Notre Dame Cathedral’s Rose Window? _______________

2. Gothic Cathedral Architectural features are rose windows, spires, flying buttresses, pointed arches, statues, gargoyles, and stained glass windows. All these were built with hand tools. About how many years did it take to build Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris? ____________ 3. Mosaics are pictures on the floor or wall made up of small pieces of glass, stone, or tiles. There are three mosaics on the Timeline. Find them and write where they were made next to the title below. Alexander the Great:____________________________________ Justinian and Theodora: _________________________________ Deesis Christ: _________________________________________

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4. Find the Madonna and Child from the 1200’s. What is she sitting on? __________________________________________________________ 5. Looking at the Madonna and Child on a Curved Throne from the 1200’s AD, what are some clues that this is no ordinary mother and child? ___________________________________________________________ 6. The Madonna or Mary, the Mother of Jesus is one of the most common images in Religious Art of the Middle Ages. In Italian, Madonna, means ‘my lady’. 7. In the 500’s AD, choose and write one event that happened. ___________________________________________________________ 8. Find a picture of a unicorn in the Middle Ages section of The Timeline. The word unicorn comes from the Latin unus meaning ‘one’ and corn meaning ‘horn’. A unicorn is a mythical creature that has the body and head of a horse with a single horn, legs of a deer and tail of a lion. write its title and what kind of artwork it is from The Timeline. __________________________________________________________

A Tapestry is a finely woven wall hanging. It acted as sort of a blanket insulation to keep the warmth in as well as decoration for the large stone rooms during Medieval times.

Unicorns were popular and common creatures in Medieval

myths. In the series of the seven tapestry images showing The Legend of the Hunt of the Unicorn story, hunters go after but cannot capture the unicorn. There is only one person who can tame a unicorn; a pure maiden. After being subdued by the maiden, the unicorn is then killed by the hunters. The unicorn is resurrected (comes back to life) and is chained to a tree.

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9. The Book of Kells from the Middle Ages is called an Illuminated Manuscript because it has colorful illustrations and gold leaf (thinly hammered gold) on the pages. Europeans hadn’t invented paper yet, so books were hand written on thin calfskin leather, called vellum. What is the Book of Kells about?_________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 10.Who made the Book of Kells? ________________________________ 11.The page from the Book of Kells on the Timeline is called what? ________________________

The New Testament of the Bible was originally written in Greek. This Book of Kells page has the first two letters of Greek Khristos Christ, “X” (chi) and “P” (rho) entwined together. Chi Rho has been used for centuries as a Christian symbol. Roman emperor Constantine used it as his symbol.

12. Name three large buildings from 1000 years ago and where they were made:_________________________________________________

__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

13. Notre Dame cathedral was built about 1000 years ago. Gothic Cathedrals are one of the great masterpieces that came out of the Middle Ages. Roman Christian churches were low ceilings and dark. The Medieval cathedrals are were designed to point to heaven with spires and pointed arches and inspire awe. Gothic cathedral features are: 1. pointed cone shaped spires, 2. pointed arch windows (all pointing upward toward heaven) 3. flying buttresses (braces holding up tall walls) 4. rose (round) stained glass windows

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5. gargoyles (based on the French word for “throat” because they are water spouts used to direct water away from the building to prevent erosion down the walls of the building) 6. stained glass windows 7. statues of people or animals 8. elegant portal or front door (make the front entrance awe inspiring) 14. Look at the painting American Gothic on The Timeline. It is a famous work of art by American artist Grant Wood in 1930. Why do you think it has that title? What in the picture reminds you of Gothic architecture? _________________________________________________________

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ISLAMIC ART and ARCHITECTURE

Muhammad started the religion of Islam in 610 AD after having a vision in a cave near Mecca. Islamic art and architecture are influenced by the Islamic law against idolatry and not worshipping images. Islamic religious art does not show images of people or animals. The building decorations are made with flower patterns, geometric designs called arabesques (In French it means ‘in the arab fashion’), and Arabic calligraphy. Calligraphy is an important art from in Islamic Art. In Greek, kalli means ‘beautiful, and graph means ‘writing’.

1. The Taj Mahal was built in the 1600’s AD in northern India. It has three distinctive Islamic Architecture features; minaret towers, domes, and pointed arches. It was built as a mausoleum. What is a mausoleum? ___________ 2. Who was The Taj Mahal made for? _____________________________ 3. The Hagia Sophia in Turkey is one of the most famous buildings in the world. What did it start out being? ________________________________ 4. After reading the caption for Hagia Sophia, when do you think the Islamic minarets were added?____________________________________ 5. What animals surround the fountain at the Alhambra Palace Fortress? __________What kind of architecture is it? _________________________ 6. Where is the Alhambra Palace Fortress? __________

The Moors are the names for the Muslim Blacks from Spain and Portugal and Morocco region during the Middle Ages. The main character in the Shakespeare play, Othello, is a Moor. The word Moorish can mean a type of Medieval Spanish architecture.

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THE ART OF AFRICA

Africa is a huge continent with an estimated 2000+ different

languages and thousands of different ethnic groups. African art cannot be put unto a simple category or influence, except for their art was made for practical, spiritual, or ceremonial purposes.

Some of the great masterpieces of African Art are the bronze

head sculptures made within the last 1000 years. Making bronze is a complex and refined technique and the artists from the present day Nigeria region were masters.

1. Find and name the four African head sculptures from the AD section of The Timeline. (Three are a human, one is an animal) __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 2. What are some similarities and differences between the two African Woman sculptures from the 1500’s? (The Belt Mask and Head of the Queen mother) ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 3. Find the African Bamana Headdress. It is worn on the head of a dancer during a ceremony. What animal is it depicting? ___________________ 4. Find the Bronze Head of the Queen Mother. What country was it made in?__________________________When?____________________

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RENAISSANCE ART

Renaissance is a French word that means “rebirth”, or a revival

of the styles and learning from Ancient Greece and Rome. The Art of the Middle Ages is often characterized by flat

stylized and even abstracted images of religious figures and the artists of the Middle Ages were unknown. This was so people would focus on God. In contrast, Renaissance Art focused on being more realistic and idealized like the Greeks and Roman Art and Renaissance artists became very famous in their own lifetime.

1. When was the Renaissance? ___________________________ What two things happened in the century before the Renaissance happened, in the 1300’s?__________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Do you think those events were important in setting the stage for this revival? ____ If so, why or why not? ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________

One of the recognized geniuses of the Renaissance period was Leonardo da Vinci (1452­1519). Not only was he a painter and sculptor, but he was an inventor, architect, and scientist. He made remarkable notebooks with his sketches, inventions, weapon designs, and scientific drawings. He wrote backward so someone could only read his writing when it was held up to a mirror. Two of the most world famous pieces of artwork are his; The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

If you don’t have a sketchbook yet, see about getting one. Like Leonardo, make it a place not just for your drawings, but to write your

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thoughts, stories, designs, plans, and inventions. You may find it an invaluable and treasured tool!

3. What is the size of the Leonardo da Vinci’s Renaissance painting, The Last Supper? ___________

4. What was The Last Supper made for? __________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5. Write one event that happened during the 1300’s AD. _______________ __________________________________________________________

Along with Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo is another of the great geniuses of the Italian Renaissance. On The Timeline, find one of the world’s most recognizable images by Michelangelo; The Creation of Adam. God is just about to touch Adam’s finger with the spark of life.

6. Michelangelo was commissioned to paint images from the Bible’s Book of Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in what city? ____________ 7. How many years did it take for Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and The Creation of Adam? _____________ 8. The Renaissance or Rebirth also happened in Northern Europe with making more realistic artworks. Looking at German artist Albrecht Durer’s self portrait, how would describe his personality? ____________________ ___________________________________________________________ 9. Jan van Eyck in the 1400’s is credited with what first? _______________ ____________________________________________________________

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10. Look at the Arnolfini Portrait. In this picture, what shows the two are wealthy?___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 11. Looking at The TImeline, who is your favorite Renaissance artist so far and why?____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

12. Find The David sculpture in the Renaissance section of The Timeline. Michelangelo was only 26 years old when he sculpted The David. How tall is The David sculpture? ____________ 13. From the Old Testament story, what part of the story is depicted in this sculpture? ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Michelangelo was commissioned to make this sculpture of The David for the Cathedral of Florence, Italy. The story is from the Bible’s Old Testament Book of 1 Samuel. The sculpture shows the young shepherd David just about to fling a stone and kill the giant Philistine enemy Goliath. David later succeeds Saul as the second King of Israel.

14. Why do you think the artist, Michelangelo, showed David before he flung the stone and killed Goliath and not after? _____________________ ___________________________________________________________ 15. Michelangelo wrote a poem about how he feels about art and beauty inspired by God. Every beauty which is seen here below by persons of perception

resembles more than anything else that celestial source from which we all are

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come... My eyes longing for beautiful things together with my soul longing for

salvation have no other power to ascend to heaven than the contemplation of beautiful things.

16. Choose a favorite piece of art from the Timeline and write a poem describing the beauty of the artwork. Add the title or a sketch of the artwork. A poem can be fun to write your thoughts, feelings, and impressions without formal sentence structure or punctuation.

17. What is another famous artwork done by Michelangelo on The Timeline besides The David?____________________________________ 18. The Renaissance began in Italy but spread to Northern Europe; Germany and the Netherlands. The northern artists reflected a strong interest in showing exacting details. Find and list the Northern Renaissance artists on the Timeline:_____________________________ ___________________________________________________________

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19. Find and list all of The Renaissance artists on the Timeline:_________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 20. Who is first credited with first using linear perspective? ______________________________________When? ___________ 21. Research one and two point perspective and make a simple drawing of each below.)

One point perspective Two point perspective

22. During the Renaissance, artists started using oil paints. Who was the artist who is first known to use oil paint on wood panels? _____________ __________________________________________________________ 23. Name the artist who painted the Mona Lisa portrait from the 1500’s during the art period called The Renaissance. _________________________________________________________

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24. Find another picture he painted on the Timeline. What is it called? _______________________________________________________ 25. Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa’s expression is mysterious. What do you think she might be feeling? _______________________________________ 26. Would you like to meet Mona Lisa in real life? _____ Why or why not? __________________________________________________________

WHY IS THE MONA LISA THE MOST FAMOUS PAINTING IN THE WORLD?

The Mona Lisa became the most famous painting in the world

because it was stolen in the 1911 and her picture was printed in newspapers all over the world. Before that, she was very little known.

Leonardo da Vinci brought his portrait of a merchant’s wife to

France in the 1500’s and the King of France bought it. Napoleon even hung it in his bedroom before returning it to the Louvre in Paris.

One night in 1911, it was quietly stolen from the Louvre Museum. Famous Artist Pablo Picasso even became a suspect. The thief was an Italian petty criminal who had once worked at the Louvre. He hid in the museum after it closed, took it out of it’s frame at night and walked out with it rolled up under his white museum smock uniform the next day.

Two years later, the Mona Lisa was recovered when the thief tried to sell it to an art dealer. He said he (mistakenly) thought Napoleon had stolen it from Italy and wanted it returned to Italy; it’s rightful country of origin. On its recovery, the Mona Lisa again became a media sensation where her face was again printed on the front pages of newspapers all over the world.

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27. A portrait is artwork where the faces of people are the biggest or most important part of the work. Count about how many portraits, (paintings or sculptures of people’s faces) that you see on the Timeline. _____________ 28. Look over the Timeline and pick your favorite portrait. Write the title and artist of that artwork.__________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 29. What do you like about it or what does it make you feel or think about?_____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 30. What are three memorable things that you’ve learned today from the Art History TImeline? ____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

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SOUTH AMERICAN ART

Mesoamerica is the region around southern Mexico and central

America. The Olmecs are considered to be the first great civilization in

Mesoamerica. They were very accomplished artists and architects making their own pyramids, aqueducts and sculptures. They made their own arena for a ballgame using a solid rubber ball through a stone ring high on a wall.

1.Around 900 BC, what artwork did the Olmecs make? ________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. The Maya and Aztec civilizations came after the Olmecs. When was the Mayan step pyramid made? ________________________ 3. On the Timeline, find The Aztec Calendar Stone. It was made in the late 1400’s and is one of the most famous pieces of Aztec sculpture. It was carved from a solid volcanic stone called basalt. At over three feet thick, what is the diameter of the Aztec calendar? ______________

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Native American Art

It is said that Native American cultures traditionally don’t have a separate word for ART. This is because designing and making useful things beautiful was just a normal part of making the object.

Some Native American masterpiece work includes fine beadwork, basket weaving, pottery, Navajo wool rug weaving, and carvings like the totem poles.

1. Find a Totem Pole from the Northwest Native Americans at the top of the Timeline. Animals and figures on a totem pole symbolize the characteristics of the family or community. What kind of bird do you think is on the top of the pole? ___________________________________________________ 2. Who made totem poles?______________________________________ 3. Look over The Timeline and pick your favorite animal masterpiece. Write the title and artist of that artwork._______________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. What does it makes you think about or feel?____________________ __________________________________________________________

5. Sketch the masterpiece in the box below.

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ART FROM THE 1800­1900’s

1. Find the sculpture of The Little Dancer by Edgar Degas from the 1800’s. From her posture (the way she is standing), what do you think she is feeling or thinking? _________________________________________________________ 2. What is another name for ‘Whistler’s Mother’ painting from the 1800’s? __________________________________________________________ 3. How would you describe the kind of person Whistler’s Mother looks like to you from how she is sitting? __________________________________________________________ 4. Look on the Timeline for a sculpture of a man sitting with his hand under his chin. It’s called The Thinker by French artist Rodin in the 1800’s. This sculpture is of a man is hunched over and looking deep in thought. What do you think he might be thinking about?______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Look in the mid 1800’s at the top of The Timeline. How many years ago from now was photography invented? _______years 6. John James Audubon loved birds. He wanted to make lifelike drawings of all of the birds of America. How many life size bird engravings did John James Audubon make?___________

Audubon was a naturalist, artist, and an ornithologist (one who studies birds). Ornithology in from ancient Greek, ornis meaning ‘bird’ and logos means ‘explanation’.

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Birds move around so quickly it is hard to get a close up look at them to draw them realistically. The remarkable thing is, Audubon painted them with such accurate details without any photographs. Photography hadn’t been invented yet. John James Audubon also was a taxidermist who killed, stuffed, and posed the birds so he could draw and paint them accurately. Otherwise, there was no other way to capture the remarkable details in his bird paintings.

Look up the Audubon paintings in a book or on the internet to

see all of the variety and beauty of his his bird paintings.

Have you heard of The Audubon Society? It was named after John James Audubon in 1905. The purpose of the Audubon Society that is the conservation and protection of birds.

7. Find some toy animals or stuffed animals to set in front of you making a scene. You can add plants and other found things from nature. Draw the scene in the box below, just like John James Audubon.

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8. Jean­François Millet was unusual for his time because he painted poor peasants with dignity. In the painting called The Gleaners in the mid 1800’s, Millet has a strong composition of three large figures in the foreground .Trees and buildings in the middle ground and the sky is the background. It shows a great depth and distance. What does it look like the three figures are doing? ________________________________________

9. Find the painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware, how many years after the Revolutionary War was it painted? ________________________________________________________

The German artist had grown in the US but painted the picture in Germany to try to inspire the reformers during the European revolutions in the mid 1800’s.

There are a few inaccurate things about this iconic painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware. Washington would have 44 at the time of the battle and in the painting he appears much older. If he did stand up, the boat would likely capsize. It is not the type of boat that would have been used. That version of the flag wasn’t made until a year after the battle. The real crossing was in the dark of night and in the rain.

The artist did get the uniforms correct and all of the figures are bigger than life size. It was made to inspire people by showing patriotic heroism.

10. Look at the very top part of the Timeline for a painting called The Scream. How does this painting make you feel? _________________________________________________________ 11. What strong emotion does The Scream show? __________________________________________________________ 12. What do you think is making the person in the painting scream? _________________________________________________________

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13. Some of the greatest books, movies, music, and art make people feel some kinds of strong emotion. Edvard Munch shows a strong feeling of terror in his The Scream picture.

14. Draw your own picture in the box below showing a person expressing a strong feeling called The Cheer. Show a person expressing the opposite feeling of the terrorized scream in a cheerful, joyful cheer.

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15. Norman Rockwell lived in the 1900’s and is one of the most well known and beloved artist illustrators. What is unusual about his self portrait in the upper right hand corner of The Timeline? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Look for a book or look online for other Norman Rockwell paintings. As a commercial illustrator, his paintings were made for the covers of a very popular American magazine called The Saturday Evening Post for 47 years. His illustrations seem to tell an idealized story of America.

16. Find one of his illustrations that you really like and write a lively short story based on the the painting.

Painting Title:___________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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IMPRESSIONISM

When people paint a scene they are looking at in the outdoors, it’s called ‘En plein air’ which is a French term meaning ‘in the open air’.

The Impressionist painters started in France by painting their impressions of real life scenes. They were rebels at the time when popular artists were expected to paint idealized historical or mythological subject matter. It was very unusual to paint one’s own impressions of a real life landscape or scene.

1. What new invention from 1841 (from the very top part of The Timeline) helped them to be able to do this?____________________________ 2. Find the Monet Bridge from 1899. Write down the full title. __________ ___________________________________________________________ 3. What is the French term for painting scenes out of doors? ___________________________________________________________

Vincent Van Gogh’s paintings are some of the world’s most well known and loved paintings. His style was so unusual at the time and his personality difficult, he sold just one painting during his lifetime earning less then $80.00. After he died at the age of 37, his brother, Theo's wife showed his paintings in Paris where he was recognized as an artistic genius. Recently, his painting "Irises" sold for a $53.9 million, and his "Portrait of Dr. Gachet" sold for a record breaking $82.5 million to a Japanese gallery.

4. Find Van Gogh’s Starry Night painting from the 1800’s at the very top of the Timeline. Count how many stars you see. ______

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JAPANESE ART

In 1853, US Navy Commodore Perry opened up trade with Japan. Japanese woodcut prints, called ukiyo­ye or "pictures of the floating world", like Hokusai’s The Great Wave, became available and very popular all over the Paris. Impressionist painters Claude Monet and Edgar Degas started collecting Japanese prints with their bright colors and strong unique compositions. Claude Monet owned 231 Japanese woodcut prints and displayed many in his home.

Before Vincent Van Gogh came to Paris, his painting were brown, dark sad pictures of poor peasants, somewhat influenced by Rembrandt. After Van Gogh moved to Paris, he started using brighter colors and more lively compositions. Japanese Art heavily influenced Van Gogh and other impressionists as well.

1. Look at the lines in Hokusai’s The Great Wave and compare them to the lines and shapes in Van Gogh’s Starry Night. What do you notice? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. One of the most recognizable pieces of Japanese art is Hokusai’s The Great Wave off Kanagawa from the 1800’s AD. It is one woodcut print from a series called what? _________________________________________________________ 3. Mt. Fuji is an upside down cone shaped volcano that can be seen from all over the island. If you walked around it, you’d be going in a giant circle. Why do you think Hokusai made just 36 views of Mt Fuji? What does 360 degrees have to do with a circle?_________________________________

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4. In the box below, draw a picture of Hokusai's The Great Wave. Be sure to find and draw Mt. Fuji.

5. Find a picture of the print of The Great Wave and look for the people in the boats under the wave. What would it be like to be them at that moment? ___________________________________________________________ 6. Do you think Van Gogh might have been influenced by The Great Wave or do you think it is a coincidence? Why or why not? _________________ ____________________________________________________________

7. Buddhism started when? ___________It came to Japan from China and Korea in the mid 500’s AD. How many years is that? ____________ How tall is the Great Buddha of Kamakura? ____________

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8. Does this Buddha sculpture look like a specific real person or a stylized figure?___________________________________________________ 9. Find the Japanese Castle Fortress around 1000 AD. What is its name in Japanese and English? ____________________________________________________________ 10. What is its defense system? __________________________________ 11. Explain why it might be called White Heron Castle. (Think of a bird in flight.)____________________________________________________ 12. Explain how Japanese art influenced the French Impressionists. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ARCHITECTURE

Buildings are made for specific purposes. Architects design buildings to be homes, offices, stores, churches, sporting arenas, etc. On The Timeline you’ll see temples, tombs, sporting arenas, fortresses, and more. They are all designed to be used by people for their specific purpose.

1. Find three different pyramids on the Timeline (including step pyramids). Write the three different countries that they are in. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ 2. The Timeline shows eight building used for religious purposes as temples, churches, or shrines. Write their names below:

1. Mesopotamia 2100’s BC­ __Ziggurat of Ur____________________ 2. Jerusalem 900’s BC­______________________________________ 3. Greece 400’s BC ­ ________________________________________ 4. Italy 100’s BC ­ __________________________________________ 5. Turkey 500’s AD­_________________________________________ 6. Jerusalem 600 AD ­ _______________________________________ 7. Mexico 1000 AD ­ ________________________________________ 8. France 1100 AD ­ ________________________________________

3. What is the purpose of the Japanese building built in the 1300’s AD? ____________________________________________________________ 4. Count the buildings on the Timeline. How many did you find. _______

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5. A tomb is a structure where someone is buried. Other names for tombs are: burial chambers, mausoleums, crypts, or catacombs. There are three different building that are tombs on the Timeline. List each one below:

1. Egypt 2500 BC­_______________________________________ 2. India 300’s BC­________________________________________ 3. India 1600’s BC­_______________________________________

6. Circle the shape that best represents the shape of the Guggenheim Museum designed by Frank Lloyd Wright from the 1900’s AD?

cube pyramid sphere (ball) teacup

NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE 1.Who was the architect of Monticello from the 1700’s AD? ____________________________________________________________ 2.What kind of architecture is Monticello? __________________________ 3.In Latin, neo means ‘new’ and classical comes from the Classical Ancient Greek and Classical Ancient Roman Architecture. What does Neoclassical mean? __________________________________________ 4.In what ways does Monticello look like a new mix of the ancient classical Greek and Roman buildings? (Look closely at the Greek Parthenon and the Roman Pantheon.) ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 5. Pick any piece of architecture (building) on the Timeline that you think looks really interesting to you. What is it called? __________________________________________________________

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6. What do you like about it? ___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 7. Draw a sketch of it below:

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MONUMENTAL ART

Monumental art and architecture refers to very large man­made structures.

Look at The Timeline at some monumental art and architecture; The Pyramids, Stonehenge, The Great Wall of China, Hagia Sophia, The Great Buddha, and even a Totem Pole.

1. Find another monument with four US presidents on it at the top of The Timeline. What is it called?______________________________________ What year was it made?_________Where is it located? ______________ 2. It took 400 men 14 years to carve Mount Rushmore. It’s hard to imagine, but 90% of the carving was done with dynamite explosives. The details were made with hand chisels and jackhammers. No one died making Mount Rushmore. Read the caption on The TImeline. How tall are the Presidents heads?___________________ 3. Try to name the four Presidents:_______________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 4.The Statue of Liberty is a gift from what country? __________________ 5. Find the Statue of Liberty. Who gave it to the USA as a gift? ________ 6. How tall is the Statue of Liberty?_______________What year was it given to the USA? ___________

Why did the French give a giant symbol of Freedom to the US? The French have mostly been competitors with the British and they helped America win the American Revolution against the British. The French gave the US the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World as a 100 year gift of freedom.

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7 .Compare the Statue of Liberty with the painting just to it’s left on The Timeline called Liberty Leading the People from the 1800’s. List some things below that are similar.___________________________________

___________________________________________________________

PICK YOUR FAVORITES Pick a favorite piece of artwork from The Timeline for each of the following and write it’s title. .Ancient Egypt ____________________________________________ .Mesoptamia______________________________________________ .Ancient Greece ___________________________________________ .Ancient Rome ____________________________________________ .The Middle Ages __________________________________________ .The Renaissance __________________________________________ .Anything from 300 years ago__________________________________ .Anything from 200 years ago__________________________________ .Anything from the last 100 years_______________________________

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DIFFERENT KINDS OF ART GENRE

Art has different categories called genres. Categories are ways that people can sort things. Think about how you can sort things that have similar characteristics.. Below is one simple way to sort Realistic Art:

1. Portraits 2. Still Lifes

3. Landscapes 9. Now, you be the artist and make a small sketch of each of the three genres of art in the boxes below. (Artists call small quick sketches ‘thumbnail sketches’. They can be used for planning larger more finished artworks.) Draw a mini Self Portrait (Draw your face ­ look in a mirror.)

Draw a mini Landscape (Draw the land and sky near where you live.)

Draw a mini Still Life (Arrange and draw objects sitting on a table.)

When done, pick one or more of your sketches you like the best and make a larger, more refined, colored artwork on another piece of paper.

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. This next challenge is pretty tough! Without looking at the Timeline; Try to draw the Timeline Staircase below and try to write down the major civilizations and art eras starting with Prehistoric Times at the bottom.

Look at the Timeline to check how you did and correct it.

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QUIZ ­ Study The Timeline date patterns and try to write them in the Blank Timeline below from memory. (There are a few hints to help you.)

Next, study the Eras from Ancient Egypt up to the Modern Age and try to memorize those as well in order. Without looking at the big Timeline, try to draw the Eras in. Keep trying until you can draw them in as close as possible in the right order.

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Congratulations!

You’ve learned a lot!

Keep the Timeline up to use as a reference tool.

Keep learning and stay curious!

I’d love to hear from you about any questions, what you liked, or any helpful suggestions about the Art History Timeline Challenge.

email me at timelinestaircase@gmail.com

Artfully Yours,

Tracy Boberg Nichols

www.timelinestaircase.com

Copyright 2015 Tracy Boberg Nichols All rights reserved