schedule problem set #3- on line, due monday oct.25 updated syllabus (with new ps due date)
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Schedule Problem Set #3- on line, due Monday Oct.25 Updated Syllabus (with new PS due date) MidTerm #1, Thursday, Oct. 20 study guide online this week Field Trip 8:00 am Saturday, Oct 22. Rheology, con’t Review: Two basic rock rheologies: 1) 2) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
ScheduleProblem Set #3- on line, due Monday Oct.25 Updated Syllabus (with new PS due date)MidTerm #1, Thursday, Oct. 20
study guide online this weekField Trip 8:00 am Saturday, Oct 22
ScheduleProblem Set #3- on line, due Monday Oct.25 Updated Syllabus (with new PS due date)MidTerm #1, Thursday, Oct. 20
study guide online this weekField Trip 8:00 am Saturday, Oct 22
Rheology, con’t
Review:Two basic rock rheologies:
1)2)
Key attritutes of each rheology1) something to do with
stress/strain2) something to do with strain
and time3) something to do with
recoverabilitystrain rate
Rheology, con’t
Review:Two basic rock rheologies:
1)2)
Key attritutes of each rheology1) something to do with
stress/strain2) something to do with strain
and time3) something to do with
recoverabilitystrain rate
Creep curve
Behavior of rocks to compression is not simple.
Instant deformation =>
Deforms over time
=>
Elastic:
Non-linear viscous
Linear viscous
Non linear viscous
Elastic behaviour and shear stress
Shear modulus (G): resistance of elastic solids to shearing.
Divide shear stress (s) by shear strain ()G = shear modulus = s/
Elastic behaviour and shear stress
Shear modulus (G): resistance of elastic solids to shearing.
Divide shear stress (s) by shear strain ()G = shear modulus = s/
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s =G∗γ
s
€
=tan(Ψ)€
Ψ
Elastic behaviour and dilation (important in seismology)
Bulk Modulus (K): resistance of elastic solids to dilation.
Elastic behaviour and dilation (important in seismology)
Bulk Modulus (K): resistance of elastic solids to dilation.
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=K ∗ V −V0( ) /V0[ ]
Another relationship between stress and volume changePoisson’s Ratio =-etransverse/eaxial (perpendicular and parallel to compression direction)
Common values 0 to 0.5 (fully compressible, to fully incompressible)
Another relationship between stress and volume changePoisson’s Ratio =-etransverse/eaxial (perpendicular and parallel to compression direction)
Common values 0 to 0.5 (fully compressible, to fully incompressible)
Poisson’s ratio, Greek letter nu ().
This describes the amount that a rock bulges as it shortens.
The ratio describes the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain: = -etrans/eaxial
Poisson’s ratio is unit-less, since it is a ratio of extension.
What does a low ratio mean?What does a high ratio mean?
Typical values for are:
Fine-grained limestone: 0.25Apilite: 0.2Oolitic limestone: 0.18Granite: 0.11Calcareous shale: 0.02Biotite schist: 0.01
Poisson’s ratio
If we shorten a granite and measure how much it bulges, we see that we can shorten a granite, but it may not be compensated by an increase in rock diameter.
So stress did not produce the expected lateral bulging.
Somehow volume decreases and stress was stored until the rock exploded!
Thus low values of Poisson’s ratio are significant.
rocks and deformation
Concrete strength test videoConcrete strength test video
Deformation experiments
Nature rocks and deformation
Specimens are drilled out cores that are ‘machined’ to have perfectly parallel and smooth ends.
Specimens are carefully measured to determine their initial length (lo) and diameter (to get initial cross-sectional area, Ao).
Specimens are jacketed with weak material - copper or plastic.
Deformation experiments
rocks and deformation
Deformation experiments
Experiments are carried out in steel pressure vessels.
Confining pressure (2 = 3) is often supplied by fluid that surrounds the specimen.
Load is applied to end of rock, differential stress (1 – 3) is the important measurement
Pore-fluid pressure can also be varied.
Nature rocks and deformation
Deformation experiments
Pressure chamber – confining pressure (Pc)
Pore-fluid pressure (Pf)
Difference between Pc and Pf (Pc – Pf ) is effective pressure, Pe
Adjust pressures
Natural rocks and deformation
Deformation experiments
Strength vs Confining Pressure
What is confining pressure in real world?
Lithostatic pressure
High confining pressure & rock strength
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Pc= ρ ⋅g ⋅h
Compression stress-strain curves at various confining pressure at 25°C
Elastic DeformationNon-Elastic DeformationFracture
Nature rocks and deformation
Deformation experiments
Strength vs Confining Pressure
Confining Pressure= Lithostatic pressure
€
Pc= ρ ⋅g ⋅h
Changing confining pressure on various rock types
Nature rocks and deformation
Compression stress-strain curves at various confining pressure at 400°C
Deformation experiments
Strength vs Confining Pressure
At Higher Temperatures
Elastic DeformationNon-Elastic DeformationFracture
Nature rocks and deformation
Deformation experiments
Role of temperature and rock strength
Yield strength decreases with increasing temperatures
Yield strength: the maximum stress that a rock can support elastically (recoverable)
Temperature & rock strength
Nature rocks and deformation
Deformation experiments
Summary:
Experiments demonstrate that rocks have higher strength with increasing pressure (i.e., depth).
However, in the Earth’s crust, as pressure increases, so does the temperature (both typically increase with depth). At some depth, rock strength decreases with depth.
(strength-depth diagrams) Temperature & rock strength