saturday centennial high school model united nations ... 1 1, n ovember 2 017 centennial high school...

Saturday 11, November 2017

Centennial High School Model United Nations Conference – DISEC

Dear Delegates, Hello, Delegates! My name is Sydney Kelley, and I am a sophomore at Centennial High School. I joined Model United Nations my freshman year, and I have loved everything about it. This year, I am serving as my school’s spring coordinator. Within my school, I am also involved in Model Congress and Girl Up, and I play softball and piano outside of school. I look forward to chairing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) committee, and I hope you all have a wonderful experience at this conference full of learning, rich debate, and fun! Hello, Delegates! My name is Joseph Pereira, and I am a senior at Mount Saint Joseph’s High School. I have been in Model UN since freshman year, and wouldn’t trade it for the world! I am now Secretary General for the MSJ Model UN club, and I have earned a couple awards over the years. I do various other things like Drama and ballroom dance classes. I hope to be able to see some great debate at this conference, and can’t wait to see what you do! The topic of Russian Interference is a pressing issue that is commonly debated in current political matters. This interference ranges from economical to militarial, and must be dealt considering world events in recent history. Our main discussion points will be the Ukrainian situation, Syrian Civil War, interference in the US election, and the CrashOverride weapon. We hope you find this topic as fascinating as we do, and cannot wait to see what you decide to do at the conference! Sincerely, Sydney Kelley Joseph Pereira CHSMUNC 2017 NATO Co-Chairs

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 to stop the Soviet Union from gaining power. The original members of NATO were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Britannica 2017). Currently, there are 28 member states, in addition to 22 involved in a peace partnership (World Atlas 2017). NATO membership has since be open to any European country, and had at first been used to gain an advantage on the USSR by adding Greece and Turkey into the alliance. NATO enlargement primarily pushed central Europe during the Cold War. When West Germany became a part of NATO, Several Soviet countries joined to create the Warsaw Pact, which was established for mutual protection and military action. (History 2017). The goal of NATO is to respond militarily to encounters that endanger or threaten the member states or allies. The Cold War was a time of tension, however due to the development of nuclear weapons, both sides, Russia and the United States, were unwilling to provoke one another militarily. Thus, the role in the Cold War was preventing military action, which was successful in that no military battles were fought throughout the period (NATO 2016). When the Cold War ended, NATO opened up to include several previously Soviet nations, ranging from Albania to Estonia. In Ace Guard (1991), NATO successfully assisted Kuwait in reobtaining autonomy after Iraq’s invasion. Iraq, under Hussein’s control, invaded Kuwait to obtain resources and power. Turkey had called for help, and NATO sent assistance in the form of goods and services. Additional actions of NATO include providing humanitarian efforts when needed. In Operation Allied Goodwill (February 1992-March 1992), NATO worked on several relief efforts following the downfall of the Soviet Union, a time in which many individuals needed help due to the economic need for aid. NATO helped to relieve this damage by providing aid to Russia and surrounding nations in need. NATO works together to prevent attacks from all countries participating in the agreement. Other goals include the stabilization of Europe and the promotion of democratic governments. The organization has grown and now works as a collective security group to help maintain peace and stability of member countries and partners.

Topic: Russian Interference

Russia has taken an active role in many other nation’s affairs. Many claim that they often attempt to sway elections or political events and use acts of aggression in order to benefit

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themselves or their allies. For example, Russia has annexed Crimea from Ukraine and has been accused of interfering in the elections of several nations. It must be determined how to effectively address the current claims of Russian interference, as well as creating methods to handle future actions. There are numerous instances in which Russia has adopted policies of internationalism. Provided here are some of the more recent actions taken by Russia.

Annexation of Crimea

Russia-Ukraine relations have been tense and strained for a long period of time. The transfer of power within Crimea began in 1783 when it was annexed from Ukraine by the Russian empire. Population wise, Crimea’s demographic is 58% Russian and 24% Ukrainian (BBC 2016). Control of Crimea has shifted between Russia and Ukraine multiple times throughout history. Crimea was a part of Russia from 1783 until 1954, when Khrushchev gave it to Kiev. Since then, it had been a part of Ukraine, despite maintaining close cultural ties to Russia. Because Russia was, “Angry over Ukrainian support for USA and it(s) move away from Moscow” (Modern Diplomacy 2017), Russia annexed Crimea under President Vladimir Putin’s orders in 2014. First, pro-Russian protesters following Yanukovych’s removal from office demanded that a prime minister be

appointed. Sergei Aksenov, a pro-Russian politician was appointed as prime minister, and he asked for help from Russia. Russia claimed no interest in Crimea, and denied that unidentified military in Ukraine was Russian. A referendum vote displayed a vast majority of Crimean residents wanted to be a part of Russia, and soon after joined the Russian Federation (Now This 2015). However, this annexation was widely condemned. The United States in response imposed several

sanctions on Russia and Ukraine that damaged the Russian Economy.

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The long history of Russia-Ukraine relations, including close cultural connections, made Crimea a valuable asset that Russia desired, despite Khrushchev giving it to Ukraine in 1954 (The Week, 2017). Despite being controlled by Russia, it is considered an autonomous part of Ukraine today. Russian Separatists

Since the fall of the USSR, Russia has meddled in several revolutions, including the Ukrainian Crisis, in which the rebels are Pro-Russian and supported by Russia. Each of these wars have created “semi-autonomous” states. Each of these states recognize each other, though most of the world refuses to. These states are Abkhazia (located in Georgia), South Ossetia (located in Georgia), Transnistria (located in Moldova), the Donetsk People's Republic (located in Ukraine), and the Luhansk People's Republic (located in Ukraine). Each of these exists in part or fully due to Russian support, both economically and militarily.

Abkhazia: Abkhazia is a breakaway region of Georgia, declaring independence in 1999

after having run autonomously for 6 years, that is located along the Russian-Georgian border. Russia supports and recognizes its independence, and has been a key factor in the state’s survival. It currently has Russian forces willingly defending the nation, and its president has

vocalized desires to join Russia.

South Ossetia: South Ossetia is a region in Georgia along the Russian-Georgian border that gained semi-autonomy after a war between Georgia and Russia in 2008, where Russia won. After this war, Russia recognized the region as independent, along with Abkhazia, and began working to defend the fledgling nation. The region currently has

Russian forces protecting it, manning the border with Georgia, and has removed border checkpoints from the border with Russia. Georgia fears that this may lead to Russia’s annexation of the territory.

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Transnistria (Also Trans-Dniester): Transnistria is a semi-autonomous region in Moldova, located along the border with Moldova and Ukraine. The region declared independence in 1990, and fought Moldova until 1992 when a ceasefire was agreed upon. Peace talks between Moldova, Transnistria, Russia, Ukraine, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) have all currently failed, leading to Transnistria

becoming a failing state in economic dependence of Russia. A referendum in September 2006 reaffirmed the region’s desire for independence from Moldova, and backed a plan that would leave to integration with Russia.

Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR): The DPR and LPR are newer states that emerged from the crisis in Ukraine back in 2014 after the Ukrainian Revolution. In this revolution, due to mass protests and overwhelming support, the previous president, President Viktor Yanukovych, and his government were ousted by Parliament. This lead to the counterrevolution in the eastern part of the country, which is where the DPR and LPR are located now. These regions have had a relationship with each other since their formations, and even attempted making a confederation in 2015, before disbanding the project. It is now known that the Pro-Russian

separatists in the regions were assisted by Russian forces under the DPR and LPR banners. These nations have been protected and recognized by Russia, and both regions desire to ultimately join Russia. These regions are now completely dependent on Russia for survival.

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One can now see that Russia has a trend of supporting rebellions that ultimately lead to proxy states who ally with Russia and desire to join Russia. NATO does not recognize any of these states, and sees all of them as belonging to their respective nations. These nations, primarily the Ukrainian ones, show that Putin’s desire to protect the Russian people can lead to causing fighting and turmoil through the creation of puppet states. NATO should recognise this, and take appropriate actions to respond to Russia’s trend of attempted state making. The Syrian Civil War

Bashar al-Assad became the president of Syria in 2000, after the death of his father. The official start of the Syrian Civil War started as a result of peaceful protesters being shot by forces in 2011. In 2013, Barack Obama, the president at the time, announced that Assad using chemical weapons would lead to military action

“A red line for us is we start seeing a whole bunch of chemical weapons moving around or being utilized. That would change my calculus.” -Barack Obama, 2013

Despite these warnings, Assad used chemical weapons to kill nearly 1500 civilians

(Politico 2017). In September 2013, the United States and Russia agreed to jointly remove Syrian chemical weapons. President Obama encouraged bombing Syria, however it lacked congressional support and failed. However, the U.S. trained Syrian Rebels so they would be able to fight Assad’s regime. However, when ISIS is formed in February 2014 after they broke away from the rebels, the United States shifted focus to fight ISIS. The U.S. created a program through The Pentagon that would train Syrian rebels willing to fight ISIS. However, the program fails. The United States did not share focus with many other groups, which made it difficult to take action without taking a major role in the war themselves. In September 2014, the U.S. bombed ISIS, displaying the shift of focus from Assad to ISIS.

In September 2015, Russia bombed Syrian Rebels. In 2016, Assad, with the assistance of allies, retakes

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Aleppo. This takes away a large portion of rebel power. In 2017, Assad uses chemical weapons, killing 85 people (Vox 2017). The U.S., now run by Donald Trump, conducted airstrikes attacking Syria launching 59 Tomahawk Missiles into a Syrian air base. Though Donald Trump had originally agreed not to focus on Assad, the reemergence of chemical weapons changed his viewpoint as reflected by the actions involving the Tomahawk Missiles.

As a result of the Syrian Civil War as a whole, 465,000 Syrians have been killed (Al Jazeera 2017). Many areas of Syria are in ruins as a result of years of conflict. As a result of the turmoil, 5.1 million people have become refugees, attempting to find safety elsewhere, going to countries including Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan (World Vision 2017). Different countries have different policies on refugees. In the past few years alone, Canada and Germany have accepted more than 40,000 refugees each, and the United States has accepted over 15,000 refugees (Migration Policy). There are still many people that are still displaced from the Syrian conflicts.

Aggression on the Baltic States Several Russian aircrafts have been spotted over the Baltic Sea, including bombers and unidentified warplanes. In January 2015, Norwegian Fighter Jets determined that six aircrafts, consisting of bombers, fighter jets, and tankers were flying over Baltic States, endangering three Baltic States according Michael Fallon, the British Defense Secretary (Arizona State University 2017). The chief analyst of SÄPO, Wilhelm Unge, stated that, “There are hundreds of Russian intelligence officers around

Europe and the West. They violate our territory every day.” In June 2016, a Russian aircraft, “Entered Estonian airspace without permission near Vaindloo Island” (Baltic Times 2016). A plethora of other similar events have occurred in which the rights of the Baltic states were violated.

Interference In Elections

Ukraine The LA Times reports that in the 2004 and 2014 Ukrainian elections, “Malware

was used to infect the servers at Ukraine’s central election commission” (LA Times 2017). The alleged cyber attack is said to have altered the results. The results indicate Petro Poroshenko, a politician who seeks to build the relationship between the Ukraine and Russia (BBC 2014). The

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blame for the hacking has been attributed to CyberBerkut, a pro-Russia hacking organization (USA Today 2017).

U.S. Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election has not been proven, however it has been a

major topic of conversation in recent months. United States President Donald Trump has declared that Russia did not meddle in the 2016 U.S. election, and several others agree. However, the Obama administration received confidential that suggests otherwise. The Obama administration took several steps to try to prevent this from happening, but they have said they felt they could not take enough action (Washington Post 2017). It is also clear that Vladimir Putin had a vested interest in the election, as he had priorly condemned Hillary Clinton, the other major party candidate, when she was the United States Secretary of State, as she had made allegations against Russians and spoken against their actions.

Other Nations: Many other nations also suggest that Russia hacked their elections to skew the results a

certain way including: ❖ Estonia ❖ France ❖ Bulgaria ❖ Germany ❖ Poland

Crash Override Crash Override is a software program that can shut down electrical networks and take down entire power grids. This weapon is in the hands of Russia, and has priorly been used on Western Ukraine in December of 2015. This mean that there were power outages across Kiev, the affected region for several hours. This technology, however, has the potential to cause outages for longer (Ars Technical 2017). Crash Override is a powerful weapon in today’s society, and has

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the potential to be used in the future against other nations of Russia’s choosing. Experts say that it is likely that it will be used again. This could be used on many other countries to temporarily limit their defense or cause chaos. It also has the potential to be enhanced to stop necessities such as water and gas from being distributed (Wired 2017).

Past UN and International Actions

In November 2016, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution in favor of Ukraine’s autonomy and against the annexation that had occurred in Crimea by condemning the actions. This demonstrates a prior stance towards the sovereignty of other nations. (Ukraine UN, 2016) Russia has vetoed several UN resolutions in the past to protect itself as well as allies. For example, when the United Nations attempted to address the chemical weapons used in Syria with a

resolution condemning and encouraging investigation, Russia vetoed the resolution to protect their Syrian allies (The Hill 2017).

In response to the airstrike the United States launched to Syria, Russia’s deputy UN envoy, Vladimir Safronkov stated, “We strongly condemn the illegitimate actions by the U.S. The consequences of this for regional and international stability could be extremely serious.”

When Russia took over Crimea, Australia imposed sanctions on Russia (ABC 2014). The United States also imposed sanctions on eleven politicians in Russia that were involved in the annexation, limiting their ability to travel. The European Union also took several actions against Russia in response to the annexation. An EU-Russia Summit was cancelled, bans on goods were established in Crimea, and 150 people had their assets frozen (Europa 2017). In response to the imposed sanctions, Russia requested that over 300 U.S. diplomats in Russia leave (Guardian 2017).

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Bloc Positions

Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America

These nations are considered to be the more powerful nations in NATO, and are also the farthest away geographically from Russia. Nonetheless, Russia’s political and economic power can still be seen as a cause of fear for these nations. The nuclear arsenal possessed by Russia is also another huge concern for these nations. These nations mostly care about maintaining Russian relations for security purposes, and are the most capable of leading a defense of NATO should a war break out. This bloc’s main goals should be maintaining the peace with Russia and making sure NATO members and partners are protected, while at the same time stopping Russia from expanding too far and interfering in other nation’s politics. Recently, Russia has been interfering with the US presidential election by hacking into the Democratic National Committee’s email servers and releasing emails via wikileaks that helped to sway the general population to support now President Trump. It is not yet clear at this time if the Trump administration knew about this or was supporting the effort.

Baltic Bloc (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland)

As previous parts of the USSR, neighbors to Russia, and with large Russian populations, these nations are the most endangered of being attacked. When these nations were admitted into NATO, it has weakened Russia’s influence in Europe and in general. It is troubling for Russia to have NATO members on its border, as it shows the fragility of Russia’s borders. If Russia ever wanted to invade, it could claim that the Russians in these nations are endangered and need to be saved. This, combined with economic dependence on Russia and weaker than necessary military presence in the region, are concerns that could become dangerous for these nations. The defense of these nations is of the highest concern for this bloc, both militarily and economically.

Recently, NATO has put four multinational defense missions in place in these nations. These

missions are led by the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, and the United States, who are

protecting Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland respectively. Other allies are also contributing,

such as France is to the Estonia mission.

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Western Bloc (France, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Portugal)

This group of western nations, except for Spain and Germany, are the founders of NATO, alongside the US, UK, and Canada. Today NATO is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. As the alliance becomes increasingly tense and nervous, Germany has consistently offered the idea of communications and dialogue with Russia. Germany is even debating removing some sanctions from Russia. This has lead to a revitalized discussion of Russia’s political power. It has convinced Armenia and the Ukraine to stop talking to the EU and instead negotiate with Russia. These nations are farther from Russia than others, and also less dependent on Russia. This bloc is more focused on making sure nations are still capable of negotiating as they see fit, and stopping Russia from repeating what happened in Armenia and the Ukraine. This bloc also is most likely to propose some sort of further dialogue and peace with Russia.

Eastern Bloc (Czech Republic, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and Croatia)

After the Cold War, these nations were inducted into NATO in order to help facilitate democracies and capitalists nations. These new members are no longer like their previous Warsaw Pact incarnations, and now are important members in the defense of Europe. These nations, alongside the Baltic Bloc and Southern Bloc, would become the frontline of a war. These nations also have some dependence on Russia for economic stability. A war breaking out is something that this bloc would want to avoid until the last possible second.

Southern Bloc (Greece and Turkey)

These two nations were the first to join NATO after its founding. Though originally for strategic purposes in the Cold War, they now have become key members of NATO. Turkey has activated the mutual defense article of the alliance more times than any other nation, and was strategic in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Greece helped to solidify an alliance border, and would have been able

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to help Turkey quickly in case of an attack. However, their nations are currently undergoing a bit of a crisis, Greece with a migration issue and Turkey with its decrease in democracy. This bloc is most concerned about fixing their respective issues, and are most likely to decide that NATO isn’t worth it anymore and leave.

Questions a Resolution Must Answer:

1. What is your country’s stance on Russian interference? Should Russia be condemned for prior acts of internationalism and interference? 2. At what point is Russian interference unacceptable? What should the consequences be if Russia goes beyond what is deemed acceptable? 3. What should NATO do if a member is attacked? If a partner is attacked? If a European nation is attacked? 4. What measures can countries take to prevent interference in their elections? Should this prevention and autonomy be prioritized? 5. Can peace be kept with Russia? Should a preemptive strike be conducted in order to prevent future attacks? 6. How can we go about determining whether the multitude of allegations against Russia are true? Can any action be taken before all allegations are proven one way or another?

Suggested Resources (Optional)

The following websites are some helpful resources that can help to guide your research.

This video explains the Syrian Civil war and the parties involved: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFpanWNgfQY

To learn more about NATO as a whole:

http://www.nato.int/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization

A timeline of Russian aggression on the Baltic States

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http://www.nato.int/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFpanWNgfQY



https://www.mccaininstitute.org/russian-actions-nordic-baltics-2015-2016

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https://www.mccaininstitute.org/russian-actions-nordic-baltics-2015-2016/



References

https://www2.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_13_4/D761010XT7H55W67/D761010XT7H55W67.pdf

https://ukraineun.org/en/press-center/139-the-third-committee-of-the-unga-adopted-a-resolution-on-the-situation-of-human-rights-in-crimea/

http://www.newsweek.com/russia-crimea-ukraine-how-putin-took-territory-without-fight-640934

http://theweek.com/articles/449691/ukraines-fraught-relationship-russia-brief-history

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2016-04-18/why-putin-took-crimea

http://www.nbcnews.com/video/senate-intel-hearing-ample-examples-of-russian-interference-in-european-elections-910239299882



http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/03/04/285653335/putin-says-those-arent-russian-forces-in-crimea

http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2017/06/russia_s_power_grid_cyberweapon_is_scary.html

http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed

http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52060.htm

http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/major-nato-military-interventions.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Pact

http://www.politico.com/story/2017/04/timeline-united-states-response-syria-civil-war-237011

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/world/middleeast/syria-talks.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/world/timeline-unrest-in-syria/207/

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http://theweek.com/articles/449691/ukraines-fraught-relationship-russia-brief-history



http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/major-nato-military-interventions.html


https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Pact



https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/world/timeline-unrest-in-syria/207/







http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52060.htm



http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2016-04-18/why-putin-took-crimea





http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1272/georgia_and_russia_the_occupation_too_many_have_forgotten

https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2014/0305/Is-Transnistria-the-ghost-of-Crimea-s-future

http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37512356

https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/06/crash-override-malware-may-sabotage-electric-grids-but-its-no-stuxnet/

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18175394


https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Fwebimage%2Fcountrys%2Feurope%2Fbaltic.

htm&psig=AFQjCNH9NOs1gD-p4KeWMu91YMEtht7yfA&ust=1502651605240411

http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/05/syria-country-divided-150529144229467.html

https://www.baltictimes.com/russian_aircraft_violates_estonian_airspace/


https://www.baltictimes.com/russian_prosecutor_general_s_office_to_examine_legitimacy_of_baltic_states__lithuania_responds_angrily/

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiyoYnpwNLVAhVIl1QKHWnkBrEQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2F

news%2Fworld-europe-15047823&psig=AFQjCNG6yEH9ylpWPM1z6DfFHbLjMSgLww&ust=150

2655151585553

http://thehill.com/policy/international/un-treaties/328540-un-security-council-fails-to-pass-resolution-to-investigate

http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN1782S0

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-19/australia-sanctions-russia-ukraine/5331826

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15047823

http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/baltic.htm






http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37512356

https://www.baltictimes.com/russian_aircraft_violates_estonian_airspace/





http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-19/australia-sanctions-russia-ukraine/5331826


http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKBN1782S0










https://europa.eu/newsroom/highlights/special-coverage/eu-sanctions-against-russia-over-ukraine-crisis_en

http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-election-meddling-20170330-story.html

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/01/09/russia-engineered-election-hacks-europe/96216556/


https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/world/national-security/obama-putin-election-hacking/?utm_term=.419350122875




https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiBz7SYlNPVAhUN84MKHbMGBSUQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.

uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-4392962%2FSatellite-images-destruction-Assad-s-air-base.html&psig=AF

QjCNE4802dpxs62zXY-BtTwgMY3ux-Lg&ust=1502677534054348

https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Webinar_CrisisUkraine.pdf

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjYquLPntPVAhUI2IMKHWmNDTcQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fstoryline%2Fukraine-crisis%2Fukraines-dangerous-game-why-crimea-conflict-matters-n40121&psig=AFQjCNESwleo-29rUXJD62apVKFWYGU3IA&ust=1502680155310012

https://www.britannica.com/place/Abkhazia

https://www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/syria-refugee-crisis-war-facts#where

http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/syrian-refugees-united-states

http://moderndiplomacy.eu/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2488:russian-annexation-of-crimea-is-final&Itemid=124

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYDxOnDGpHc

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http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/syrian-refugees-united-states

http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/ukraines-dangerous-game-why-crimea-conflict-matters-n40121


http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4392962/Satellite-images-destruction-Assad-s-air-base.html


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYDxOnDGpHc

http://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-election-meddling-20170330-story.html

https://www.britannica.com/place/Abkhazia








https://www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/syria-refugee-crisis-war-facts#where





https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Webinar_CrisisUkraine.pdf







https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia#/media/File:Georgia,_Ossetia,_Russia_and_Abkhazia_(en).svg


http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/02/ukraine-map-170205081953296.html

https://www.wired.com/story/crash-override-malware/

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/28/russia-cuts-us-diplomatic-presence-retaliation-sanctions

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https://www.wired.com/story/crash-override-malware/



http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2017/02/ukraine-map-170205081953296.html




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