APUSH: Test 4Chapters 20, 21, 22, a Dash of 23, Thematic Questions, and Cumulative Review

Section I: Givens

South Carolina secession document● They were mad that Lincoln won the presidency, because they liked slavery. They claimed that if

the government become “destructive,” then they have the right to alter/abolish it, so that is what they did. They claimed that only the North is deciding what is right or wrong in terms of slavery, and denying them the right of property in the constitution. Slaves are incapable of becoming citizens and their votes swayed Lincoln’s win anyways

Lincoln’s speeches on secession● Secession is only temporary and stupid. Lincoln isn’t going to interfere with slavery where it

already exists. Also, the seceders aren’t acting rationally. There is a majority and minority and the minority has to go with the majority because it is impossible to please everyone. The answer is not secession - just go along with it

Ft Sumter● Union troops tried to deliver supplies to a Fort Sumter, in the South. The South attacked and

opened fire, claiming that though it is a Union fort, it is in the South so it is theirs. Border states

● Were slaveholding states that did not secede. Very important because if they went to the South, their population would rise a lot.

● Maryland was very important because if it seceded, DC would be surrounded by the SouthUnion and Confederacy advantages and disadvantages

North South

● Population● Industry and money● Railroad and navy● Blockade on Southern cotton ports

● Were on the defensive land-wise● Territory was familiar● Great generals

King Cotton and Civil War● The South hoped to get foreign aid because they supplied cotton to all the countries. This was

not the case. Europe often liked civil war because the split made America weaker or supported the North because lot of Europe had already abandoned slavery. Europe also got a lot of cotton from India and Egypt, so they were not desperate for the south to provide

America and Britain in Civil War

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Bread riots● Without help from the North, the South realized that they could not be economically self-

sufficient. There were bread riots in Richmond because people were running out of foodDraft riots

● Though the initial plan for Union soldiers was to volunteer only, they soon ran short and forced the draft. However, the draft could be avoided with a fine. So poor people were angry (a lot in NYC) that they were forced when rich could just pay instead.

Copperheads● Portrayed by a snake, represented Northern Democrats that were sympathetic to the South and

anti war and emancipation● Northerners were also sometimes opposed because free blacks would mean less jobs for them

(blacks would take their jobs)Habeas corpus

● Habeas Corpus is a rule that states that someone cannot be thrown in prison without knowing why (which enables you to have a trial). It frees people from the government locking them up without reason. But who can suspend it?

○ Section 1 of the Constitution implies that Congress has the power, but it is not directly stated, and since the president is “commander in chief,” maybe it is in the right of the president

● Lincoln tried to suspend habeas corpus and arrest people, but pro-slavery Judge Taney (#tbt Dred Scott?) argued that the president does not have such right

West Virginia● The “mountain people” (hillbillies) did not have slaves and therefore claimed they weren’t tied

to Virginia, so they secededLincoln v Davis

● Jefferson Davis, Confederate president, could never be as strong a leader as Lincoln. By definition, the Confederacy was more loosely united, and Davis was never really popular. Lincoln was able to keep the country more united, it was a Union, and was much more popular

Economic Changes During the Civil War● Confederate currency became progressively worth less as the war drew to an end● Internal Revenue Act - progressive income tax, meaning the more you make, the more you pay● Legal Tender Act - created a stable currency and allowed for printing of paper money

Key battles● Ft Wagner (from Glory) -fortified defense made it difficult for Union to get land. Union lost at

first, but blacks fought and got respect. North actually got this territory later on though because the corpses contaminated the water

● Antietam - extremely bloody battle in which Lee lost his battle plans which was found by the North, so the North won. It was a huge battle because it convinced Europe to not help the South, and also added the idea for the North of fighting not just to unite the Union but also to end slavery. It gave a platform for Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation

● Gettysburg - Huge Northern victory. Union, lead by Meade was brave and were uphill and had bayonets. The South, under Lee, sent all his troops across an open field, which became known as

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Pickett’s Charge. This battle was crucial as it was the point where the North really began to win the war

● Vicksburg - The day after Gettysburg, Grant led the Union. He circled and captured Vicksburg and also took Jackson. This gave another Union victory and further discouraged Europe from sending aid to the South. It also gained the Mississippi River for the North which was huge, partially because it split the Confederacy in half.

McClellan● Did poorly in the early battles because he was too timid, so he was fired by Lincoln. He failed his

Peninsula Campaign and was defeated by Lee in the Seven Days Battle● As revenge, McClellan ran against Lincoln in 1864. He was more into appeasing the South and

getting the Union back together, than Lincoln with his slavery stuff. Instilled a fear that if the blacks were free they would rape white women.

Cold Harbor● Battle where Grant was willing to just keep throwing in Union soldiers, even if they died,

because he know he could defeat by outnumbering LeeAtlanta

● Burnt to the ground in Sherman’s March to the Sea. Even civilians were destroyedEmancipation Proc

● Stated that slavery in seceded states was not allowed. Since the states were seceded that didn’t actually do anything, but it was symbolic. It showed that the war had a moral cause for the North, which was to abolish slavery.

● Lincoln could not abolish slavery where it actually existed, in the Border States, because then the Border States would secede

● Was considered an executive orderBull Run and 90 day war

● Before the war, everyone thought the war would be short, only around 90 days● In Bull Run, there was a lot of pushback from both sides. It showed that the war would be bigger

than anticipated, and taught both sides the importance of organizationChamberlain

● General who defended Little Round Top; a crucial point in defending the wing in the battle of Gettysburg. He is the one that charged down the hill with bayonets after running out of ammunition, routing the confederates.

Election of 1864● McClellan was mad at Lincoln because he was fired, so ran against him. McClellan was more

sympathetic to the South● Lincoln won by creating the Union Party which united Republicans and War Democrats and

because the Union scored a lot of victories prior to the electionMiscegenation Ball

● Was interracial reproduction, a real fear of people at the time. This was used by McClellan to sway people from being sympathetic to the blacks and vote for him

Blockade● Imposed on South to stop import of cotton

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Vallandigham● Arrested for going against the Union. He fled to Canada and returned to Ohio

10% v 50% plan (Wade-Davis)● 10% - Developed during the war, Lincoln proposed this plan that if 10% of a Southern state

pledges loyalty to the Union and accepts emancipation, they can be readmitted. Followed by Johnson (he adds that the states must ratify the 13th amendment)

● 50% (Wade-Davis) - Proposed by Radical Republican who wanted to punish the South, turning the 10 percent to 50. Lincoln pocket vetoed this plan which highlights tension between the president and Congress.

Johnson● Lincoln’s successor after assassination, but not popular. He was from the South but did not join

them, so both the North and South did not like him. He was only chosen as vice president to get Lincoln more votes.

Impeachment● Radical Republican in Congress didn’t like Johnson so they tried to impeach him. They created

the Tenure of Office Act which stated that the president cannot fire anyone appointed by the Senate, because they knew Johnson was going to fire someone. Johnson fired his Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, and so he was tried for breaking the law.

● Johnson was impeached, however ⅔ Senate is needed for removal from office. The vote was one short due to fear of instability, so Johnson was ultimately not convicted.

Civil Rights Act 1866● Was a response to black codes. Stated that states cannot make laws for discrimination.

13, 14, 15th Amendments● 13th - Abolished slavery● 14th - Defined citizenship (In Dred Scott, blacks were not “citizens.”) This gets rid of the ⅗

compromise, which increases representation in the South. Some others included: Congressional Representation would be cut if blacks were denied voting, Confederate leaders disqualified from Federal offices, debt was to be assumed by federal government. First use of the word “male” in the Constitution.

● 15th - said that you can’t exclude people from voting based on race (but you can make up other excuses). Beginning of black senators

Military Reconstruction Act● Divided the South into five military districts to enforce the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments

Carpetbaggers● People who came from the North to the South to profit. The South didn’t like them

Scalawags● Southern Whites who collaborated with the North

KKK● Southern whites were upset about anti-slavery laws, so they disguised themselves and went

after blacks. They instilled a lot of fear and blacks did back offElection of 1876

● Tilden fell 1 electoral vote short of beating Hayes, as questionable states didn’t vote

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Comp of 1877● Hayes got presidency in turn for removal of military occupation in the South

Plessy v Ferguson● Stated the “separate but equal” facilities between races was okay. Of course, the facilities were

not actually “equal”Jim Crow

● Legalized segregationBlack Codes

● Wanted to be passed by South to tie blacks to their white employers, which bound blacks to work for whites for a certain amount of time.

Civil Rights Cases

Freedman’s Bureau● Granted welfare to blacks and poor whites. Provided food, clothes, health care, education.

Taught many blacks to read - biggest success.Alaska

● Seward bought Alaska from Russians. Initially criticized as “Seward’s Folly” but rewarded when gold and oil were found.

Section II: Chapter-By-Chapter Analysis

Chapter 20:Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff

The Menace of Secession

Lincoln became president and has a main goal bringing the nation back together

Main arguments were that division would not work geographically, the South would have to take national debt and figure out how to deal with runaway slaves, and we shouldn’t allow Europe to benefit from our divided country

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter

Southerners attacked a ship bringing supplies to Northern Fort Sumter in SC, and the Civil war began

Lincoln called together a military and ordered a naval blockade of Southern ports , which caused 4 more states to secede

Brother’s Blood and Border Blood

Tennessee and Virginia both had mixed views that caused a lot of conflict. The border states were slave states that hadn’t seceded and were crucial

Indians also took sides

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as they as they could potentially add population to the South (especially Maryland)

The Balance of Forces

Both sides had pros and cons. The South had to defend their land, had familiar fighting ground, and great generals. The North had a larger population, industry and money, railroads and navy, and blockaded the South’s ability to make any money from cotton.

Dethroning the Cotton King

The South hoped to gain support from Europe as they supposedly relied on the South for cotton, but it wasn’t the case. England actually mostly rooted for division of the US or supported the North.

The North sent them lots of other food, England had a lot of saved cotton due to a boom in India and Egypt, and were already anti-slavery

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy

England half-way supported the South which can be seen in the Trent Affair, the Alabama, and the British building of raider ships for the south

Foreign Flare-Ups There was a lot of conflict on the Canadian border with the addition of Laird Rams and on Mexico when the Monroe Doctrine was violated when a puppet king was put in place

President Davis Versus President Lincoln

The confederacy was not as stable because by definition, it was less united. Davis was unpopular and Lincoln was more relaxed and established

Limitations on Wartime Liberties

Lincoln took many liberties with the Constitution but claimed it was ok due to the split nation

Some specifics included increasing the army, sent money to military citizens, suspended habeas corpus, swayed border states to his favor, and declared martial law in Maryland

Volunteers and Draftees: North and South

At first, the war was volunteer only, but then they had to draft. In both North and South, someone could pay to avoid the draft, so more poor people ended up fighting. There were riots from the poor over this in NYC

The Economic Stresses of War

The war brought a lot of economic difficulties Many steps were taken to try and fix the economy, such as the Morrill Tariff Act, use of paper money, bonds, and the National Banking System

The North Economic Boom

The North’s economy boomed, as millionaires were born, profiteers scammed the government, new machinery was utilized, and women began

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taking on roles

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom

The Southern economy suffered a ton, but still tried to fight back

QuestionsWhy did the South fire the first shots of the Civil War? How did that assault and Lincoln’s call for troops galvanize both sides for war and lead to the secession of four more Southern states?

● The South fired the first shots because the North was trying to ship supplies to Fort Sumter, a fort in Southern territory.

● When Lincoln called for troops, it validated the war for both sides. He asked Northerners to be troops and showed the Southerners that the war was legit. It showed that he was completely taking the Northern side and so 4 more states seceded.

What were the strengths and weaknesses of both sides as they went to war, and why were the Border States so critical to the balance of forces?

North South

● Population● Industry and money● Railroad and navy● Blockade on Southern cotton ports

● Were on the defensive land-wise● Territory was familiar● Great generals

● The Border States were crucial because though they had slavery, they were not yet ready to secede. If they joined the South, they would be giving the South a much needed population boost. Everyone wanted to please them to gain favor. Lincoln specifically used martial law with Maryland to maintain the state so as not to leave Washington DC stranded.

Why was the issue of British and French recognition of the Confederacy so central to the diplomacy of both sides?

● Foreign aid would overall give a lot of support○ England - South tried to push for help, but it fell through often

■ Trent Affair - Northerner stopped the British ship the Trent and took 2 Southerners, which England got mad about and demanded their release. Lincoln did not want to fight with both sides, so he released them

■ The Alabama - was a Southern ship that was manned by Brits and never docked in the South. The situation made the North angry

■ The British planned to build raider ships for the South (though stopped out of fear that it would haunt them)

■ The British sent laid rams which were designed to destroy Northern ships, and there was a bit of fighting on the Canadian border

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○ France■ Violated the Monroe Doctrine, which had said that people could not come near

America. They sent a puppet government in Mexico under Maximilian who was left behind when Americans set up to march to Mexico after the war.

How did Lincoln and Davis each mobilize their nation’s forces and shape the moral and political character of the struggle?

● Davis a had lot of trouble because by definition, the confederacy was weaker and loosely united. He was also unpopular and stubborn

● Lincoln was called “Honest Abe” and was head of a more legitimate, unified country. He did overstep the Constitution a lot though but justified it in saying that they were in a time of crisis

What were the economic and social consequences of the war for both sides, including its effects on the roles of women?Economic

● The Morrill Tariff Act raised the tariff● The government printed green money - “greenbacks”● Sales of bonds● Establishment of the National Banking System, which standardized a money, enabled the

government to regulate the quantity of money, and foreshadowed the Federal Reserve System today

● Lots of inflation● Economic boom in the North due to new machinery, oil, and profiteers ● South suffered a lot economically● Women often disguised as men and went to fight

Social● Some women took healthcare route. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female doctor, Clara

Barton start the Red Cross, Dorothea Dix made nursing more profession in the North and Sally Tompkins did in the South

Chapter 21:Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff

Bull Run Ends the “Ninety Day War”

The Battle of Bull run showed that the war would not be short as expected (90 days). Both sides were disorganized and therefore when the South eventually won, they could not further pursue

This is where “Stonewall Jackson” got his name - the battle was back and forth but he held his line

“Tardy George” McClellan and the Peninsula

General McClellan was generally too hesitant and tried to do the Peninsula Campaign, in which he would capture Richmond. In the Seven Day’s Battle, Robert E Lee pushed

The Northern plan was blockade, divide, and conquer, also known and the Anaconda

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Campaign the North back which was a huge Southern victory Plan (Winfield Scott)

The War At Sea The Northern blockade was imposed and Britain was annoyed but never skirted around it like Southern smugglers.

The South tried to fight back with the Merrimack ship, but the North’s Monitor won which marked the end of wooden ships

The Pivotal Point: Antietam

In the battle of Antietam, Lee’s battle plans were lost and found by the North, which pulled a huge Northern victory

Important effects: convinced Europe to not support South, gave North a moral fighting foundation, boosted morale, and allowed for Emancipation Proclamation

A Proclamation Without Emancipation

The proclamation did not actually free anyone, as it only applied to seceded states (not border states, so as not to anger them), and states claiming not to be in the Union would not have to follow Union law. Also, the president does not have authority to just free slaves - and the proclamation didn’t - if it did, there wouldn’t be a 13th amendment.

It really gave the North a cause - now they were fighting both for Union unification and the abolition of slavery. It also gave slaves hope and encouraged them to run away from their masters.

Blacks Battle Bondage

Blacks joined the Union army but were treated especially harshly when fought by South. When North conquered territory, the slaves were emancipated

Lee’s Last Lunge at Gettysburg

At Gettysburg, Lee was defeated and from there on the South’s fortunes declined.

Three months later, Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address to boost morale

The War in the West

In Vicksburg, Grant came in, circled the city and took both Vicksburg and Jackson

Sherman Scorches Georgia

General William Sherman seized Atlanta, Georgia and burnt the land (civilians included - total war) from Atlanta to Savannah in his March to the Sea

The Politics of War

There were many that opposed Lincoln’s decisions from all ends. The Radical Republicans wanted Lincoln to be harsher, and the Peace Democrats opposed the war and punishing the South entirely

The Election of 1864

In the election of 1864, Lincoln faced McClellan and his supporters but won because the Union was succeeding and he was pro unity so he got votes from all over

Took Johnson as his VP to garner the support of Southern-leaning voters

Grant Outlasts Lee

Grant was persistent in fighting despite heavy casualties because he knew he could tried the South. Finally, the

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Confederate capital of Richmond was captured and Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse

The Martyrdom of Lincoln

Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth days after his victory, thurs becoming a “martyr” (dying a hero).

The South actually would have been better off with Lincoln than with the Radical Republicans who replaced him

The Aftermath of the Nightmare

The Civil war was bad because of cost, casualties, destruction to the South, and animosity. It was good because it abolished slavery and set up the US on the world stage. Also helped strengthen the North as an industrial powerhouse.

QuestionsHow did the Northern defeat in the First Battle of Bull Run and the Peninsula Campaign transform the Civil War from a limited struggle for the Union to a total war against slavery?

● First Battle of Bull Run - beforehand, people thought the battle would be short (90 days). At this battle, both sides were disorganized and unprepared, and went back and forth a lot. The South won but could not push further into the North because they were so disorganized. Both sides recognized the importance of planning and preparation, and the deep struggle on both sides throughout the battle showed that the war was going to be more intense

● Peninsula Campaign - McClellan wanted to capture confederate capital of Richmond. However, confederate Jeb Stuart’s army went around McClellan and Robert E Lee crushed McClellan in the Seven Days Battle. The North then realized that the battle would not be quick and easy as anticipated. It initiated the execution of the Anaconda Plan which focused on blockade, divide, and conquer.

What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam, Vicksburg, and Gettysburg as key turning points of the Civil War?Antietam

● Finally gave the North a victory● Convinced Europe to not send aid to the South● Gave Lincoln a good time to announce the Emancipation Proclamation. With the proclamation,

not only was the North trying to unify the Union, but now also fighting to abolish slaveryVicksburg

● Was the day after Gettysburg and pushed more for a Northern win● Basically denied all chances of the South getting help from Europe● Cut the Confederacy in half by conquering the Mississippi River

Gettysburg ● Was the real turning point battle. After Gettysburg, the North really began to win most battles

and the war turned to the NorthWhat were the strengths and limits of the Emancipation Proclamation, and what role did AAs play in the Union War effort?

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Strengths● Gave the war another cause (abolition of slavery)● Kept the Border States happy by allowing them to have slaves● Gave slaves hope

Limits● Didn’t actually do anything. No slaves were actually freed until the 13th Amendment because it

only made slavery in the Confederacy illegal (who wouldn't listen to the law anyways) and not in the Border States

● Only freed the slaves in the Confederacy, which Lincoln had no power over. He had to keep slavery in the Union because of the Constitution and the border states.

AAs● Eventually composed 10% of the Union Army but were executed when captured by

ConfederatesWhat were Lincoln’s central political problems with the Copperheads and Peace Democrats, and how did he successfully outmaneuver them to win reelection in 1864?Copperheads

● Faced conflict when they went against him for reelection● He won because he invented the Union Party which focused on uniting everyone, and he also

scored victories for the Union which got him supportersPeace Democrats

● Didn’t like the war and were sympathetic towards the South. Noteworthy person was Vallandigham who was tried for treason

How did Sherman’s “March to the Sea” and Grant’s 1864-1865 campaign in Virginia finally complete the Union’s grand military strategy and force Lee’s surrender?Sherman’s “March to the Sea”

● Complete the grand military strategy because it divided Georgia (part of “divide”)● Cut off Lee from behind

Grant’s 1864-1865 Campaign● Were bloody battles that basically just tired out the South. Grant risked casualties but eventually

got surrender and victory● Led to capture of Richmond, the capital, which surrendered, leading to Union victory

Chapter 22:Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff

The Problems of Peace

Now that the war was over, there were still many questions. What will happen to blacks? How will the country re-unite? Who will make decisions?

Freedman After the war, slaves were in a tough confusing situation about Blacks flocked to churches but

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Define Freedom

their roles. Some stayed on the plantation, some fled North, and there was some violence.

were not able to get education

The Freedmen’s Bureau

The Freedmen's Bureau, started by General O.O. Howard, was welfare to the blacks. It provided food, clothes, health care, and education. The biggest accomplishment was literacy

Southerners were opposed and Johnson tried to kill it

Johnson: The Tailor President

Johnson was Southern, so Northerners didn’t like him, but still didn’t want to secede, so Southerners didn’t like him.

Presidential Reconstruction

Lincoln was in favor of the 10% Plan, which would readmit the South if 10% of the South pledged loyalty and accepted emancipation. Radical Republicans countered with the Wade-Davis Bill where 50% of South would need to take an oath and safeguard blacks.

When Johnson took over, he obeyed the 10% plan with some additions: leading Confederates couldn't vote, secession ordinances repealed, Confederate debts repudiated, states had to ratify 13th amendment.

The Baleful Blacks Codes

The South still needed a labor force, so they established black codes, which tied the free blacks slaves to their white owners by stating that the blacks had to work for a certain time period (or be punished)

Also banned blacks from serving on juries and renting land

Congressional Reconstruction

Southern Congressmen wanted to be admitted back, and the Radical Republicans were not happy. Johnson allowed them back and they actually had influence now that the ⅗ compromise was over (blacks now counted as full citizens, so popular and thereby representation from South went up)

Johnson Clashes with Congress

Johnson vetoed a lot of proposal from Congress such as the Civil Rights Bill and so Congress passed the 14th amendment

The amendment gave civil rights and full citizenship to blacks. This entailed not the right to vote but the forbidding of denial to vote based on race

Swinging Round the Circle with Johnson

Johnson went around the country to make speeches and gain supporters, but Congress’s approach to Reconstruction overall triumphed

Republican Principles and Programs

The Moderate Republicans supported less extreme Reconstruction without interference of the Federal government. The Radical Republicans wanted major and radical social change in the South. Both wanted the blacks to get voting rights

Reconstruc In the Reconstruction Act, the North divided up the South and

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tion By Sword

put military in there to make sure they obeyed laws. The South had to ratify the 14th Amendment and accept black suffrage, and to ensure this, the 15th Amendment was passed

No Women Voters

Though blacks got more rights, women did not. Stanton and Anthony were upset that the 14th Amendment did not include discrimination against gender along with “race, color, and previous servitude”

The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

Blacks became organized through Union Leagues, black women did not really get any rights, blacks began to serve in Congress, and the white South had many carpetbaggers who were Northerners that came to the South and scalawags who were sympathetic to the North

The Ku Klux Klan

The South fought back. The Ku Klux Klan was established and instilled fear to get blacks to back off

Whites also tried to prevent blacks from voting with literacy tests. When whites were also illiterate, understanding clauses and grandfather clauses were performed to enable illiterate whites to vote

Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank

The Radical Republicans disliked Johnson and plotted to impeach him. They knew he was planning to fire Edwin Stanton so they passed the Tenure of Office Law which stated that the president could not fire anyone approved by the Senate. When Johnson fired Stanton, they claimed he was breaking the law and voted to impeach

A Not Guilty Verdict for Johnson

To impeach, ⅔ vote is needed. They fell one vote short because of the fear of instability so Johnson stayed

The Purchase of Alaska

William Seward bought Alaska from the Russians. He was initially criticized but redeemed when oil and gold were found

The Heritage of Reconstruction

The South hated reconstruction as it was shameful. Because the whites tried to find sneaky ways to harm the blacks, the blacks suffered as well despite attempted civil rights movements

QuestionsWhat were the major problems facing the South and the nation after the civil war?

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● What to do with freed blacks?● How will South and North be reunited?● Who will make decisions?● How to rebuild South?

How did AAs and whites, Southerners and Northerners, respond to the end of slavery and conduct race relations under new conditions of freedom?AAs

● Some stayed on plantations, some fled. Many turned to churches● Began to serve in Congress

Southerners● Established black codes that tied free blacks to whites by forcing them to work for a certain

period of time. They also set a lot of restrictions and punished them.● Tried to regain power in Congress● Establishment of the KKK to try and “set blacks in their places”

Northerners● Radical Republicans wanted many and major changes for blacks

What were the actual effects of congressional reconstruction in the South, and how did militant white opposition and growing Northern apathy eventually bring an end to Reconstruction in the Compromise of 1877?Effects

● Johnson allowed Southern Congressmen to come back● Blacks began to serve in Congress

Opposition and apathy● Radical Republicans upset that Southern Congressmen came back●

What were the primary successes and failures of Reconstruction, and what legacy did it leave for later generations of Americans?Success

● Restore and unified the nation● Gave blacks rights● Subdued the South● Alaska?

Failures● South was ashamed● Whites trying to sneak around law and persecute blacks

Chapter 23 (360-361):Title Key Idea Other Important Stuff

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The Hayes-Tilden Standoff 1876

Tilden was one vote short of the Presidency in 1876, but the election was at a stalemate as 4 states did not vote`

The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

A compromise (from right) was that Hayes would get the presidency, but he would remove the military in the South. This left blacks alone without military protection

Since nobody was winning, Congress passed an Electoral Count Act which was a commission of 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats. Democrats were annoyed and filibustered the process.

The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South

Blacks had to become sharecroppers, which entailed never-ending debt. Then, Jim Crows laws legalized segregation. According to Plessy v. Ferguson, they could have segregation for blacks as whites so long as it was “equal” (it wasn’t)

Section III: Thematic Questions

1. Describe the role the Supreme Court has played in shaping American life from 1800-1896. Choose 2 eras to make your points.

Jefferson Era● Marbury vs. Madison - established judicial review. Jefferson wanted to fire a justice appointed

by Adams, and was granted this power by Marshall.Era of Good Feelings

● McCulloch vs. Maryland - states cannot tax the government● Gibbons vs. Ogden - government is allowed to regulate interstate commerce● Fletcher vs. Peck - must honor a contract despite state laws (bribery)● Dartmouth vs. Woodward - must honor a contract despite the states

Industrialization● Commonwealth vs. Hunt - legalized labor unions● Taney said that rights of a community is more important than contract

Pre Civil War● Dred Scott - slaves are property, and the court cannot revoke property. also, Congress cannot

outlaw slaveryReconstruction

● Ex Parte Milligan - military court cannot try civilians when civil court are present● Plessy v. Ferguson - “separate but equal” facilities for different races are legal

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2. How did relations with the British change between 1792 and 1860?First, neutral

● The nation was split about supporting England or France in their war. Federalists wanted to support England because it would be economically advantageous and Democratic-Republicans wanted to support France because of the Franco-American alliance, since France helped them in the Revolutionary War. Washington put forth the Neutrality Proclamation which said that America would be neutral

Growing tensions● England was helping Indians and gave them guns against Americans and lots of impressment

began (English seized US ships)● John Jay was sent to England to smooth things over. In his treaty, war was avoided by America

agreeing to pay off lasting debt to England, and England agreeing to leave posts and pay for past impressment damages.

○ This caused a lot of tension with America because the Democratic Republicans thought it was too nice to England and looked like we were surrendering to them

○ Spain got worried that America and England were becoming too close, and offered the Pinckney Treaty where America got rights to the Mississippi River and Florida

● Jefferson wanted to stay out of English/French war and passed the Embargo Act which forbade trade with anyone. Ended up only hurting America.

War of 1812● War against England. Was a result of impressment, land possibility, resolving Indian issues

(England helped Indians), and to prove American dominance to the worldRoad to Peace

● The war was solved with the Treaty of Ghent, where no side gained anything but both just agreed to stop fighting

● The Rush Bagot Treaty limited both sides’ navy power (after conflict with Canada, a British colony)

● The Treaty of 1818 was made over the Canada border● In the Monroe Doctrine, US declared that all nations stay out of the Americas (England included)

More tensions, but peaceful overall● England flooded market with cheap good which hurt American economy● Conflict with Oregon and potential war but agreed to split it● Dispute with Canada over Maine border that led to the Aroostook War. However, it was solved

peacefully with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty and the land was split● Potential of dispute over Central America but the Clayton Bulwer Treaty said that neither

England nor America would claim itCivil war

● There was the question of England helping the South because they depended on them for cotton, but it didn’t end up happening. Uncle Tom’s Cabin discouraged them from slavery and England got cotton elsewhere

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● In the Trent Affair, a US ship stopped a British ship and took 2 Confederates. But they were released because Lincoln didn’t want to fight both the South and England

● Southern ship Alabama was manned by the British and the British almost built raider ships for the South.

● British built laird rams which were designed to destroy Northern ships. There was almost some conflict on the Canadian border

3. Choose ONE of the events listed below, and explain why your choice best represents the beginning of an American identity. Provide at least ONE piece of evidence to support your explanation and be prepared to argue against the others : The Ratification of the Constitution, Second Great Awakening and the election of 1860.

The Ratification of the Constitution● Was identity: first successful democratic government? Had many new and liberal ideas that set

America apart.● Was not identity: It could be interpreted in many ways due to its intentionally vague language.

It allowed America to become either agrarian or industrial.Second Great Awakening

● Was identity: It was where America began to develops its own culture. They began to pull away from depending on other countries’ art and developed their own:

○ Architecture - developed their own, based off Greek (Thomas Jefferson)○ Women movement - women began to fight for rights. In Europe, women were treated

far worse (rape was allowed)○ Literature - started their own unique American writing (Knickerbocker group)○ Ralph Waldo Emerson, famous transcendentalist, encouraged Americans to be

independent from Europe in art, literature, and thinking● Was not identity:

Election of 1860 (cause of secession of South Carolina, then the Civil War)● Was American identity: maybe because there are defined causes and passionate individuals.

This is a big part of american culture. Also proved that America could hold on to democracy and withstand the “ultimate test”

● Was not American identity: the war tore us apart. It did not help build identify; rather, it reversed the identity that we had already developed

4. Which represented a greater turning point in American history – the election of Jefferson or Jackson?

● Jefferson - because of peaceful transfer of power between two opposing political parties ● Jackson- Era of the Common Man.. maybe not as big of a deal as a peaceful transfer of power?..

5. Compare and contrast the causes of the American Revolution and the Civil War.

American Revolution Civil War

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● Boston Tea Party● Boston Massacre● All the acts, esp. the Intolerable Acts● Mass Government Act● First Continental Congress● Lexington & Concord● Second Continental Congress

● Slavery Issue● Dred Scott● States Rights● Uncle Tom’s Cabin● Missouri Compromise● John Brown & Harper’s Ferry● Lincoln’s Election● Southern Secession (South Carolina)

The causes of the American Revolution were mainly singular events and unfair laws passed by the British. The Colonists rebelled because they thought they were being treated unfairly (“no taxation w/o representation”) and wanted to be self-governing. Contrastingly, the Civil War began due to the opposing views of the North and South on slavery and states rights issues. Lincoln believed that the North should “fight for the Union for the sake of the Union” and prove that a government like theirs could function and could withstand some of its contingents disagreeing with its actions.

*Other notable changes: across the Atlantic, better communication and transportation, King George vs. Lincoln

6. Why did the Union win the Civil War but the British lose the Revolutionary War?

Union Won British Lost

● They had many more soldiers than the South

● Grant kept on sending out more and more soldiers until there were no more Confederate soldiers left to live and fight

● believed in their cause (unlike hessians)

● They were geographically too far from the colonies

● The colonists had more motivation to fight so they were able to defeat the British

● The British were fighting a bunch of other wars at the same time

● King George was a terrible commander

Section IV: Cumulative Review

On British-US Relations:Treaty of Paris - The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on 3 September 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War.Boycott after Rev War -

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Jays treaty- lenient treaty with british before the rev war ImpressmentChesapeake Affair- confederates captured a union ship War of 1812Treaty of GhentRush BagotMonroe DoctrineWebster-AshburtonOregonTexasCivil War issues

Section V: Terms

● Abraham Lincoln - Republican president whose election began the Civil War; president of the Union during the war

● Fort Sumter - Union fort in the South; sending supplies angered the South and triggered the Civil War

● Border States - states that had slaves but did not secede and were crucial for both sides because secession would give the South a population boost (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware)

● Martial Law - Military rule and suspension of civil authority during emergencies● Five Civilized Tribes - Indians that fought for the South● Volunteer State (Tennessee) - In Tennessee, many joined the South but some “volunteered” for

the Union● West Virginia - mountain people seceded from Virginia because they did not hold slaves and did

not want to be a part of the Confederacy● King Wheat and King Corn - bases of North economy; defeated “King Cotton” of the South● Trent Affair - when the US stopped a British ship and took 2 prisoners, but then returned them

as they did not want to upset the British● Alabama - Southern ship manned by British and never docked in South● Raider ships - ships designed to help the South● Maximilian - puppet emperor in Mexico● Confederacy - literally means “loosely bound;” name for the Southern side in the war● Jefferson Davis - Confederate president that was generally unpopular● Habeas Corpus - law that says that someone cannot be thrown into jail without knowing why;

violated by Lincoln● Morrill Tariff Act - raised the tariff and caused inflation

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● National Banking System - established a standardized money system, regulated the quantity of money

● Profiteers - scammers of the government● Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell - first female doctor● Clara Barton - founder of Red Cross● Dorothea Dix - made nursing more professional (North)● Sally Tompkins - made nursing more professional (South)● Battle of Bull Run/Manassas - first battle that was longer than anticipated; crushed ideas of

having a short “90 day” war● General Stonewall Jackson - Confederate general that held his line and won Battle of Bull Run● General George McClellan - timid general that was fired; ran against Lincoln● Richmond - Confederate capital● Peninsula Campaign - plan by McClellan to capture Richmond● Jeb Stuart - overstepped McClellan in Peninsula campaign● Robert E Lee - very good Confederate general involved in a lot of the war● Seven Days Battle - when Lee pushed McClellan back to sea; big Southern victory● General Winfield Scott - deviser of the “Anaconda Plan”● Anaconda Plan - plan to blockade, divide, conquer● Ironclad - heavily ironed ship● Merrimack - Southern ship that was chased away● Monitor - Northern ship that won● Second Battle of Bull Run - Lee victory● Battle of Antietam - bloody battle that gave the North a morale cause and a platform to

announce emancipation proclamation● Emancipation Proclamation - states that slavery in rebellion states is not allowed (not every

state so as not to upset border states)● 13th Amendment - abolished slavery● General Burnside(lost) - Northern general that was defeated at Fredericksburg● General Hooker (lost) - defeated at Chancellorsville● General Meade (won) - won at Gettysburg● Battle of Gettysburg - huge Northern victory that boosted morale and began the real Northern

victory; included Pickett’s charge● Pickett’s Charge - where Lee sent soldiers across an open field; slaughtered● Gettysburg Address - address where Lincoln boosted Northern morale following Battle of

Gettysburg● General Grant - won at Vicksburg● Vicksburg - Northern victory that gained the Mississippi River● General Sherman (total war) - divided the Southern land in “March to the Sea”● March to the Sea - scorching of Georgia, even civilians● Radical Republicans - extreme republicans who were very anti the South and slavery● Clement Vallandigham - against Lincoln and tried for treason● Copperheads - people who were against Lincoln and sympathetic to the South

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● Butternut Region - where the Copperheads lived● Union Party - party created by Lincoln to unite all parties and win the presidency● Appomattox Courthouse - where Lee surrendered to Grant● John Wilkes Booth - the man who assassinated Lincoln● Martyr - a hero that dies fighting for a cause; Lincoln thought of this way when he died just days

after the Civil war● Freedmen - blacks that were freed after the Civil War● Freedmen’s Bureau - welfare for blacks established to provide clothing, food, health care, and

education● General O.O. Howard - founder of the Freedmen's Bureau● President Andrew Johnson - successor of Lincoln, disliked by all because he was Southern but

did not secede with them● Ten percent plan - plan devised by Lincoln during the war and executed by Johnson which said

that states had to pledge loyalty and ten percent to be readmitted● Wade-Davis Bill - devised by radical republican who thought ten percent was not harsh enough;

same thing as ten percent plan, but with 50● Black codes - laws imposed on blacks to tie them to their owners that said that blacks had to

work for whites for a certain amount of time● Civil Rights Bill - made to undercut black codes● Thaddeus Stevens - big radical republican that loved helping blacks● Reconstruction Act - act that separate South into military districts to enforce the new

amendments● 13th Amendment - abolished slavery● 14th Amendment - defined black citizenship and civil rights in general● 15th Amendment - gave blacks right to vote● Ex Parte Milligan - said that military courts could not try civilians when a civil court was present● Stanton/Anthony - were upset about new blacks rights because women were not advocated for● Union League - a groups of clubs established to inform blacks about stuff● Hiram Revels - first black senator● Scalawags - Southern whites that were sympathetic to the north● Carpetbaggers - northerner that went to the South and were disliked by Southerners● Literacy tests - tests done to prevent blacks from voting● Understanding clause - if a white could understand something read but not read themselves,

they were granted voting (done to prevent blacks from voting)● Grandfather clause - if someone’s grandfather could vote, then they could vote (done to prevent

blacks from voting)● Tenure of Office Act - act passed to try and get Johnson impeached● William Seward - bought Alaska● Rutherford B Hayes - Republican candidate in election of 1876 (and eventual winner)● Samuel Tilden - Democrat candidate in election of 1876 who almost won but was one electoral

vote shy

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● Electoral Count Act - where there was an assembly to try and resolve the election dilemma (8 republicans, 7 democrats)

● Compromise of 1877 - compromise for the president where Hayes got the be president but military occupation was removed in the South

● Sharecropping - where the blacks did not own land but paid big fees and worked on white land● Jim Crow Laws - legalized segregation● Plessy v Ferguson - said that “separate but equal” facilities were allowed for different races (but

were not actually equal)

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