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How to Produce Excellent Graphs in SAS Keith Cranford, Office of the Attorney General of Texas, Austin, TX  Ab s tr ac t Presenting data through graphs is a powerful, efficient method to convey information. This is only effective, though, if it is done well. Edward Tufte states, “Graphical excellence consists of complex i deas communicated with clarity, precision, and efficiency.” The goal, then, of data graphics is to tell a story as clearly as possible. This paper presents a set of principles gleaned from Tufte as well as Stephen Few that encourages quality graphical design and provides examples from SAS that follow these principles. SAS/Graph and its many options are used. Introduction Edward Tufte states, “Graphical excellence consists of complex ideas communicated with clarity, precision, and efficiency.” Achieving this goal of graphical excellence takes for ethought and planning, along with an aw areness of what story you are trying to tell with the graph. Tufte presents five principles in the theory of data graphics which help direct graph design. While these high level principles should guide you in graph design, more practical guidance is needed in the details. Stephen Few has provided very practical advice in this area. He takes Tufte’s principles and applies them in practical situations. In particular, Few addresses the elements of graphical design by giving particular guidance in that helps direct the design of the whole graph. This approach provides the user with an easier way to follow Tufte’s more general principles. This paper presents Edward Tufte’s principles a nd supplements these with Stephen Few’s sage advice. First, the general principles are given along with a simple example. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the elements of graph design with numerous examples taken from Few's book, Show Me the Numbers. SAS/Graph is used throughout to produce all of the examples, and the code for these examples is i ncluded in an appendix.  Additionally, a short section is included on w hat not to use in data grap hics. General Principles Edward Tufte speaks of five principles in the theory of data graphics. These are • Above all else show the data • Maximize the data-ink ratio • Erase non-data-ink • Erase redundant data-ink • Revise and edit These principles help guide the development of any graph used to display data. By following these principles the story that is being told becomes clearer and easier to tell. Stephen Few restates the first principle as “Show me the numbers.” This implies that the overarching concern should be how to convey the message in the data.

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