schaefer10e ppt ch21
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McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 1
SOCIOLOGYRichard T. Schaefer
Population and the Environment
21
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
21. Population and the Environment
• Demography: The Study of Population • The Environment• Social Policy and Population
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Demography: The Study of Population
• Fertility: level of reproduction in a society
• Demography: scientific study of population
Sociologists focus on the social factors that influence population rates and trends
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Demography: The Study of Population
• Malthus’s Thesis and Marx’s Response– Malthus: world’s population growing
more rapidly than the available food supply
– Marx: no special relationship between world population and the supply of resources
Neo-Malthusian View stresses birth control and sensible use of resources
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Demography: The Study of Population
• Studying Population Today– Census: enumeration, or counting of
a population– Vital statistics: records of births,
deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a registration system maintained by government
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Demography: The Study of Population
• Elements of Demography– Birth rate: number of live births per
1,000 population in a given year– Total fertility rate: average number
of children born alive to any woman, assuming she conforms to current fertility rates
– Death rate: number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
Demography: The Study of Population
• Elements of Demography– Infant mortality rate: number of
deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year
– Life expectancy: median number of years a person can be expected to live under current mortality conditions
– Growth rate: difference between birth and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Demography: The Study of Population
Figure 21-1. Live Expectancyin Selected Countries, 2004
Source: Haub 2004
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Demography: The Study of Population
Table 21-1. Live Estimated Time for Each Successive Increase of 1 Billion People in World Population
Source: Bureau of the Census 2005f
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Demography: The Study of Population
Figure 21-2. Live Demographic Transition
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Slide 11
Demography: The Study of Population
Figure 21-3. Population Pyramidsfor Afghanistan
Source: Bureau of the Census
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Demography: The Study of Population
Figure 21-4. Where Americans Moved in the 1990s
Source: Brewer and Suchan 2001:10
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
The Environment
– Air Pollution– Water Pollution
• Functionalism and Human Ecology– Human Ecology: interrelationships
between people and their environment
• Environmental Problems: An Overview
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
The Environment
• Provides the resources essential for life• Serves as a waste repository• Houses our species
– Three functions compete with one another
• Functionalism and Human Ecology– Dunlap suggests the natural
environment serves three basic functions for humans:
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
The Environment
– Polluting companies may relocate to countries with less stringent environmental standards• Industrialization that often accompanies
globalization has increased pollution
– Multinational Corporations have incentive to consider cost of natural resources
• The Impact of Globalization:
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
The Environment
– Less affluent nations are being forced to exploit their mineral deposits, forests, and fisheries to meet debt obligations
• Environmental Justice– Legal strategy based on claims that
racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards
• A Conflict View of Environmental Issues
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy– The Issue
• World population growth threatens earth’s ability to sustain it
• Social policies that address population growth touch on the most sensitive aspects of people’s lives
• Reaching global consensus on population issues difficult
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy– The Setting
• International concern about population growth began in 1950s
• Planners devised programs aimed at encouraging family planning and limiting the number of children through contraception
• In the U.S., anti-abortionists charged that public funds should not be used to support family planning clinics
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy– Sociological Insights
• Functionalists note best course of action may differ between community and society
• Feminist critics remark that population workers may ignore sociocultural influences
• Conflict theorists question why industrialized nations are enthusiastic about controlling the population of developing countries
McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Social Policy and Population
• World Population Policy– Policy Initiatives
• The Mexico City Policy: Bush administration requires health workers who receive U.S. government funding to refrain from discussing abortion with patients
• Family planning still sparse in poverty-stricken rural areas the world over