sc constitution bench on governors

8/12/2019 SC Constitution Bench on Governors

1/57

Reportable

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO!"# OF !$$%

&P S'*al ++ Pet't'oer

Ver,-,

U'o o. I/'a 0 Ar ++ Re,po/et,

WITH

TP (C'1'l) No##2 o. !$$%

J U D G M E N T

R. V. RAVEENDRAN J.

T*', 3r't pet't'o -/er Art'4le 2! o. t*e Co,t't-t'o o. I/'a5 ra','

a 6-e,t'o o. p-bl'4 '7porta4e '1ol1' t*e 'terpretat'o o. Art'4le 89# o.

t*e Co,t't-t'o5 *a, bee re.erre/ to t*e Co,t't-t'o &e4*5 b: a t3o J-/e

&e4* o. t*', Co-rt o !%8!$$9


2/57

! T*e 3r't pet't'o ', .'le/ a, a p-bl'4 'tere,t l't'at'o ' t*e 3a;e o.

t*e re7o1al o. t*e Go1eror, o. t*e State, o. Uttar Pra/e,*5 G-

156. Ter o! o!!ice o! Governor."#1$ The Governor shall hol% o!!ice%urin& the pleasure o! the 'resi%ent.

(!) T*e Go1eror 7a:5 b: 3r't' -/er *', *a/ a//re,,e/ to t*ePre,'/et5 re,' *', o..'4e

#($ )u*+ect to the !ore&oin& provisions o! this article, a Governor shall

hol% o!!ice !or a ter o! !ive -ears !ro the %ate on hich he enters

upon his o!!ice/

!


3/57

Pro1'/e/ t*at a Go1eror ,*all5 ot3't*,ta/' t*e e@p'rat'o o. *', ter75

4ot'-e to *ol/ o..'4e -t'l *', ,-44e,,or eter, -po *', o..'4e

(e7p*a,', ,-ppl'e/)

)u*issions o! 'etitioner

% T*e pet't'oer ,-b7't, t*at a Go1eror5 a, t*e Hea/ o. t*e State5 *ol/,

a *'* 4o,t't-t'oal o..'4e 3*'4* 4arr'e, 3't* 't '7portat 4o,t't-t'oal

.-4t'o, a/ /-t'e,? t*at t*e .a4t t*at t*e Go1eror ', appo'te/ b: t*e

Pre,'/et a/ t*at *e *ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et /oe,

ot 7a;e t*e Go1eror a e7plo:ee or a ,er1at or aet o. t*e U'o

Go1er7et? a/ t*at *', '/epe/et 4o,t't-t'oal o..'4e ', ot

,-bor/'ate or ,-b,er1'et to t*e U'o Go1er7et a/ *e ', ot

a44o-table to t*e7 .or t*e 7aer ' 3*'4* *e 4arr'e, o-t *', .-4t'o, a/

/-t'e, a, Go1eror It ', 4ote/e/ t*at a Go1eror ,*o-l/ or/'ar'l: be

per7'tte/ to 4ot'-e ' o..'4e .or t*e .-ll ter7 o. .'1e :ear,? a/ t*o-* *e

*ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et5 *e 4o-l/ be re7o1e/ be.ore

t*e e@p'r: o. t*e ter7 o. .'1e :ear,5 ol: ' rare a/ e@4ept'oal

4'r4-7,ta4e,5 b: ob,er1' t*e .ollo3' 4o,t't-t'oal or7, a/

re6-'re7et, >

(a) T*e 3't*/ra3al o. pre,'/et'al plea,-re -/er Art'4le 89#5 4aot be

a -.ettere/ /',4ret'o5 or 4a 't be arb'trar:5 4apr'4'o-,5 -rea,oable or

7ala.'/e T*e po3er o. re7o1al ,*o-l/ be -,e/ ol: '. t*ere ', 7ater'al to

2


4/57

/e7o,trate 7',be*a1'o-r5 '7propr'et: or '4apa4't: I ot*er 3or/,5 t*at

re7o1al ,*o-l/ be ol: o e@',te4e o. ro-/, 3*'4* are ,'7'lar to t*o,e

pre,4r'be/ .or '7pea4*7et ' t*e 4a,e o. ot*er 4o,t't-t'oal .-4t'oar'e,

(b) &e.ore a Go1eror ', re7o1e/ ' e@er4',e o. po3er -/er 4la-,e (8)

o. Art'4le 89#5 pr'4'ple, o. at-ral


5/57

'/epe/etl: Certa't: o. te-re 3'll be a4*'e1e/ b: .'@' t*e or7, .or

re7o1al O t*e ot*er *a/5 re4o'' a -.ettere/ /',4ret'o 3'll ,-b


6/57

aot*er per,o 3*o ', per4e'1e/ to be 7ore a7eable to t*e 4etral

o1er7etB, 3',*e, a/ /'re4t'o,5 or to 7a;e roo7 .or a pol't'4'a 3*o

4o-l/ ot be a44o77o/ate/ or 4ot'-e/ ' t*e Co-4'l o. M'',ter,

Norm 2 A Governor should be apprised of the reasons for removal

T*o-* t*ere ', o ee/ .or a .or7al ,*o3 4a-,e ot'4e or a e6-'r:5

pr'4'ple, o. .a'r pla: re6-'re, t*at 3*e a *'* 4o,t't-t'oal .-4t'oar:

l';e t*e Go1eror ', ,o-*t to be re7o1e/5 *e ,*o-l/ be appr',e/ o. t*e

rea,o, t*ere.or

Norm ! "he order of removal is sub#ect to #udicial review I a /e7o4ra4:

ba,e/ o R-le o. La35 o a-t*or't: *a, a: -.ettere/ a/ -re1'e3able

/',4ret'o All po3er, 1e,te/ ' all p-bl'4 a-t*or't'e,5 are 'te/e/ to be

-,e/ ol: .or p-bl'4 oo/ T*ere.ore5 a: or/er o. pre7at-re re7o1al o. a

Go1eror 3'll be ope to


7/57

Co,t't-t'o /oe, ot pla4e a: re,tr'4t'o, or l'7'tat'o, -po t*e /o4tr'e

o. plea,-re T*ere.ore5 't ', '7per7',,'ble to rea/ a: ;'/ o. l'7'tat'o,

'to t*e po3er -/er Art'4le 89#(8) T*e po3er o. re7o1al ', e@er4',e/ b:

t*e Pre,'/et o t*e a/1'4e o. t*e Co-4'l o. M'',ter, T*e a/1'4e te/ere/

b: t*e Co-4'l o. M'',ter, 4aot be '6-'re/ 'to b: a: 4o-rt5 *a1'

rear/ to t*e bar 4ota'e/ ' Art'4le =%(!) It 3a, t*ere.ore -re/ t*at o

bot* t*e,e ro-/,5 t*e re7o1al o. Go1eror ', ot


8/57

Go1eror He ,*'.te/ .ro7 t*e ,ta/ ' t*e 4o-ter t*at t*e po3er -/er

Art'4le 89#(8) ', a -.ettere/ /',4ret'o He ,-b7'tte/ t*at a pro1','o t*at

t*e Go1eror ,*all *ol/ o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et5 ', ot a

l'4e4e to a4t arb'trar'l:5 3*'7,'4all: or 4apr'4'o-,l: T*e U'o

Go1er7et /'/ ot 4la'7 a: r'*t to /o 3*at 't plea,e,5 a, Co,t't-t'o

ab*or, arb'trar'e,, a/ -.ettere/ /',4ret'o He ,tate/ t*at t*e re7o1al

,*o-l/ be .or a rea,o5 b-t ,-4* rea,o ee/ ot be 4o77-'4ate/ He al,o

,-b7'tte/ t*at re7o1al b: appl:' t*e /o4tr'e o. plea,-re ee/ ot

e4e,,ar'l: relate to a: a4t or o7',,'o or .a-lt o t*e part o. t*e Go1eror

He ,-b7'tte/ t*at ' e,,e4e5 t*e ob


9/57

ae/a I. a part: 3*'4* 4o7e, to po3er 3't* a part'4-lar ,o4'al a/

e4oo7'4 ae/a5 .'/, t*at a Go1eror ', o-t o. ,:4 3't* 't, pol'4'e,5 t*e

't ,*o-l/ be able to re7o1e ,-4* a Go1eror T*e leare/ Attore: Geeral

3a, 4ateor'4al ' *', ,-b7',,'o t*at t*e U'o Go1er7et 3'll *a1e t*e

r'*t to re7o1e a Go1eror 3't*o-t attr'b-t' a: .a-lt to *'75 '. t*e

Pre,'/et lo,e, 4o.'/e4e ' a Go1eror or .'/, t*at t*e Go1eror ', o-t o.

,:4 3't* /e7o4rat'4 a/ ele4toral 7a/ate

0uestions !or consi%eration

" T*e 4otet'o, ra',e/ '1e r',e to t*e .ollo3' 6-e,t'o,>

(') W*et*er t*e pet't'o ', 7a'ta'able

('') W*at ', t*e ,4ope o. /o4tr'e o. plea,-re

(''') W*at ', t*e po,'t'o o. a Go1eror -/er t*e Co,t't-t'o

('1) W*et*er t*ere are a: e@pre,, or '7pl'e/ l'7'tat'o,re,tr'4t'o, -po

t*e po3er -/er Art'4le 89#(8) o. t*e Co,t't-t'o o. I/'a

(1) W*et*er t*e re7o1al o. Go1eror, ' e@er4',e o. t*e /o4tr'e o.

plea,-re ', ope to


10/57

#i$ Maintaina*ilit- o! the rit petition

8$ T*e re,po/et, ,-b7'tte/ t*at a 3r't pet't'o b: 3a: o. PIL5 to

,e4-re rel'e. .or t*e Go1eror, 3*o *a1e bee re7o1e/ .ro7 o..'4e5 ', ot

7a'ta'able a, oe o. t*e ar'e1e/ per,o, *a/ approa4*e/ t*e 4o-rt .or

rel'e. a/ t*e 3r't pet't'oer *a, o lo4-, to 7a'ta' a pet't'o ,ee;' rel'e.

o t*e'r be*al. It ', po'te/ o-t t*at Go1eror, /o ot belo to a *elple,,

,e4t'o o. ,o4'et: 3*'4* b: rea,o o. po1ert:5 'ora4e5 /',ab'l't: or ot*er

/',a/1atae5 ', ot 4apable o. ,ee;' rel'e. Rel'a4e ', pla4e/ o t*e

.ollo3' ob,er1at'o, o. t*', Co-rt ' $%&% Gupta vs% 'nion of (ndia 8"8

(S-pp) SCC = >

+4a,e, 7a: ar',e 3*ere t*ere ', -/o-bte/l: p-bl'4 '


11/57

&-t t*ere 7a: be 4a,e, 3*ere t*e State or a p-bl'4 a-t*or't: 7a: a4t '

1'olat'o o. a 4o,t't-t'oal or ,tat-tor: obl'at'o or .a'l to 4arr: o-t ,-4*

obl'at'o5 re,-lt' ' '


12/57

,ee;' 'ter1et'o o. t*', 4o-rt to re,tra' t*e Pre,'/et o. I/'a .ro7

.or4'bl: e@tra4t' re,'at'o, .ro7 1ar'o-, Go1eror, a/ Lt

Go1eror, Pra:er (a) t*ere' ,o-*t 6-a,*' o. t*e re,'at'o, o. 4erta'

Go1eror, a/ Lt Go1eror, a/ pra:er (b) ,o-*t a /'re4t'o re,tra''

t*e Pre,'/et .ro7 a44ept' t*e '1ol-tar: a/ .or4e/ re,'at'o o.

Go1eror, a/ Lt Go1eror, Pra:er (4) 3a, a eeral pra:er .or a

/e4larat'o t*at 4o77-'4at'o o. t*e Pre,'/et ,ee;' t*e re,'at'o o.

Go1eror, a/ Lt Go1eror, 3a, -ltra 1're, t*e Co,t't-t'o Deal' 3't*

t*e 4otet'o t*at ,-4* a pet't'o 3a, ot 7a'ta'able t*', Co-rt ob,er1e/>

T*e leare/ Attore: Geeral appear' .or t*e U'o o. I/'a ,-b7't,

t*at t*', p-bl'4 'tere,t l't'at'o ', ot 7a'ta'able at t*e ',ta4e o. t*e

pet't'oer5 ,'4e oe o. t*e Go1eror, or Lt Go1eror, *a1e approa4*e/

t*', Co-rt or prote,te/ aa',t t*e'r be' a,;e/ to re,' a/ t*at t*epet't'oer 4aot 4*allee a a4t 3*'4* t*e part: a..e4te/ /oe, ot 3',*

to or 'te/ to 4*allee He rel'e, -po t*e ob,er1at'o, 7a/e b: t*',Co-rt ' t*e 4a,e o. $%&% Gupta v% 'nion of (ndia8"8 (S-pp) SCC =K

I,o.ar a, pra:er, (a) a/ (b) ' t*e 3r't pet't'o are 4o4ere/5 3e .'/

.or4e ' t*e ,-b7',,'o o. t*e leare/ Attore: Geeral &-t5 ',o.ar a,pra:er (4) o. t*e 3r't pet't'o ', 4o4ere/5 't ra',e, a '7portat p-bl'4

',,-e a/ '1ol1e, t*e 'terpretat'o o. Art'4le 89# o. t*e Co,t't-t'o o.

I/'a A, at pre,et a/1',e/5 3e /o ot t*'; t*at 3e 4a /e: lo4-, to t*epet't'oer .or ra',' t*at ',,-e

T*e pet't'oer *a, o lo4-, to 7a'ta' t*e pet't'o ' rear/ to t*e pra:er,

4la'7' rel'e. .or t*e bee.'t o. t*e '/'1'/-al Go1eror, At all e1et,5

,-4* pra:er, o loer ,-r1'1e o a44o-t o. pa,,ae o. t'7e Ho3e1er5

8!


13/57

3't* rear/ to t*e eeral 6-e,t'o o. p-bl'4 '7porta4e re.erre/ to t*e

Co,t't-t'o &e4*5 to-4*' -po t*e ,4ope o. Art'4le 89# (8) a/ t*e

l'7'tat'o, -po t*e /o4tr'e o. plea,-re5 t*e pet't'oer *a, e4e,,ar: lo4-,

#ii$ )cope o! %octrine o! pleasure

8! T*e Plea,-re Do4tr'e *a, 't, or'' ' El',* la35 3't* re.ere4e to

t*e te-re o. p-bl'4 ,er1at, -/er t*e Cro3 I)unn v% *ueen 8"# (8)

& 88#5 t*e Co-rt o. Appeal re.erre/ to t*e ol/ 4o77o la3 r-le t*at a

p-bl'4 ,er1at -/er t*e &r't',* Cro3 *a/ o te-re b-t *el/ *', po,'t'o at

t*e ab,ol-te /',4ret'o o. t*e Cro3 It 3a, ob,er1e/>

I ta;e 't t*at per,o, e7plo:e/ a, t*e pet't'oer 3a, ' t*e ,er1'4e o. t*e

Cro35 e@4ept ' 4a,e, 3*ere t*ere ', ,o7e ,tat-tor: pro1','o .or a

*'*er te-re o. o..'4e5 are or/'ar'l: eae/ o t*e -/er,ta/' t*att*e: *ol/ t*e'r e7plo:7et at the pleasure of the +rown So I t*'; t*at

t*ere 7-,t be '7porte/ 'to t*e 4otra4t .or t*e e7plo:7et o. t*e

pet't'oer5 t*e ter7 3*'4* ', appl'4able to 4'1'l ,er1at, ' eeral5

a7el:5 that the +rown ma put an end to the emploment at its pleasure%(t seems to me that it is the public interest which has led to the term which

( have mentioned being imported into contracts for emploment in the

service of the +rown T*e 4a,e, 4'te/ ,*o3 t*at5 ,-4* e7plo:7et be'.or t*e oo/ o. t*e p-bl'45 't ', e,,et'al .or t*e p-bl'4 oo/ t*at 't ,*o-l/

be 4apable o. be' /eter7'e/ at t*e plea,-re o. t*e Cro35 e@4ept '

4erta' e@4ept'oal 4a,e, 3*ere 't *a, bee /ee7e/ to be 7ore .or t*e

p-bl'4 oo/ t*at ,o7e re,tr'4t'o, ,*o-l/ be '7po,e/ o t*e po3er o. t*eCro3 to /',7',, 't, ,er1at,

(e7p*a,', ,-ppl'e/)

82


14/57

8!8) I $henton v% $mith 8"9 AC !!"K5 t*e Pr'1: Co-4'l

e@pla'e/ t*at t*e plea,-re /o4tr'e 3a, a e4e,,'t: be4a-,e5 t*e

/'..'4-lt: o. /',7',,' t*o,e ,er1at, 3*o,e 4ot'-a4e ' o..'4e

3a, /etr'7etal to t*e State 3o-l/5 '. 't 3ere e4e,,ar: to pro1e ,o7e

o..e4e to t*e ,at',.a4t'o o. a

T*e r-le t*at a 4'1'l ,er1at *ol/, o..'4e at t*e plea,-re o. t*e Cro3*a, 't, or'' ' t*e lat' p*ra,e durante bene placito (/-r'

plea,-re) 7ea' t*at t*e te-re o. o..'4e o. a 4'1'l ,er1at5 e@4ept

3*ere 't ', ot*er3',e pro1'/e/ b: ,tat-te5 4a be ter7'ate/ at a: t'7e3't*o-t 4a-,e a,,'e/ T*e tr-e ,4ope a/ e..e4t o. t*', e@pre,,'o ',

8%


15/57


16/57

o. t*e Cro3 3a, ot a al'e 4o4ept Ho3e1er5 ' a /e7o4ra4: o1ere/

b: R-le o. La35 3*ere arb'trar'e,, ' a: .or7 ', e,4*e3e/5 o

Go1er7et or A-t*or't: *a, t*e r'*t to /o 3*at 't plea,e, T*e /o4tr'e o.

plea,-re /oe, ot 7ea a l'4e4e to a4t arb'trar'l:5 4apr'4'o-,l: or

3*'7,'4all: It ', pre,-7e/ t*at /',4ret'oar: po3er, 4o.erre/ ' ab,ol-te

a/ -.ettere/ ter7, o a: p-bl'4 a-t*or't: 3'll e4e,,ar'l: a/ ob1'o-,l:

be e@er4',e/ rea,oabl: a/ .or p-bl'4 oo/

8% T*e .ollo3' 4la,,'4 ,tate7et .ro7 A/7'',trat'1e La3 (/R

/ade 3 +4 4orsth "t*E/ Pae, 29%299) ', rele1at ' t*', 4ote@t >

T*e 4o77o t*e7e o. all t*e a-t*or't'e, ,o .ar 7et'oe/ ', t*at t*e

ot'o o. ab,ol-te or -.ettere/ /',4ret'o ', re


17/57

,olel: ' or/er t*at 't 7a: -,e t*e7 .or t*e p-bl'4 oo/ T*ere ', ot*'

para/o@'4al ' t*e '7po,'t'o o. ,-4* leal l'7't, It 3o-l/ '/ee/ be

para/o@'4al '. t*e: 3ere ot '7po,e/(e7p*a,', ,-ppl'e/)

89 It ', o. ,o7e rele1a4e to ote t*at t*e Do4tr'e o. Plea,-reB ' 't,

ab,ol-te -re,tr'4te/ appl'4at'o /oe, ot e@',t ' I/'a T*e ,a'/ /o4tr'e ',

,e1erel: 4-rta'le/ ' t*e 4a,e o. o1er7et e7plo:7et5 a, 3'll be e1'/et

.ro7 4la-,e (!) o. Art'4le 28$ a/ 4la-,e, (8) a/ (!) o. Art'4le 288 E1e '

rear/ to 4a,e, .all' 3't*' t*e pro1',o to 4la-,e (!) o. Art'4le 2885 t*e

appl'4at'o o. t*e /o4tr'e ', ot -re,tr'4te/5 b-t 7o/eratel: re,tr'4te/ '

t*e ,e,e t*at t*e 4'r4-7,ta4e, 7et'oe/ t*ere' ,*o-l/ e@',t .or 't,

operat'o T*e Caa/'a S-pre7e Co-rt ' /ells v% Newfound land 8"""

(8==) DL (%t*) =2(SCC)K *a, 4o4l-/e/ t*at at plea,-re /o4tr'e ', o

loer


18/57

C'1'l Pro4e/-re5 ea4te/ b: a ,-bor/'ate le',lat-re be -,e/ to 4o,tr-e

a A4t o. a ,-per'or le',lat-re It 3a, .-rt*er ,-e,te/ t*at ,o7e

7ea' 7-,t be '1e to t*e 3or/, *ol/, o..'4e /-r' H', Ma


19/57

8" Art'4le 28$ rea/ 3't* Art'4le 288 pro1'/e a e@a7ple o. t*e

appl'4at'o o. at plea,-reB /o4tr'e ,-b

28$ Tenure o! o!!ice o! persons servin& the Union or a )tate (8)E@4ept a, e@pre,,l: pro1'/e/ b: t*', Co,t't-t'o5 e1er: per,o 3*o ', a

7e7ber o. a /e.e4e ,er1'4e or o. a 4'1'l ,er1'4e o. t*e U'o or o. a all

I/'a ,er1'4e or *ol/, a: po,t 4oe4te/ 3't* /e.e4e or a: 4'1'l po,t

-/er t*e U'o *ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et5 a/e1er: per,o 3*o ', a 7e7ber o. a 4'1'l ,er1'4e o. a State or *ol/, a:

4'1'l po,t -/er a State *ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Go1eror

o. t*e State

@@@@@@

(11. Disissal, reoval or re%uction in ran o! persons eplo-e%

in civil capacities un%er the Union or a )tate / 2

(8) @@@@@@@(!) No ,-4* per,o a, a.ore,a'/ ,*all be /',7',,e/ or re7o1e/ or

re/-4e/ ' ra; e@4ept a.ter a '6-'r: ' 3*'4* *e *a, bee '.or7e/ o.

t*e 4*are, aa',t *'7 a/ '1e a rea,oable opport-'t: o. be' *ear/

' re,pe4t o. t*o,e 4*are,

T*', Co-rt ' &%5% )hingra v% 'nion of (ndia AIR 8"9 SC 2#5 re.erre/ to

t*e 6-al'.'4at'o, o t*e plea,-re /o4tr'e -/er Art'4le 28$>

8"


20/57

S-b


21/57

!8 Co,t't-t'o o. I/'a t*-, pro1'/e, .or t*ree /'..eret t:pe, o. te-re>

(') T*o,e 3*o *ol/ o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et (or Go1eror)?

('') T*o,e 3*o *ol/ o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et (or Go1eror)5

,-b


22/57

po,,'ble to 7'@ -p or e@te/ t*e t:pe o. prote4t'o aa',t re7o1al5 rate/ to

oe 4ateor: o. o..'4e,5 to aot*er 4ateor:

!! T*e /o4tr'e o. plea,-re a, or''all: e1',ae/ ' Ela/ 3a, a

preroat'1e po3er 3*'4* 3a, -.ettere/ It 7eat t*at t*e *ol/er o. a o..'4e

-/er plea,-re 4o-l/ be re7o1e/ at a: t'7e5 3't*o-t ot'4e5 3't*o-t

a,,'' 4a-,e5 a/ 3't*o-t t*ere be' a ee/ .or a: 4a-,e &-t 3*ere

r-le o. la3 pre1a'l,5 t*ere ', ot*' l';e -.ettere/ /',4ret'o or

-a44o-table a4t'o T*e /eree o. ee/ .or rea,o 7a: 1ar: T*e /eree

o. ,4r-t': /-r'


23/57

ot /',pe,e 3't* t*e ee/ .or a 4a-,e .or 3't*/ra3al o. t*e plea,-re I

ot*er 3or/,5 at plea,-re /o4tr'e eable, t*e re7o1al o. a per,o *ol/'

o..'4e at t*e plea,-re o. a A-t*or't:5 ,-77ar'l:5 3't*o-t a: obl'at'o to

'1e a: ot'4e or *ear' to t*e per,o re7o1e/5 a/ 3't*o-t a: obl'at'o

to a,,' a: rea,o, or /',4lo,e a: 4a-,e .or t*e re7o1al5 or 3't*/ra3al o.

plea,-re T*e 3't*/ra3al o. plea,-re 4aot be at t*e ,3eet 3'll5 3*'7 a/

.a4: o. t*e A-t*or't:5 b-t 4a ol: be .or 1al'/ rea,o,

#iii$ 'osition o! a Governor un%er the 3onstitution

!2 T*e Go1eror 4o,t't-te, a 'teral part o. t*e le',lat-re o. a State

He ', 1e,te/ 3't* t*e le',lat'1e po3er to pro7-late or/'a4e, 3*'le t*e

Ho-,e, o. t*e le',lat-re are ot ' ,e,,'o T*e e@e4-t'1e po3er o. t*e State

', 1e,te/ ' *'7 a/ e1er: e@e4-t'1e a4t'o o. t*e Go1er7et ', ta;e ' *',

a7e He e@er4',e, t*e ,o1ere' po3er to rat par/o,5 repr'e1e,5 re,p'te,

or re7',,'o, o. p-',*7et He ', 1e,te/ 3't* t*e po3er to ,-77o ea4*

Ho-,e o. t*e Le',lat-re or to proro-e e't*er Ho-,e or to /',,ol1e t*e

le',lat'1e a,,e7bl: No &'ll pa,,e/ b: t*e Ho-,e, o. t*e Le',lat-re 4a

be4o7e la3 -le,, 't ', a,,ete/ to b: *'7 He *a, to 7a;e a report 3*ere

*e .'/, t*at a ,'t-at'o *a, ar',e ' 3*'4* t*e Go1er7et o. t*e State

!2


24/57

4aot be 4arr'e/ o ' a44or/a4e 3't* t*e Co,t't-t'o He t*-, o44-p'e, a

*'* 4o,t't-t'oal o..'4e 3't* '7portat 4o,t't-t'oal .-4t'o, a/ /-t'e,

!% I $tate of Ra#asthan vs% 'nion of (ndia 8"== (2) SCC 9"!5 a

Co,t't-t'o &e4* o. t*', Co-rt /e,4r'be/ t*e po,'t'o o. Go1eror t*-,>

#= "he position of the Governor as the +onstitutional head of $tate as aunit of the (ndian 'nion as well as the formal channel of communication

between the 'nion and the $tate Government, who is appointed under

Article 177 of the +onstitution 8b the &resident b /arrant under hishand and seal5 3a, al,o to-4*e/ ' t*e 4o-r,e o. ar-7et, be.ore -, O

t*e oe *a/5 a, t*e Co,t't-t'oal *ea/ o. t*e State5 *e ', or/'ar'l:bo-/5 b: rea,o o. a 4o,t't-t'oal 4o1et'o5 b: t*e a/1'4e o. *',

Co-4'l o. M'',ter, 4o1e:e/ to *'7 t*ro-* t*e C*'e. M'',ter barr'

1er: e@4ept'oal 4'r4-7,ta4e, a7o 3*'4* 7a: be a, po'te/ o-t b:7: leare/ brot*er, &*a3at' a/ I:er5 JJ5 ' S*a7,*er S'*, 4a,e5

(8"=% (!) SCC 28)5 a ,'t-at'o ' 3*'4* a appeal to t*e ele4torate b: a

/',,ol-t'o ', 4alle/ .or O t*e ot*er *a/5 a, t*e /e.e/er o. t*e

Co,t't-t'o a/ t*e la3 a/ t*e 3at4*/o o. t*e 'tere,t, o. t*e 3*ole4o-tr: a/ 3ellbe' o. t*e people o. *', State ' part'4-lar5 t*e

Go1eror ', 1e,te/ 3't* 4erta' /',4ret'oar: po3er, ' t*e e@er4',e o.

3*'4* *e 4a a4t '/epe/etl: Oe o. *', '/epe/et .-4t'o, ', t*e7a;' o. t*e report to t*e U'o Go1er7et o t*e ,tret* o. 3*'4*

Pre,'/et'al po3er -/er Art'4le 29#(8) o. t*e Co,t't-t'o 4o-l/ be

e@er4',e/ I ,o .ar a, *e a4t, ' t*e larer 'tere,t, o. t*e people5appo'te/ b: t*e Pre,'/et to /e.e/ t*e 4o,t't-t'o a/ t*e La3 *e

a4t, a, a ob,er1er o be*al. o. t*e U'o a/ *a, to ;eep a 3at4* o

*o3 t*e a/7'',trat'1e 7a4*'er: a/ ea4* ora o. 4o,t't-t'oal

o1er7et ', 3or;' ' t*e ,tate Ule,, *e ;eep, ,-4* a 3at4* o1er allo1er7etal a4t'1't'e, a/ t*e ,tate o. p-bl'4 .eel', abo-t t*e75 *e

4aot ,at',.a4tor'l: /',4*are *', .-4t'o o. 7a;' t*e report 3*'4*

7a: .or7 t*e ba,', o. t*e Pre,'/et'al ,at',.a4t'o -/er Art'4le 29#(8) o.t*e Co,t't-t'o

(e7p*a,', ,-ppl'e/)

!%


25/57

I $tate of 9arnataka v% 'nion of (ndia8"== (%) SCC #$K5 a ,e1eJ-/e

&e4* o. t*', Co-rt *el/ >

T*e Go1eror o. a State ', appo'te/ b: t*e Pre,'/et a/ *ol/, o..'4eat *', plea,-re Ol: ' ,o7e 7atter, *e *a, ot a /',4ret'oar: po3er

b-t ' all ot*er, t*e State a/7'',trat'o ', 4arr'e/ o b: *'7 or ' *',

a7e b: or 3't* t*e a'/ a/ a/1'4e o. t*e M'',ter, E1er: a4t'o5 e1e

o. a '/'1'/-al M'',ter5 ', t*e a4t'o o. t*e 3*ole Co-4'l a/ ',o1ere/ b: t*e t*eor: o.

It 3'll be ,ee .ro7 t*', e-7erat'o o. t*e 4o,t't-t'oal po3er, a/

.-4t'o, o. t*e Go1eror t*at he is not an emploee or servant in ansense of the term It ', o /o-bt tr-e t*at t*e Go1eror ', appo'te/ b: t*e

Pre,'/et 3*'4* 7ea, ' e..e4t a/ ,-b,ta4e t*e Go1er7et o. I/'a5

b-t t*at ', ol: a 7o/e o. appo't7et a/ 't /oe, ot 7a;e t*e Go1erora e7plo:ee or ,er1at o. t*e Go1er7et o. I/'a E1er: per,o

appo'te/ b: t*e Pre,'/et ', ot e4e,,ar'l: a e7plo:ee o. t*e

Go1er7et o. I/'a $o also it is not material that the Governor holdsoffice during the pleasure of the &resident it is a constitutional provisionfor determination of the term of office of the Governor and it does not

make the Government of (ndia an emploer of the Governor% "he

Governor is the head of the $tate and holds a high constitutional officewhich carries with it important constitutional functions and duties and he

cannot, therefore, even b stretching the language to a breaking point, be

regarded as an emploee or servant of the Government of (ndia He ', ota7eable to t*e /'re4t'o, o. t*e Go1er7et o. I/'a5 or ', *e

a44o-table .or t*e7 .or t*e 7aer ' 3*'4* *e 4arr'e, o-t *', .-4t'o,

a/ /-t'e, He ', a '/epe/et 4o,t't-t'oal o..'4e 3*'4* ', ot ,-b


26/57

Go1er7et o. I/'a He ', ot a7eable to t*e /'re4t'o, o. t*e

Go1er7et o. I/'a5 or ', *e a44o-table to t*e7 .or t*e 7aer '

3*'4* *e 4arr'e, o-t *', .-4t'o, a/ /-t'e,(e7p*a,', ,-ppl'e/)

I Rameshwar &rasad :;(< vs% 'nion of (ndia !$$# (!) SCC 8 t*', Co-rt

re'terate/ t*e ,tat-, o. Go1eror a, e@pla'e/ ' argovind &ant, a/ al,o

ote/ t*e re7ar; o. Sr' GS Pat*a;5 a .or7er V'4ePre,'/et t*at ' t*e

,p*ere 3*'4* ', bo-/ b: t*e a/1'4e o. t*e Co-4'l o. M'',ter,5 .or ob1'o-,

rea,o,5 the Governor must be independent of the centre8 as there ma be

cases 8where the advice of the centre ma clash with advice of the $tate

+ouncil of inisters a/ t*at ' ,-4* 4a,e, t*e Go1eror 7-,t 'ore t*e

4etreB, a/1'4eB a/ a4t o t*e a/1'4e o. *', Co-4'l o. M'',ter, We 7a:

al,o re.er to t*e .ollo3' ob,er1at'o, o. H M Seer1a'5 ' *', treat',e

Co,t't-t'oal La3 o. I/'aB %t*E/5 VolII5 at p!$#9K

=(t is clear from our +onstitution that the Governor is not the agent of

the &resident5 be4a-,e 3*e 't 3a, 'te/e/ to 7a;e t*e Go1eror aaet o. t*e Pre,'/et 't 3a, e@pre,,l: pro1'/e/ a, ' Para 8(!)5

S4*e/-le VI (repeale/ ' 8"=!) It ', e6-all: 4lear .ro7 o-r

Co,t't-t'o t*at t*e Go1eror ', etr-,te/ 3't* t*e /',4*are o. *',4o,t't-t'oal /-t'e,(n matters on which he must act on the advice of

his inisters and the constitute an overwhelming part of his

executive power the .uestion of his being the &resident>s agent

cannot arise%?

!9 It ', t*-, e1'/et t*at a Go1eror *a, a /-al role T*e .'r,t ', t*at o. a

4o,t't-t'oal Hea/ o. t*e State5 bo-/ b: t*e a/1'4e o. *', Co-4'l o.

!#


27/57

M'',ter, T*e ,e4o/ ', to .-4t'o a, a 1'tal l'; bet3ee t*e U'o

Go1er7et a/ t*e State Go1er7et I 4erta' ,pe4'ale7eret ,'t-at'o,5

*e 7a: al,o a4t a, a ,pe4'al repre,etat'1e o. t*e U'o Go1er7et He ',

re6-'re/ to /',4*are t*e .-4t'o, relate/ to *', /'..eret role, *ar7o'o-,l:5

a,,e,,' t*e ,4ope a/ a7b't o. ea4* role properl: He ', ot a e7plo:ee o.

t*e U'o Go1er7et5 or t*e aet o. t*e part: ' po3er or re6-'re/ to a4t

-/er t*e /'4tate, o. pol't'4al part'e, T*ere 7a: be o44a,'o, 3*e *e 7a:

*a1e to be a '7part'al or e-tral U7p're 3*ere t*e 1'e3, o. t*e U'o

Go1er7et a/ State Go1er7et, are ' 4o.l'4t H', pe4-l'ar po,'t'o

ar',e, .ro7 t*e .a4t t*at t*e I/'a Co,t't-t'o ', 6-a,'.e/eral ' 4*ara4ter

I $tate of 9arnataka :supra


28/57

!# I t*e earl: /a:, o. I/'a /e7o4ra4:5 t*e ,a7e pol't'4al part: 3a, '

po3er bot* at t*e Cetre a/ t*e State, T*e po,'t'o *a, 4*ae/ 3't*

pa,,ae o. t'7e No3 /'..eret pol't'4al part'e,5 ,o7e at'oal a/ ,o7e

re'oal5 are ' po3er ' t*e State, F-rt*er oe ,'le part: 7a: ot be '

po3er e't*er ' t*e Cetre or ' t*e State D'..eret part'e, 3't* /',t'4t

'/eolo'e, 7a: 4o,t't-te a .rot5 to .or7 a Go1er7et O a44o-t o.

e7ere4e o. 4oal't'o pol't'4,5 7a: re'oal part'e, *a1e ,tarte/ ,*ar'

po3er ' t*e Cetre Ma: a t'7e t*ere 7a: ot e1e be a 4o77o

prora77e5 7a'.e,to or ae/a a7o t*e part'e, ,*ar' po3er A, a

re,-lt5 t*e ae/a or '/eolo: o. a pol't'4al part: ' po3er ' t*e State 7a:

ot be ' ,:4 3't* t*e ae/a or '/eolo: o. t*e pol't'4al part'e, ' t*e

r-l' 4oal't'o at t*e Cetre5 or 7a: ot be ' ,:4 3't* t*e ae/a or

'/eolo: o. ,o7e o. t*e pol't'4al part'e, ' t*e r-l' 4oal't'o at t*e Cetre5

b-t 7a: be ' ,:4 3't* ,o7e ot*er pol't'4al part'e, .or7' part o. t*e

r-l' 4oal't'o at t*e Cetre F-rt*er t*e 4o7p-l,'o, o. 4oal't'o pol't'4,

7a: re6-'re t*e part'e, ,*ar' po3er5 to .re6-etl: 4*ae t*e'r pol'4'e,

a/ ae/a, I ,-4* a ,4ear'o o. 7:r'a/ pol'4'e,5 '/eolo'e,5 ae/a, '

t*e ,*'.t' ,a/, o. pol't'4al 4oal't'o,5 t*ere ', o 6-e,t'o o. t*e U'o

Go1er7et *a1' Go1eror, 3*o are ' ,:4 3't* 't, 7a/ate a/

!


29/57

pol'4'e, Go1eror, are ot e@pe4te/ or re6-'re/ to '7ple7et t*e pol'4'e, o.

t*e o1er7et or pop-lar 7a/ate, T*e'r 4o,t't-t'oal role ', 4learl:

/e.'e/ a/ bear, 1er: l'7'te/ pol't'4al o1ertoe, We *a1e alrea/: ote/

t*at t*e Go1eror ', ot t*e aet or t*e e7plo:ee o. t*e U'o

Go1er7et A, t*e 4o,t't-t'oal *ea/ o. t*e State5 7a: a t'7e *e 7a: be

e@pre,,' 1'e3, o. t*e State Go1er7et5 3*'4* 7a: be e't*er *', o3

or t*at o. t*e Cetre (.or e@a7ple5 3*e *e /el'1er, t*e ,pe4'al a//re,,

-/er Art'4le 8=# o. t*e Co,t't-t'o) Rep-te/ el/er ,tate,7e5 able

a/7'',trator, a/ e7'et per,oal't'e,5 3't* 7at-r't: a/ e@per'e4e are

e@pe4te/ to be appo'te/ a, Go1eror, W*'le ,o7e o. t*e7 7a: 4o7e .ro7

a pol't'4al ba4;ro-/5 o4e t*e: are appo'te/ a, Go1eror,5 t*e: o3e t*e'r

alle'a4e a/ lo:alt: to t*e Co,t't-t'o a/ ot to a: pol't'4al part: a/

are re6-'re/ to pre,er1e5 prote4t a/ /e.e/ t*e Co,t't-t'o (,ee t*e ter7,

o. oat* or a..'r7at'o b: t*e Go1eror5 -/er Art'4le 89" o. t*e

Co,t't-t'o) L';e t*e Pre,'/et5 Go1eror, are e@pe4te/ to be apol't'4al5

/',4*ar' p-rel: 4o,t't-t'oal .-4t'o,5 'rre,pe4t'1e o. t*e'r earl'er

pol't'4al ba4;ro-/ Go1eror, 4aot be pol't'4all: a4t'1e We t*ere.ore

re


30/57

e7plo:ee or t*e aet o. t*e U'o Go1er7et5 3e al,o re

2$


31/57

t*e pro1','o, o. t*e Co,t't-t'o are ot 7at*e7at'4al .or7-la, *a1' t*e'r

e,,e4e ' t*e'r .or7? t*e: are ora'45 l'1' ',t't-t'o,+ T*e ,''.'4a4e

', 1'tal5 or .or7al? 't ', to be at*ere/ ot ,'7pl: b: ta;' t*e 3or/, a/ a

/'4t'oar:5 b-t b: 4o,'/er' t*e'r or'' a/ t*e l'e o. t*e'r ro3t* (,ee >

Gompers vs% 'nited $tates !22 US #$2)

Effect of clause (3) of Article 156

!" It 3a, ,-b7'tte/ o be*al. o. t*e pet't'oer, t*at t*e /o4tr'e o.

plea,-re -/er Art'4le 89#(8) ', ,-b


32/57

,-b T*e te-re o.

o..'4e o. t*e Go1eror ', .'1e :ear, Ho3e1er5 be.ore t*e e@p'r: o. t*at per'o/

t*e Go1eror 7a: re,' .ro7 o..'4e5 or t*e Pre,'/et 7a:5 .or oo/ a/ 1al'/

rea,o, relat' to *', p*:,'4al7etal 'ab'l't:5 'ter't:5 a/ be*a1'o-r5

3't*/ra3 *', plea,-re t*ereb: re7o1' *'7 .ro7 o..'4e

2$ A pla' rea/' o. Art'4le 89# ,*o3, t*at 3*e a Go1eror ',

appo'te/5 *e *ol/, t*e o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et5 3*'4*

7ea, t*at t*e Go1eror 4a be re7o1e/ .ro7 o..'4e at a: t'7e 3't*o-t

ot'4e a/ 3't*o-t a,,'' a: 4a-,e It ', al,o ope to t*e Go1eror to

re,' .ro7 o..'4e at a: t'7e I. t*e Pre,'/et /oe, ot re7o1e *'7 .ro7

o..'4e a/ '. t*e Go1eror /oe, ot re,'5 t*e ter7 o. t*e Go1eror 3'll 4o7e

to a e/ o t*e e@p'r: o. .'1e :ear, .ro7 t*e /ate o 3*'4* *e eter, o..'4e

Cla-,e (2) ', ot 'te/e/ to be a re,tr'4t'o or l'7'tat'o -po t*e po3er to

re7o1e t*e Go1eror at a: t'7e5 -/er 4la-,e (8) o. Art'4le 89# Cla-,e (2)

o. Art'4le 89# ol: '/'4ate, t*e te-re 3*'4* ', ,-b


33/57

Art'4le 28$ pro1'/e, t*at a per,o ,er1' t*e U'o Go1er7et *ol/, o..'4e

/-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et a/ a per,o ,er1' a ,tate o1er7et

*ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Go1eror T*e /o4tr'e o. plea,-reB ',

,-b


34/57

re,tr'4t'o or l'7'tat'o -/er Cla-,e (2) o. Art'4le 89#

Reports of Commissions

28 T*e pet't'oer rel'e/ -po t*e Report of the $arkaria +ommission on

+entre-$tate Relations a/the Report of the National +ommission to Review

the working of the +onstitution ' ,-pport o. *', 4otet'o t*at re7o1al o. a

Go1eror ,*o-l/ be b: a or/er /',4lo,' rea,o,5 t*at t*e Go1eror ,*o-l/

be '1e a opport-'t: to e@pla' *', po,'t'o a/ t*at t*e re7o1al ,*o-l/ be

ol: .or 4o7pell' rea,o,5 t*ereb: ,tre,,' t*e ee/ to pro1'/e ,e4-r't: o.

te-re .or t*e Go1eror,

2! T*e Report o. t*e $arkaria +ommission on +entre $tate Relations

(Vol8 C*apter IV) /ealt 3't* t*e role o. a Go1eror a/ 7a/e t*e .ollo3'

re4o77e/at'o, 3't* rear/ to *', ter7 o. o..'4e>

%=$+++ We re4o77e/ t*at t*e Go1eror, te-re o. o..'4e o. .'1e

:ear, ' a State ,*o-l/ ot be /',t-rbe/ e@4ept 1er: rarel: a/ t*at too .or

,o7e e@tre7el: 4o7pell' rea,o It ', '/ee/ 1er: e4e,,ar: to a,,-re a7ea,-re o. ,e4-r't: o. te-re to t*e Go1eror, o..'4e

T*e rea,o a,,'e/ b: t*e Co77',,'o .or t*e ,a'/ re4o77e/at'o 3a, a,

.ollo3,>

F-rt*er5 t*e e1erpre,et po,,'b'l't: o. t*e te-re be' ter7'ate/ be.ore

t*e .-ll ter7 o. 9 :ear,5 4a 4reate 4o,'/erable ',e4-r't: ' t*e 7'/ o.t*e Go1eror a/ '7pa'r *', 4apa4't: to 3't*,ta/ pre,,-re,5 re,',t

2%


35/57

e@traeo-, '.l-e4e, a/ a4t '7part'all: ' t*e /',4*are o. *',

/',4ret'oar: .-4t'o, Repeate/ ,*'.t' o. Go1eror, .ro7 oe State to

aot*er 4a lo3er t*e pre,t'e o. t*', o..'4e to t*e /etr'7et o. bot* t*eU'o a/ t*e State 4o4ere/ A, a .e3 State Go1er7et, *a1e po'te/

o-t Go1eror, ,*o-l/ ot be ,*'.te/ or tra,.erre/ .ro7 oe State to

aot*er b: t*e U'o a, '. t*e: 3ere 4'1'l ,er1at, T*e .'1e :ear ter7 o.Go1eror, o..'4e pre,4r'be/ b: t*e Co,t't-t'o ' t*at 4a,e lo,e, 7-4* o.

't, ,''.'4a4e

T*e Co77',,'o al,o ote/ t*e .ollo3' ,-e,t'o, re4e'1e/ ' .a1o-r o.

a/ aa',t t*e ,-e,t'o .or pro1'/' ,e4-r't: o. te-re (para %$8)>

)u&&estions !or securit- o! tenure )u&&estions a&ainst securit- o! tenure

(') A Go1eror ,*o-l/ *a1e a -aratee/te-re ,o t*at *e 4a .-4t'o '7part'all:

T*e /'..eret pro4e/-re, ,-e,te/ .or

Go1eror, re7o1al5 areQ

(a) T*e ,a7e pro4e/-re a, .or a S-pre7e

Co-rt J-/e

(b) A '1e,t'at'o 'to t*e Go1eror,

4o/-4t b: a parl'a7etar: Co77'ttee

(4) I7pea4*7et b: t*e State Le',lat-re

(/) I6-'r: b: t*e S-pre7e Co-rt

(e) Wr'tte re6-e,t .ro7 t*e C*'e.

M'',ter5 .ollo3e/ b: a re,ol-t'o o. t*e

Le',lat'1e A,,e7bl:

(.) Re4o77e/at'o o. t*e IterState

Co-4'l

('') Te-re, ,*o-l/ ot be -aratee/ to aGo1eror be4a-,eQ

(a) t*e at-re o. *', /-t'e, a/ .-4t'o,a/ t*e 7aer o. t*e'r per.or7a4e are

.-/a7etall: /'..eret .ro7 t*o,e o. a

J-/e T*e .or7er *a, a 7-lt'.a4ete/ role

a/ *', /-t'e, are 7a'l: o

29


36/57

%$= W*'le 't ', ot a/1',able to '1e t*e ,a7e ,e4-r't: o. te-re to a

Go1eror a, *a, bee a,,-re/ to a J-/e o. t*e S-pre7e Co-rt5 ,o7e

,a.e-ar/ *a, to be /e1',e/ aa',t arb'trar: 3't*/ra3al o. Pre,'/et,plea,-re5 p-tt' a pre7at-re e/ to t*e Go1eror, te-re T*e 'tet'o

o. t*e Co,t't-t'o 7a;er, ' pre,4r'b' a .'1e:ear ter7 .or t*', o..'4e

appear, to be t*at t*e Pre,'/et, plea,-re o 3*'4* t*e Go1eror, te-re', /epe/et5 3'll ot be 3't*/ra3 3't*o-t 4a-,e ,*o3 A: ot*er

'.ere4e 3o-l/ re/er 4la-,e (2) o. Art'4le 89# larel: ot'o,e It 3'll be

b-t .a'r t*at t*e Go1eror, re7o1al ', ba,e/ o pro4e/-re 3*'4* a..or/,*'7 a opport-'t: o. e@pla'' *', 4o/-4t ' 6-e,t'o a/ e,-re, .a'r

4o,'/erat'o o. *', e@plaat'o5 '. a:

%$ Sa1e 3*ere t*e Pre,'/et ', ,at',.'e/ t*at5 ' t*e 'tere,t o. t*e

,e4-r't: o. t*e State5 ', 't ot e@pe/'et to /o ,o5 a, a 7atter o. *ealt*:

pra4t'4e5 3*ee1er 't ', propo,e/ to ter7'ate t*e te-re o. a Go1eror

be.ore t*e e@p'r: o. t*e or7al ter7, o. .'1e :ear,5 *e ,*o-l/ be'.or7all: appr',e/ o. t*e ro-/, o. t*e propo,e/ a4t'o a/ a..or/e/ a

rea,oable opport-'t: .or ,*o3' 4a-,e aa',t 't It ', /e,'rable t*at t*ePre,'/et (3*'4*5 ' e..e4t5 7ea, t*e U'o Co-4'l o. M'',ter,) ,*o-l/

et t*e e@plaat'o5 '. a:5 ,-b7'tte/ b: t*e Go1eror aa',t *',

propo,e/ re7o1al .ro7 o..'4e5 e@a7'e/ b: a A/1',or: Gro-p 4o,',t'o. t*e V'4ePre,'/et o. I/'a a/ t*e Spea;er o. t*e Lo; Sab*a or a

ret're/ C*'e. J-,t'4e o. I/'a A.ter re4e'1' t*e re4o77e/at'o, o. t*',

Gro-p5 t*e Pre,'/et 7a: pa,, ,-4* or/er, ' t*e 4a,e a, *e 7a: /ee7 .'t

%$" We re4o77e/ t*at 3*e a Go1eror5 be.ore t*e e@p'r: o. t*e

or7al ter7 o. .'1e :ear,5 re,', or ', appo'te/ Go1eror ' aot*er

State5 or *', te-re ', ter7'ate/5 t*e U'o Go1er7et 7a: la: a,tate7et be.ore bot* Ho-,e, o. Parl'a7et e@pla'' t*e 4'r4-7,ta4e,

lea/' to t*e e/' o. *', te-re W*ere a Go1eror *a, bee '1e a

opport-'t: to ,*o3 4a-,e aa',t t*e pre7at-re ter7'at'o o. *', te-re5t*e ,tate7et 7a: al,o '4l-/e t*e e@plaat'o '1e b: *'7 ' repl: T*',

pro4e/-re 3o-l/ ,tret*e t*e 4otrol o. Parl'a7et a/ t*e U'o

E@e4-t'1e, a44o-tab'l't: to 't

T*e Iter State Co-4'l a44epte/ t*e ,a'/ re4o77e/at'o o. t*e $arkaria

+ommission It ', ,tate/ t*at t*e 7atter ', t*erea.ter pe/' 4o,'/erat'o

be.ore t*e Cetral Go1er7et

2#


37/57

22 Re.ere4e 3a, e@t 7a/e to a Co,-ltat'o Paper o I,t't-t'o o.

Go1eror -/er t*e Co,t't-t'o p-bl',*e/ b: t*eNational +ommission to

Review the /orking of the +onstitution5 to el'4't p-bl'4 op''o a/ eerate

p-bl'4 /ebate T*e re4o77e/at'o, propo,e/ 3ere a, -/er >

A44or/'l:5 3e re4o77e/ t*at Art'4le, 899 a/ 89# o. t*e

Co,t't-t'o be a7e/e/ to pro1'/e .or t*e .ollo3'>

(a) t*e appo't7et o. t*e Go1eror ,*o-l/ be etr-,te/ to a

4o77'ttee 4o7pr',' t*e Pr'7e M'',ter o. I/'a5 U'o M'',ter

.or Ho7e a..a'r,5 t*e Spea;er o. t*e Lo; Sab*a a/ t*e C*'e.

M'',ter o. t*e 4o4ere/ State (O. 4o-r,e5 t*e 4o7po,'t'o o. t*e4o77'ttee ', a 7atter o. /eta'l 3*'4* 4a al3a:, be ,ettle/ o4e

t*e pr'4'pal '/ea ', a44epte/?

(b) t*e ter7 o. o..'4e5 1'5 .'1e :ear,5 ,*o-l/ be 7a/e a .'@e/ te-re?

(4) t*e pro1','o t*at t*e Go1eror *ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o.

t*e Pre,'/etB be /elete/>

(/) pro1','o be 7a/e .or t*e '7pea4*7et o. t*e Go1eror b: t*e

State Le',lat-re o t*e ,a7e l'e, a, t*e '7pea4*7et o. t*e

Pre,'/et b: t*e Parl'a7et (T*e pro4e/-re .or '7pea4*7et o.t*e Pre,'/et ', ,et o-t ' Art'4le #8) O. 4o-r,e5 3*ere t*ere ', oUpper Ho-,e o. Le',lat-re ' a: State5 appropr'ate 4*ae, 7a:

*a1e to be 7a/e ' t*e propo,e/ Art'4le ,'4e Art'4le #8 ',

pre7',e/ -po t*e e@',te4e o. t3o Ho-,e, o. Parl'a7et

We e@tra4t belo3 t*e rele1at port'o, o. t*e re4o77e/at'o, 7a/e b: t*e

Nat'oal Co77',,'o (/'..eret .ro7 3*at 3a, propo,e/)5 a.ter 4o,'/er'

t*e re,po,e, re4e'1e/>

8%! A.ter 4are.-ll: 4o,'/er' t*e p-bl'4 re,po,e, a/ a.ter .-ll/el'berat'o,5 t*e Co77',,'o /oe, ot aree to /'l-te t*e po3er, o. t*e

Pre,'/et ' t*e 7atter o. ,ele4t'o a/ appo't7et o. Go1eror,

Ho3e1er5 t*e Co77',,'o .eel, t*at t*e Go1eror o. a State ,*o-l/ beappo'te/ b: t*e Pre,'/et5 a.ter 4o,-ltat'o 3't* t*e C*'e. M'',ter o.

2=


38/57

t*at State Nor7all: t*e .'1e :ear ter7 ,*o-l/ be a/*ere/ to a/ re7o1al

or tra,.er o. t*e Go1eror ,*o-l/ be b: .ollo3' a ,'7'lar pro4e/-re a,

.or appo't7et 'e a.ter 4o,-ltat'o 3't* t*e C*'e. M'',ter o. t*e4o4ere/ State

8%2 T*e Co77',,'o re4o77e/, t*at ' t*e 7atter o. ,ele4t'o o. aGo1eror5 t*e .ollo3' 7ater, 7et'oe/ ' para %8#$8 o. Vol-7e I o.

t*e Sar;ar'a Co77',,'o Report ,*o-l/ be ;ept ' 7'/>

He ,*o-l/ be e7'et ' ,o7e 3al; o. l'.e

He ,*o-l/ be a per,o .ro7 o-t,'/e t*e State

He ,*o-l/ be a /eta4*e/ .'-re a/ ot too 't'7atel:

4oe4te/ 3't* t*e lo4al pol't'4, o. t*e State

He ,*o-l/ be a per,o 3*o *a, ot ta;e too reat a part '

pol't'4, eerall:5 a/ part'4-larl: ' t*e re4et pa,t

2% T*e,e re4o77e/at'o, *o3,oe1er lo'4al5 or /e,er1'

4o,'/erat'o a/ a44epta4e5 re7a' re4o77e/at'o, T*e: 4aot

o1err'/e t*e e@pre,, pro1','o, o. t*e Co,t't-t'o a, t*e: ,ta/ Nor 4a

t*e: a,,',t ' 'terpret' Art'4le 89# T*e 1er: .a4t t*at ,-4*

re4o77e/at'o, are 7a/e5 ,*o3, t*at t*e po,'t'o -/er t*e e@',t'

Co,t't-t'oal pro1','o, ', ot*er3',e T*e: are ,-e,t'o, to be

4o,'/ere/ b: t*o,e 3*o 4a a7e/ t*e Co,t't-t'o T*e: /o ot a,,',t '

'terpret' t*e e@',t' pro1','o, o. t*e Co,t't-t'o

Constituent Assembly Debates

29 &ot* ,'/e, rel'e/ -po t*e Co,t't-et A,,e7bl: Debate, to ,-pport

t*e'r re,pe4t'1e 'terpretat'o o. Art'4le 89#(8) T*e pet't'oer, 4ote/e/

2


39/57

t*at t*e .o-/' .at*er, pro4ee/e/ o t*e a,,-7pt'o t*at t*e re7o1al 3'll

ol: be o t*e ro-/ o. br'ber: a/ 4orr-pt'o5 1'olat'o o. t*e

Co,t't-t'o5 or a: ot*er le't'7ate ro-/ attr'b-table to a a4t or

o7',,'o o t*e part o. t*e Go1eror T*e re,po/et, po't o-t t*at

,e4-r't: o. te-re a/ ot*er alterat'1e, 3ere 4o,'/ere/ a/ 4o,4'o-,l:

re


40/57

t*ere to t*e pr'4'ple o. o7'at'o5 3e ,*o-l/ ,ee to 't t*at at lea,t 3*'le

*e ', a4t' 4orre4tl:5 ' a44or/a4e 3't* t*e Co,t't-t'o .ollo3' t*e

a/1'4e o. *', 7'',ter,5 *e ,*o-l/ ot be at t*e 7er4: o. t*e Pre,'/et 3*o', a3a: .ro7 t*e Pro1'4e a/ 3*o ', a at'oal a/ ot a lo4al a-t*or't:

T*', ', all t*e 7ore '7portat pe/' t*e e1ol-t'o o. a 4o1et'o5 ,-4*

a, 3a, ,-e,te/ b: oe o. t*e pre1'o-, ,pea;er,5 t*at t*e appo't7et5e1e '. aree/ to5 ,*o-l/ be o t*e a/1'4e o. t*e lo4al M'',tr: I /o ot

;o3 '. ,-4* a 4o1et'o 4a ro3 -p ' I/'a5 b-t e1e '. 't ro3, -p5

a/ part'4-larl: '. 't ro3, -p5 't 3o-l/ be o. t*e -t7o,t '7porta4e t*ato opro1'4'al a-t*or't: .ro7 t*e Cetre ,*o-l/ *a1e t*e po3er to ,a:

t*at t*e Go1eror ,*o-l/ be re7o1able b: t*at a-t*or't:? So lo a, *e

a4t, ' a44or/a4e 3't* t*e a/1'4e o. t*e 4o,t't-t'oal a/1',er, o. t*e

pro1'4e5 *e ,*o-l/ I t*'; be 'rre7o1able /-r' *', ter7 o. o..'4e5 t*at',5 .'1e :ear, a44or/' to t*', art'4le

T*ere ', o. 4o-r,e a 4erta' pro1','o 3't* rear/ to re,'at'o

1ol-tar'l: or ot*er 4ot'e4'e, o44-rr' 3*ereb: t*e Go1eror 7a:be re7o1e/ &-t5 ,-b

J-,t o3 3e *a1e a44epte/ a pro1','o 3*ereb: t*e Go1eror ,*all be

o7'ate/ b: t*e Pre,'/et Alrea/: 3e .eel t*at t*ere /e7o4ra4: *a,bee aba/oe/ No35 S'r5 4o7e, t*', pro1','o 3*ereb: t*e Go1eror

,*all *ol/ o..'4e ol: at t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et E1e ' t*e 4a,e o.

t*e S-pre7e Co-rt5 3e *a1e pro1'/e/ t*at o4e t*e J-/e, o. t*e S-pre7eCo-rt *a, bee appo'te/5 t*e: 3'll be re7o1able ol: a.ter a a//re,,

pre,ete/ b: bot* t*e Ho-,e, o. Parl'a7et5 a/ b: t3ot*'r/, 7a


41/57

b: t*e Pre,'/et at *', plea,-re T*e or''al art'4le ,a:,> A o1eror

7a:5 .or 1'olat'o o. t*e Co,t't-t'o5 be re7o1e/ .ro7 o..'4e b:

'7pea4*7et ++ It 7ea, t*at a Go1eror 4a ol: be re7o1e/ b:'7pea4*7et b: bot* t*e Ho-,e, No35 *e 3'll be t*ere ol: at t*e

plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et S-4* a Go1eror 3'll *a1e o '/epe/e4e a/

7: po't ', t*at t*e Cetre 7'*t tr: to /o ,o7e 7',4*'e. t*ro-* t*at7a E1e '. *e ', o7'ate/5 *e 4a at lea,t be '/epe/et '. a.ter *e ',

appo'te/ *e ', 'rre7o1able No35 b: 7a;' *'7 4ot'-e ' o..'4e at t*e

plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et5 :o- are ta;' a3a: *', '/epe/e4ealtoet*er T*', ', a ,er'o-, /e1'at'o a/ I *ope t*e Ho-,e 3'll 4o,'/er 't

1er: 4are.-ll: Ule,, *e ', able to '1e ,tro rea,o, .or 7a;' t*',

4*ae5 I *ope Dr A7be/;ar 3'll 3't*/ra3 *', a7e/7et

Sr' Lo;aat* M',ra e@pre,,e/ a ,l'*tl: /'..eret po't o. 1'e3>

Mr Pre,'/et5 S'r5 a.ter *a1' 7a/e t*e /e4','o t*at Go1eror, ,*all beappo'te/ b: t*e Pre,'/et5 't at-rall: .ollo3, t*at t*e 4oe4te/

pro1','o, ' t*e Dra.t Co,t't-t'o ,*o-l/ a44or/'l: be a7e/e/5 a/' t*at 1'e35 I a44ept t*e a7e/7et t*at *a, o3 bee 7o1e/ b: Dr

A7be/;ar T*at a7e/7et ,-e,t, t*at t*e Go1eror ,*all be

re7o1able a, t*e Pre,'/et plea,e,5 t*at ',5 a Go1eror ,*all *ol/ o..'4e/-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et a/ t*at 3*ee1er *e '4-r, t*e

/',plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et5 *e 3'll be o-t W*e t*e Pre,'/et *a,

appo'te/ a 7a5 ' t*e .'te,, o. t*', t*e Pre,'/et 7-,t *a1e t*e r'*tto re7o1e *'7 3*e *e ', /',plea,e/5 b-t to re7o1e t*e e1'l t*at *a, o3

4rept ' b: /o' a3a: 3't* ele4t'o .or t*e o..'4e o. t*e Go1eror5 't

3o-l/ *a1e bee 7-4* better '. t*e State le',lat-re too *a/ bee '1et*e po3er to '7pea4* *'7 ot ol: .or 1'olat'o o. t*e Co,t't-t'o b-t

al,o .or 7',be*a1'o-r I -,e t*e 3or/ 7',be*a1'o-rB /el'beratel: be4a-,e5

3*e a Go1eror 3*o ', ot e4e,,ar'l: a 7a o. t*at pro1'4e ',

appo'te/ to *', o..'4e5 't ', b-t at-ral t*at t*e people o. t*e pro1'4e,*o-l/ *a1e at lea,t t*e po3er to 3at4* *'75 to 4r't'4'e *'75 t*ro-* t*e'r

4*o,e repre,etat'1e, I. t*at r'*t *a/ bee '1e5 ' ot*er 3or/,5 '. t*e

pro1','o .or t*e '7pea4*7et o. t*e Go1eror, b: t*e State le',lat-re,*a/ bee t*ere5 't 3o-l/ *a1e bee a ,a.e-ar/ aa',t '7proper

appo't7et o. Go1eror b: t*e Pre,'/et Oe o. t*e 7a' ob


42/57

e1'l t*at *a, bee 4a-,e/ b: t*e pro1','o .or t*e appo't7et o. Go1eror

b: t*e Pre,'/et

Dr &R A7be/;ar repl'e/ t*-,>

S'r5 t*e po,'t'o ', t*',> t*', po3er o. re7o1al ', '1e to t*e Pre,'/et 'eeral ter7, W*at Pro.e,,or S*a* 3at, ', t*at 4erta' ro-/, ,*o-l/

be ,tate/ ' t*e Co,t't-t'o 't,el. .or t*e re7o1al o. t*e Go1eror It

,ee7, to 7e t*at 3*e :o- *a1e '1e t*e eeral po3er5 :o- al,o '1e

t*e po3er to t*e Pre,'/et to re7o1e a Go1eror .or 4orr-pt'o5 .orbr'ber:5 .or 1'olat'o o. t*e Co,t't-t'o or .or a: ot*er rea,o 3*'4* t*e

Pre,'/et o /o-bt .eel, ', le't'7ate ro-/ .or t*e re7o1al o. t*e

Go1eror It ,ee7,5 t*ere.ore5 6-'te -e4e,,ar: to b-r/e t*eCo,t't-t'o 3't* all t*e,e l'7'tat'o, ,tate/ ' e@pre,, ter7, 3*e 't ',

per.e4tl: po,,'ble .or t*e Pre,'/et to a4t -po t*e 1er: ,a7e ro-/

-/er t*e .or7-la t*at t*e Go1eror ,*all *ol/ o..'4e /-r' *', plea,-reI5 t*ere.ore5 t*'; t*at 't ', -e4e,,ar: to 4ateor'e t*e 4o/'t'o, -/er

3*'4* t*e Pre,'/et 7a: -/erta;e t*e re7o1al o. t*e Go1eror

2= T*erea.ter t*e Art'4le ' t*e pre,et .or7 3a, a/opte/5 re

(') T*e 'tet'o o. t*e .o-/' .at*er, 3a, to a/opt t*e ro-te o. Do4tr'e

o. Plea,-re5 ',tea/ o. '7pea4*7et or e6-'r:5 3't* rear/ to re7o1al

o. Go1eror,

%!


43/57

('') It 3a, a,,-7e/ t*at 3't*/ra3al o. plea,-re re,-lt' ' re7o1al o. t*e

Go1eror 3'll be o 1al'/ ro-/, b-t t*ere 3a, o ee/ to e-7erate

t*e7 ' t*e Art'4le

2 I Co,t't-t'oal La3 o. I/'a (%t* E/5Vol!5 pae !$##) HM

Seer1a' re.er, to t*e ,4ope o. Art'4le 89#(8) t*-,>

A /'..'4-lt:5 *o3e1er5 ar',e, .ro7 t*e .a4t t*at t*e Go1eror *ol/,

o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et a/ 4a be re7o1e/ b: *'7

A, t*e Pre,'/et a4t, o t*e a/1'4e o. *', 7'',tr:5 't 7a: be 4ote/e/t*at '. t*e Go1eror ta;e, a4t'o 4otrar: to t*e pol'4: o. t*e U'o

M'',tr: *e 3o-l/ r',; be' re7o1e/ .ro7 *', po,t a, Go1eror5 a/5

t*ere.ore5 *e ', l';el: to .ollo3 t*e a/1'4e o. t*e U'o Go1t W*'l,t ot/e:' t*e .or4e o. t*', 4otet'o5 't ', ,-b7'tte/ t*at Art'4le 89#(8)

*a, a 1er: /'..eret p-rpo,e It ', ,-b7'tte/ t*at a re,po,'ble U'o

M'',tr: 3o-l/ ot a/1',e5 a/ 3o-l/ ot be


44/57

a,,-7e t*at ,-4* per,o, *a1' bee 4*o,e o a44o-t o. t*e'r ,tat-re5

7at-r't: a/ e@per'e4e 3'll be /e7oral'e/ or be ' 4o,tat .ear o.

re7o1al5 -le,, t*ere ', ,e4-r't: o. te-re T*e: ;o3 3*e t*e: a44ept

t*e,e o..'4e, t*at t*e: 3'll be *ol/' t*e o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e

Pre,'/et

Need for reasons

%$ T*e pet't'oer 4ote/, t*at t*e re7o1al o. a Go1eror 4a ol: be .or

4o7pell' rea,o, 3*'4* ', ,o7et*' to /o 3't* *', 4apa4't: to .-4t'o a,

a Go1eror A44or/' to t*e pet't'oer5 p*:,'4al or 7etal /',ab'l't:5 a4t, o.

4orr-pt'o or 7oral t-rp't-/e or be*a1'o-r -be4o7' o. a Go1eror l';e

be' '1ol1e/ ' a4t'1e pol't'4,5 or '/-l' ' ,-b1er,'1e a4t'1't'e, are

1al'/ rea,o, .or re7o1al I ot*er 3or/,5 't ', 4ote/e/ t*at t*ere ,*o-l/

be ,o7e .a-lt or /ra3 ba4; ' t*e Go1eror or ' *', a4t'o, be.ore *e 4o-l/

be re7o1e/ .ro7 o..'4e O t*e ot*er *a/5 't ', 4ote/e/ b: t*e

re,po/et, t*at re7o1al ee/ ot ol: be .or t*e rea,o, 7et'oe/ b: t*e

pet't'oer b-t 4a al,o be o t3o ot*er ro-/,5 a7el:5 lo,, o. 4o.'/e4e

' t*e Go1eror or t*e Go1eror be' o-t o. ,:4 3't* t*e pol'4'e, a/

'/eolo'e, o. t*e U'o Go1er7et T*ere ', t*-, a 4o,e,-, to t*e e@tet

t*at a Go1eror 4a be re7o1e/ ol: .or a 1al'/ rea,o5 a/ t*at p*:,'4al

%%


45/57

a/ 7etal '4apa4't:5 4orr-pt'o a/ be*a1'o-r -be4o7' o. a Go1eror

are 1al'/ ro-/, .or re7o1al T*ere ', *o3e1er /',aree7et a, to 3*at

el,e 4a be ro-/, .or re7o1al We are o. t*e 1'e3 t*at t*ere 4a be ot*er

ro-/, al,o It ', ot po,,'ble to p-t t*e rea,o, -/er a: ,pe4'.'4 *ea/,

T*e ol: l'7'tat'o o t*e e@er4',e o. t*e po3er ', t*at 't ,*o-l/ be .or 1al'/

rea,o, W*at 4o,t't-te 1al'/ rea,o, 3o-l/ /epe/ -po t*e .a4t, a/

4'r4-7,ta4e, o. ea4* 4a,e

%8 We *a1e *o3e1er alrea/: re


46/57

la3:er4l'et relat'o,*'p bet3ee t*e U'o Go1er7et a/ t*e Attore:

Geeral Lo,, o. 4o.'/e4e 3'll t*ere.ore be 1er: rele1at 4r'ter'o .or

3't*/ra3al o. plea,-re5 ' t*e 4a,e o. a M'',ter or t*e Attore: Geeral5 b-t

ot a rele1at ro-/ ' t*e 4a,e o. a Go1eror

#v$ Ju%icial revie o! ith%raal o! 'resi%ent7s pleasure

%! W*e a Go1eror *ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o. t*e Go1er7et

a/ t*e po3er to re7o1e at t*e plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et ', ot 4'r4-7,4r'be/

b: a: 4o/'t'o, or re,tr'4t'o,5 't .ollo3, t*at t*e po3er ', e@er4',able at

a: t'7e5 3't*o-t a,,'' a: 4a-,e Ho3e1er5 t*ere ', a /',t'4t'o

bet3ee t*e ee/ .or a 4a-,e .or t*e re7o1al5 a/ t*e ee/ to /',4lo,e t*e

4a-,e .or re7o1al W*'le t*e Pre,'/et ee/ ot /',4lo,e or '.or7 t*e 4a-,e

.or *', re7o1al to t*e Go1eror5 't ', '7perat'1e t*at a 4a-,e 7-,t e@',t I.

3e /o ot pro4ee/ o t*at pre7',e5 't 3o-l/ 7ea t*at t*e Pre,'/et o t*e

a/1'4e o. t*e Co-4'l o. M'',ter,5 7a: 7a;e a: or/er 3*'4* 7a: be

7a'.e,tl: arb'trar: or 3*'7,'4al or 7ala .'/e T*ere.ore5 3*'le o 4a-,e or

rea,o be /',4lo,e/ or a,,'e/ .or re7o1al b: e@er4',e o. ,-4* preroat'1e

po3er5 ,o7e 1al'/ 4a-,e ,*o-l/ e@',t .or t*e re7o1al T*ere.ore5 3*'le 3e

/o ot a44ept t*e 4otet'o t*at a or/er -/er Art'4le 89# ', ot


47/57

4a-,e ee/ be ,*o3 a/ o ot'4e ee/ be ',,-e/ to t*e Go1eror be.ore

re7o1' a Go1eror

%2 T*e tra/'t'oal El',* 1'e3 3a, t*at preroat'1e po3er, o. t*e

Cro3 4o.erre/ -.ettere/ /',4ret'o 3*'4* 4o-l/ ot be 6-e,t'oe/ '

4o-rt, Lor/ R-,;'ll atte7pte/ to e-7erate ,-4* preroat'1e po3er, '

+ouncil of+ivil $ervice 'nions v% inister for the +ivil $ervice - 8"9 AC

2=% >

Preroat'1e po3er, ,-4* a, t*o,e relat' to t*e 7a;' o. treat'e,5 t*e

/e.e4e o. t*e real75 t*e preroat'1e o. 7er4:5 t*e rat o. *oo-r,5 t*e

/',,ol-t'o o. Parl'a7et a/ t*e appo't7et o. 7'',ter, a, 3ell a,ot*er, are ot5 I t*'; ,-,4ept'ble to R :0ancoult< vs% 4oreign

$ecretar !$$" (8) AC %92) I .a4t, )e $mith>s @udicial Review (#t*E/

!$$= Pae 89) ,tate, >

%=


48/57

J-/'4'al re1'e3 *a, /e1elope/ to t*e po't 3*ere 't ', po,,'ble to ,a: t*at

o po3er 3*et*er ,tat-tor: or -/er t*e preroat'1e ', a: loer

'*eretl: -re1'e3able Co-rt, are 4*are/ 3't* t*e re,po,'b'l't: o.a/


49/57

I9ihota ollohon v% Cachilhu8""! S-pp (!) SCC #98K t*', Co-rt *el/>

T*e pr'4'ple t*at ', appl'e/ b: t*e 4o-rt, ', t*at ' ,p'te o. a .'al't:4la-,e 't ', ope to t*e 4o-rt to e@a7'e 3*et*er t*e a4t'o o. t*e a-t*or't:

-/er 4*allee ', -ltra 1're, t*e po3er, 4o.erre/ o t*e ,a'/ a-t*or't:

S-4* a a4t'o 4a be -ltra 1're, .or t*e rea,o t*at 't ', ' 4otra1et'oo. a 7a/ator: pro1','o o. t*e la3 4o.err' o t*e a-t*or't: t*e po3er

to ta;e ,-4* a a4t'o It 3'll al,o be -ltra 1're, t*e po3er, 4o.erre/ o

t*e a-t*or't: '. 't ', 1't'ate/ b: 7ala .'/e, or ', 4olorable e@er4',e o. po3er

ba,e/ o e@traeo-, a/ 'rrele1at 4o,'/erat'o,

%9 I R%+% &oudal v% 'nion of (ndia8""% S-pp (8) SCC 2!%K5 ' t*e

4ote@t o. Art'4le 2=8F5 't 3a, 4ote/e/ o be*al. o. U'o o. I/'a t*at

t*e ter7, a/ 4o/'t'o, o. t*e a/7',,'o o. a e3 terr'tor: 'to t*e U'o

are e7'etl: pol't'4al 6-e,t'o, 3*'4* t*e Co-rt ,*o-l/ /e4l'e to /e4'/e a,

t*e,e 6-e,t'o, la4; a/

T*e po3er to a/7't e3 State, 'to t*e U'o -/er Art'4le ! ',5 o/o-bt5 ' t*e 1er: at-re o. t*e po3er5 1er: 3'/e a/ 't, e@er4',e

e4e,,ar'l: -'/e/ b: pol't'4al ',,-e, o. 4o,'/erable 4o7ple@'t: 7a: o.

3*'4* 7a: ot be


50/57

-.ettere/ po3er '77-e .ro7


51/57

properl: a/ 4are.-ll: a.ter a ob


52/57

4la-,e pro1'/e, t*at t*e 6-e,t'o 3*et*er a:5 a/ '. ,o 3*at5 a/1'4e 3a,

te/ere/5 ,*all ot be e6-'re/ 'to b: a: 4o-rt T*', 4la-,e *a, bee t*e

,-b


53/57

% T*e e@tet a/ /ept* o.


54/57

%" Art'4le 89#(8) pro1'/e, t*at a Go1eror ,*all *ol/ o..'4e /-r' t*e

plea,-re o. t*e Pre,'/et Ha1' rear/ to Art'4le =%5 t*e Pre,'/et ', bo-/

to a4t ' a44or/a4e 3't* t*e a/1'4e o. t*e Co-4'l o. M'',ter, T*ere.ore5

e1e t*o-* -/er Art'4le 89#(8) t*e re7o1al ', at t*e plea,-re o. t*e

Pre,'/et5 t*e e@er4',e o. ,-4* plea,-re ', re,tr'4te/ b: t*e re6-'re7et t*at

't ,*o-l/ be o t*e a/1'4e o. t*e Co-4'l o. M'',ter, W*et*er t*e re7o1al

o. Go1eror ', ope to


55/57

relat'o,5 a/ t*e .le@'b'l't: a1a'lable to t*e Go1er7et ' ,-4* 7atter,5 't

', ee/le,, to ,a: t*at t*ere 3'll be o 'ter.ere4e -le,, a 1er: ,tro 4a,e

', 7a/e o-t T*e po,'t'o5 t*ere.ore5 ', t*at t*e /e4','o ', ope to

(') U/er Art'4le 89#(8)5 t*e Go1eror *ol/, o..'4e /-r' t*e plea,-re o.

t*e Pre,'/et T*ere.ore5 t*e Pre,'/et 4a re7o1e t*e Go1eror .ro7 o..'4e

at a: t'7e 3't*o-t a,,'' a: rea,o a/ 3't*o-t '1' a: opport-'t:

to ,*o3 4a-,e

('') T*o-* o rea,o ee/ be a,,'e/ .or /',4ot'-a4e o. t*e plea,-re

re,-lt' ' re7o1al5 t*e po3er -/er Art'4le 89#(8) 4aot be e@er4',e/ '

a arb'trar:5 4apr'4'o-, or -rea,oable 7aer T*e po3er 3'll *a1e to be

e@er4',e/ ' rare a/ e@4ept'oal 4'r4-7,ta4e, .or 1al'/ a/ 4o7pell'

rea,o, T*e 4o7pell' rea,o, are ot re,tr'4te/ to t*o,e e-7erate/ b:

t*e pet't'oer (t*at ', p*:,'4al7etal /',ab'l't:5 4orr-pt'o a/ be*a1'o-r

-be4o7' o. a Go1eror) b-t are o. a 3'/er a7pl't-/e W*at 3o-l/ be

4o7pell' rea,o, 3o-l/ /epe/ -po t*e .a4t, a/ 4'r4-7,ta4e, o. ea4*

4a,e

99


56/57

(''') A Go1eror 4aot be re7o1e/ o t*e ro-/ t*at *e ', o-t o. ,:4

3't* t*e pol'4'e, a/ '/eolo'e, o. t*e U'o Go1er7et or t*e part: '

po3er at t*e Cetre Nor 4a *e be re7o1e/ o t*e ro-/ t*at t*e U'o

Go1er7et *a, lo,t 4o.'/e4e ' *'7 It .ollo3, t*ere.ore t*at 4*ae '

o1er7et at Cetre ', ot a ro-/ .or re7o1al o. Go1eror, *ol/'

o..'4e to 7a;e 3a: .or ot*er, .a1o-re/ b: t*e e3 o1er7et

('1) A, t*ere ', o ee/ to a,,' rea,o,5 a: re7o1al a, a 4o,e6-e4e

o. 3't*/ra3al o. t*e plea,-re 3'll be a,,-7e/ to be 1al'/ a/ 3'll be ope to

ol: a l'7'te/


57/57

T' #3$ No.66( o! 899:

9! I 1'e3 o. o-r /e4','o ' WP(C) No!"# o. !$$%5 t*', Tra,.er

Pet't'o ', /',7',,e/

+++++++++CJI

( G &ala;r',*a)

++++++++++J

(S H apa/'a)

+++++++++J

(R V Ra1ee/ra)

+++++++++J

(& S-/er,*a Re//:)

Ne3 Del*'? +++++++++J

Ma: =5 !$8$ (P Sat*a,'1a7)

9=

sc constitution bench on governors

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