sap 2000 algorithan

7/27/2019 SAP 2000 Algorithan

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General design flowchart(algorithm)Step 1 Drawing(concept)Step 2 ModellingStep 3 Define (eg 2 bay 2 story)

a. materials(timber,steel,concrete(grade))--> propertiesb. section (FSEC1 (default section) American standard section)c. supportsd. loadinge. load combinationf. etc

Step 4 Assign--> assign defined properties to the membersStep 5 Analysis of forceVerify after analysis

(Mostly errors occur while applying loading) Check order of magnitudeStep 6 Design--> design the section(according to various codes,etc)SAP is necessary because looping back is important and carried out hundreds of times.**(review necessary in each step)

Ref sap 1 -->first thing to consider

NOTE: never forget to assign appropriate units


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*

Select blankTwo windows --> change one to 2d


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New model --> grid only

Blue line shows which plane is being viewedChange to xz from front UIZoom


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Restore to zoom

COORDINATE SYSTEM (Important)Why?To locate objects precisely


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Types--> Global and LocalGlobal-->a. Cartesian coordinate system (following right hand rule) (x,y,z)b. Cylindrical or polar(r,theta,z)c. Reverse cylindrical (r,theta,y) r and theta in z-x plane

** internal forces also require direction (vector both magnitude and direction)

Local coordinate system to give direction to internal forces (sometimes this may bedifficult)Start joint (node)and end joint (node)Start joint = and end joint =jFirst local axis =1 along the member (cannot be changed, comes with model)Second local axis= perpendicular to 1, 90% of cases, it is the direction taking shearThird local axis= mutually perpendicular to both axes following right hand rule** ref photo joint**changed to draw

Sap(1,2,3) staad (x,y,z)Sap (angle of roatation) staad (beta angle) --> relation between orientation of globalaxis and local axisMajor forces (these are designed) minor forces are also there but they are not designed(eg torsion)F11

V22BM 33 (right hand thumb rule--> if bm in xy plane direction is z)

GROUP

Baily bridge, truss bridgeDiagonals, top kern??? Have same sectionsfor ease in design and economy(fabrication costs)

Advantages of grouping

1. design becomes easier


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2. selection becomes easier for structures with many members like stadium(efficiency)


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learning SAP2000 with linuS

Home1.

May

3

day 9

DAY 9

Set analysis options ->space frame

Moment releases assigned so no need to analyse as truss.

RUN ANALYSIS

Check out all shear and moment diagrams.

To change moment releases after analysis

Unlock model

Right click->releases-> none

Select-> frame->release partial fixity->none
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MODAL ALIVE

Changes are automatically updated, no need to unlock model. Changes can be madewithout unlocking model.

STEEL DESIGN

Initial -> Analyzed State

Design (menu)->Steel Design->View/revise preferences

Design->Steel Design->Select Design groups->select all groups not ALL->OK

Design->Select Design Combos ->(created load combinations can be added) check

automatically generated code-based load combinations

Displacement Targets

Design->Steel Design->Set Displacements Targets

CTRL+W->Joints-> check labels

Design->Steel Design->Start Design/Check of structures
http://lh3.ggpht.com/-kUTy86Xg3Y0/T6KBvq8GJXI/AAAAAAAAAss/3nIh67mKWWg/s1600-h/clip_image002%255B4%255D.jpg


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Red colur shows FOS>1 and the design has failed.

Design->steel design->Verify all members passed

Design->steel design->Verify analysis vs design sections
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Analysis must be done again because the analysis sections have changed. So, the forcesand moments will also change. Repeat the process again. Repeat until all sections match.

Diagonals are still unsafe after design. The four diagonals are red coloured.

Select unsafe memebers->unlock member->create girder 2 group ISWB (400-600)-

>assign to girders

If self wt. is not set to 0, BM is created in truss members also.

If no-one section is safe, double channel may also be used.

MAKING DOUBLE CHANNEL FROM SECTION DESIGNER

Double ISMC 300(Back to Back), Clearence =15mm

Define->Section Properties->Frame Sections->Other->Section Designer
http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Gwv_4l2PhXA/T6KB4c52o8I/AAAAAAAAAtc/eNtQyAFX_2A/s1600-h/clip_image008%255B4%255D.jpg


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Set appropriate values

Click Design Section

Right Click Channel-> Change name to ISMC300
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The list that was created earlier is shown.

Select Member->Ctrl+r(Edit->Replicate)

Mirror about y-axis
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Select Member->edit Replicate->Linear->x-axis=-115

Click Done.

Assign the newly created section to the unsafe members.

Run analysis again. And run design again. And verify all members passed.

This time all pass.

SAP designs linear members only. Does not design slabs.

Posted 3rd May 2012 byLinus

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2.May

3
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Day 8

DAY8

Member Assign

I section ->only one section->checks fail/pass only

Auto selection list->multiple sections->checks fail/pass and assigns appropriate members

Creating auto Selection list

1. Define->Section properties->Frame Sections

2. Before creating auto-selection list, we need to import the sections to be used in the list.

3. Click Import New Property

4. Select appropriate section (I/Wide Flange for this case)
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5. Goto (C:\Program Files\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 15) folder and select

appropriate .pro file (Indian.pro for this case)

6. Select required sections (all for this case) and click OK ->OK.

7. The selected sections are imported.

8. Click add new Property->auto select list

9. Section Name= Bottom Cord

Select all light beams and click add
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Click overwrite and click ISLB75->click OK to bring ISLB75 to top. This will make

ISLB75 the first section to be checked.

10. Click Add copy of property to make copy of bottom cord

This makes it easier to make auto selection list for top cord.

11. For girder all heavy and wide beams

12. For diagonals all channel sections

13. Verticals ->channel sections

14. Top braces -> angles

Assigning sections to groups

1. Select->select->Select using groups

2. Click Bottom Cord

3. Assign -> Frame->Frame Sections

4. Click on bottom cord and OK

5. Similarly Assign appropriate sections to appropriate groups.

To make pin joints for making truss

Moment release

1. Select the members for which to release moment (All except braces and girders)It is possible to release these too.

Axial

Shear 22,33Moment 22,33

2. Assign->frames->release partial fixity
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3. Check moment 2-2 and moment 3-3 (to release partially, assign stiffness) and torsion

at start or end only. Click OK.

4. To check whether releases have been assigned, Ctrl w, check releases.

5. In some cases, top cord and bottom cordmoments are not released if load occurs on top or bottom cord.

Slab->Define->m25->self wt 0-> thickness-220mm

Loading on slab (equivalent dead load) =24.5*.22

Select the area->assign->area loads->distributed loads->area uniform to frame (use one

way slab so moment is distributed to girders only)

Add live load to slab = 5Kn/m2

Temperature loading 40o

C Select members-> assign ->frame loads->temperature

By element (joint pattern tower example)

Posted 3rd May 2012 byLinus

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3.May

1

Day 7

DAY 7

TRUSS

The following truss is to be drawn

Efficient Modelling by drawing using various tools.

By drawing this truss we will learn how to select and deselect members efficiently.

Put members in suitable groups for analysis and design.
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Switch to xz plane

Making one member repeatedly in case there are many members.

Make vertical

Three types of replication

Linear, mirror, rotate

Faster to make basic block and replicate.

Ctrl a > Ctrl r(or edit-> replicate)

Linear tab

dx=8Increment Data Number=2
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select member->edit->edit lines->divide frames

Number of frames=6

Last/first ratio=1 (because all memebers are equal)

To copy to parallel grid in y direction

Select all->
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Placing girders

Goto xy plane

Grouping of similar members
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Assigning groups

BC(Bottom Cord) I-section (light or medium)

TC(Top Cord) I-section (light or medium)

Girder(Top) I(H)

Diagonals Channel Section

Verticals Channel Section

Runner/Horizontal/Brace

1. Select the Members (selection can be done from select tab for efficiency)

Selecting Members using Orientation

i. Select->select line parallel to-> click

2. Assign-> Assign to group

3. Add new group

4. Check all->OK

5. Click Add to Group radio button->OK
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6. To select again Select->Group->Verticals

Selecting diagonals

1. Select the shown components

2. Select->Deselect->Groups->Verticals

3. Assign->Assign to group->(similar to above) Name Diagonals

To select top cord members:

1. Select -> select line parallel to-> click straight line object and click horizontal cord

2. Select->Deselect->Coordinate Specification->Specified Co-ordinate range->Z-

coordinates at a single value (set to 0)->OK

Posted 1st May 2012 byLinus

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4.Apr

30
http://lh3.ggpht.com/-A4pjiEc-GS8/T6Ab7NieqTI/AAAAAAAAApY/ZH9sFzW6q2M/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-6.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://lh5.ggpht.com/-kb5CZ97sbOA/T6Ab_D283QI/AAAAAAAAApo/lojdlI2fRrg/s1600-h/clip_image038%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-A4pjiEc-GS8/T6Ab7NieqTI/AAAAAAAAApY/ZH9sFzW6q2M/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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day 6

Applying loads on beams/frames

Applying area loads

Tributary method of load distribution (trapezoidal in two and triangular in two) for two

way slab(ly/lx


25/54

For two way slab(square)

For one way slab(ly/lx>2)

There are two methods af applying area loads in SAP2000

1. Uniform

2. Uniform to frame
http://lh3.ggpht.com/-nf5y0IceHVY/T57HXXULm8I/AAAAAAAAAik/WcOINuXYiRA/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-LmGLXOtWOY0/T57HTm8eWoI/AAAAAAAAAiU/a4yfudOjRhY/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-N9njRlm49yc/T57HQGYoNeI/AAAAAAAAAiE/O2hs_dPT6RE/s1600-h/clip_image021%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-VfGZyTNgfVI/T57HNFv6ypI/AAAAAAAAAh0/XtXCY5BeZYI/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-o-pGCS5Sz0s/T57HJ_tBDtI/AAAAAAAAAhk/2H2mlnWJ1BE/s1600-h/clip_image019%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-oRsNJLq2NEg/T57HHJA8rFI/AAAAAAAAAhU/dNWWbrtD94E/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.png


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Define-->section properties-->area-->shell

Name --> slab1

Ctrl+a

Assign-->area loads-->

Uniform-->loads on four corners onlyif meshing is done area on corners of all mesh

elements

(**Uniform is not generally used)

Uniform to Frame-->load transferred to beams by tributary method

If meshing is done, load on edge of all mesh elements , error is produced

**Process for meshing

1. Select the slab/area object/object.
http://lh4.ggpht.com/-OGA4Fphj4Wc/T57HeUA4rbI/AAAAAAAAAi0/UFsZOXfpo68/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-dDmUTPFiQ64/T57HmeCZPKI/AAAAAAAAAjU/06cBe00eQ_4/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-EMD2GeYCSjY/T57HiZtsJ3I/AAAAAAAAAjE/cW_ObJTR5-U/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-OGA4Fphj4Wc/T57HeUA4rbI/AAAAAAAAAi0/UFsZOXfpo68/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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2. Assign-->area-->automatic area mesh

3. Select the option selected in the snapshot below.

Load multiplier for dead load=0
http://lh5.ggpht.com/-kLYEzgLuTtw/T57H33l3t6I/AAAAAAAAAkk/hwVKLhvfgZI/s1600-h/clip_image040%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-brNFXY_F1OU/T57H0vMATJI/AAAAAAAAAkU/v7LJtpHJTUw/s1600-h/clip_image038%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-DSa2j7XD5Q8/T57HxD5RHKI/AAAAAAAAAkE/npnseRPt3Lk/s1600-h/clip_image036%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-1Gg1Tx172B0/T57Hta3KgPI/AAAAAAAAAj0/AGBdxy_21Xo/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-oSQrbscl9sY/T57HphuRqmI/AAAAAAAAAjk/MWXKMf6-9vY/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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Without meshing uniform to frame gives desired results

One way or two way must be specified.

Posted 30th April 2012 byLinus

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5.Apr

30

day 5DAY 5

Loading
http://lh4.ggpht.com/-96nasdOFk4Y/T57H7SxAN7I/AAAAAAAAAk0/LiAYNhst8Pk/s1600-h/clip_image042%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-NTC8K9cndvM/T57Eks7tlII/AAAAAAAAAYU/JfJq5qZiEOY/s1600-h/clip_image002%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-_jGUX6PDTlA/T57Eh10balI/AAAAAAAAAYE/FFQMEiCmrHI/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-5.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://lh4.ggpht.com/-96nasdOFk4Y/T57H7SxAN7I/AAAAAAAAAk0/LiAYNhst8Pk/s1600-h/clip_image042%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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1. Select the object to assign loading

2. Assign-->frame loads-->Distributed loading(Type of loading)

3. Z(positive z) gravity (negative z)

4. Check add to existing load ** sometimes replace existing load is used

(Difference between joint load and point load.)

5. Assign-->frame loads-->point loadrelative Distance from End I vs absolute distance from end i

.i is starting pt of local axis

(absolute distance from end I 2,4--> 10,10)older loading is no longer seen even though replace existing load is selected.

To check, right click the member and go to loads tab.

6. Right click--> edit grid data-->modify show system
http://lh3.ggpht.com/-27RwCEC-dXA/T57Ert92kTI/AAAAAAAAAYk/MVYdqQUawgQ/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-95m2wYtSjTM/T57Ex6zjD4I/AAAAAAAAAZE/5r0jhT_aNEc/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-CufsKraZWNw/T57EupoYAtI/AAAAAAAAAY0/3T6VfGzXMWo/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-27RwCEC-dXA/T57Ert92kTI/AAAAAAAAAYk/MVYdqQUawgQ/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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Use reshape tool as in figure

To delete load Assign-->frame load-->delete existing load

To verify after changing grid and member -->right click on member-->got to loads tab

Joint Loading-->select joint-->assign-->joint loads-->forces-->select wind loads --> add

to existing loads

-->Draw a beam

To analyse1. Analyze -->set analysis options

2. Analyse--> run analysis
http://lh4.ggpht.com/-oXOCsDebdOw/T57E9_8ijOI/AAAAAAAAAZ0/tCn9zKBDlVU/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-3bnfVtf3qBI/T57FD8UoXII/AAAAAAAAAaU/LAn0C5mWI60/s1600-h/clip_image016%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-4Qra_aIAegQ/T57FAQqcQYI/AAAAAAAAAaE/bXM3dJIordM/s1600-h/clip_image014%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-oXOCsDebdOw/T57E9_8ijOI/AAAAAAAAAZ0/tCn9zKBDlVU/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-zxnYLhdc9p8/T57E4ESuBYI/AAAAAAAAAZk/IMdWidfsvM0/s1600-h/clip_image012%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-xdA47dcsqm0/T57E0zuji2I/AAAAAAAAAZU/aChnup4Kgg0/s1600-h/clip_image010%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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This window is seen

MODAL-->Do not run

Click Run Now

Show deformed shape-->

auto(automatic scale factor to visualize deformation)

See forces

Show forces--> joints-->ok
http://lh4.ggpht.com/-mlLKtuWTxhE/T57FHeHQ_UI/AAAAAAAAAak/BUqRtX2BXKw/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-SNNFpVnZa60/T57FQJluqBI/AAAAAAAAAbU/gFCZCHoenBY/s1600-h/clip_image024%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-2XYGSOU9k_Q/T57FM-9rnuI/AAAAAAAAAbE/p7aXfTDEucc/s1600-h/clip_image022%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-zGil4IS_l5o/T57FKXas4RI/AAAAAAAAAa0/11NbvkjBT0w/s1600-h/clip_image020%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-mlLKtuWTxhE/T57FHeHQ_UI/AAAAAAAAAak/BUqRtX2BXKw/s1600-h/clip_image018%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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show-->forces-->frames-->shear 2-2-->fill

-->show forces

right click member to see the following window

due to self wt. 9.98 is shown instead of 9

To correct this(neglect self wt)

Unlock model

Material-->unit wt=0

or
http://lh5.ggpht.com/-WJK6j8KziXw/T57FUO2uhUI/AAAAAAAAAbk/wPnS94JhFg4/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-ePfBqFIhWE4/T57Fdj0x5UI/AAAAAAAAAcU/zIXL7N2_jhE/s1600-h/clip_image032%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-iiJK-yDqJ9U/T57FaWzG4jI/AAAAAAAAAcE/Sys9xkhBKAk/s1600-h/clip_image030%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-jQFSCfqPaqM/T57FXfUfh4I/AAAAAAAAAb0/CG1KSDFsg-4/s1600-h/clip_image028%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-WJK6j8KziXw/T57FUO2uhUI/AAAAAAAAAbk/wPnS94JhFg4/s1600-h/clip_image026%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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Dead load case ,self wt multiplier=0


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6.Apr

30

day 4

DAY 4

Loading

Loading needs to be categorized. -->DL+1.2LL+1.2ELor WL

1. Defining load patternDefine-->Load Pattern-->

Load Pattern Name=Name

Type=DEADSelf wt multiplier--> 1 for dead load -->for live load whether to include self wt or not.

Eg. In some cases, self weight in DL and self weight in LL. (Default DL -->1,
http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-fbtgSasncaE/T57DyiXgMAI/AAAAAAAAAW0/H11zXHo-7WI/s1600-h/clip_image002%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-4.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://lh4.ggpht.com/-380Ye1c1614/T57FhbQYbSI/AAAAAAAAAck/yNqWE4FeM8o/s1600-h/clip_image034%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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others-->0)

auto lateral load pattern-->explained later

2. Load pattern name=live

type=live

others by defaultclick add new load pattern to add

3. Name=WindLoad

type =WINDself wt. multiplier=1auto lateralload pattern--> wind load. Old way is to take none and calculate manually.

SAP can automatically calculate it. But it needs to be verified in the end. --> choose is

875:1987-->modify lateral load pattern. coefficient and exposure parameters are in code.

EARTHQUAKE LOADING in different class.

Define Load Combination

Define--> Load Combination-->Add New Combo

While designing IS code combinations are automatically generated. For NS code, theseneed to be defined manually. Load Combination for buildings according to NS code is

(page 8 part 105) DL+1.3LL+1.25E Load combination is given for economy. All loadsdo not occur at once. (NS code applies all loads at once)

.9DL+1.25E

DL+1.3SL+1.25E

E-->earthquake load

SL-->Snow load
http://lh6.ggpht.com/-BPBQvi3NC3U/T57D194w5LI/AAAAAAAAAXE/vXhHJ_k8dWE/s1600-h/clip_image004%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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Name--> COMB1( for earthquake loads COMB1X)

Type-->linear add (mostly used)

add,modify,delete are obvious.

** random-->DL+.9LL+1.2WL

Earlier load combination COMB1 is also available.

LOAD CASES

This is analysis case.

static(load magnitude and direction does not change with time) dynamic(opposite change

with time Eg. Earthquake, Wind, explosion,etc)

Linear(k is contant in P=k*delta) Non-linear( k is not constant)

Eg. compression and bending gives buckling. compressive load changes stiffness. So,with change in load, stiffness changes. This is P-delta effect. This is non-linear case.

MODAL is base for dynamic analysis. Natural frequency(marching on bridge example).

body may have more than one natural frequency(flute example, standing wave)

Modes of vibration figure. numbering hierarchy increses with frequency(???).

Why calculate mode?

For response. Earthquake frequency vs building frequency. If these frequency match,

there will be resonance and building may suffer damage.
http://lh6.ggpht.com/-IhVyfKaGlAY/T57D8bBCX7I/AAAAAAAAAXU/eTD9cKvpjW8/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/--CLC5Rt-sPI/T57D_3DcRJI/AAAAAAAAAXk/jChGEJVimiQ/s1600-h/clip_image008%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-IhVyfKaGlAY/T57D8bBCX7I/AAAAAAAAAXU/eTD9cKvpjW8/s1600-h/clip_image006%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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Modify/Show load cases--> parameters here can be changed. Non-linear staged

construction is for buildings being constructed.

Initial Condition(for nonlinear condition only)-->live load after dead load. (value of k is

changed after applying dead load. Continue from... condition is activated only after deadload is made nonlinear.

combination of these make all cases.


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7.Apr

30

day 3

DAY3

DEFINITION

Modeling and definition order can change.
http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Iw5doCmldc8/T57EDOHX_mI/AAAAAAAAAX0/9k1BdqDrcRM/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-1W_Jbd7URRc/T57CnNhDgHI/AAAAAAAAATk/E8KjFQ-H4ZQ/s1600-h/clip_image001%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://learnsap2000.blogspot.com/2012/04/day-3.htmlhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16658910372945989246http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Iw5doCmldc8/T57EDOHX_mI/AAAAAAAAAX0/9k1BdqDrcRM/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B3%25255D.png


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Defining material

Define-->material

Default materials given

To add new material-->add new material
http://lh6.ggpht.com/-IrhOEDsdcBY/T57C1glN6jI/AAAAAAAAAU0/Emy0cSTGuas/s1600-h/clip_image009%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-Zhfouzs81zk/T57CyslPSMI/AAAAAAAAAUk/Ukal1WBlDzU/s1600-h/clip_image007%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-y684DYqys_A/T57CvRN3A3I/AAAAAAAAAUU/yKr-m5ytMR8/s1600-h/clip_image005%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-SRAMj81hAwE/T57CskgKf9I/AAAAAAAAAUE/Ft1EDUNkwwg/s1600-h/clip_image003%25255B3%25255D.pnghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-gxqMhWbXfic/T57CqGvgDdI/AAAAAAAAATw/OaA7A7Rm6lY/s1600-h/clip_image002%25255B3%25255D.png


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Material nameM25

Material typeConcrete

Specify properties

1. Weight per unit volume24.5 KN/m3

(check units)

1. Isotropic properties

modulus of elasticity-->5000 sqrt(fck) (in N/mm2) for m25 , E=5000*5=? (shift+double-click for inbuilt calculator) functions and other stuff from view menu of calculator

poissons ratio

coefficient of thermal expansion-->nearly half of that of steel

shear modulusG=E/(??)--> automatically calculated

Comp. str25n/mm2

Add New Material Quick

Gives Indian standard also

Add copy of materialmake new material from old material

Eg. Slab is made weightless or else UDL is transferred to beam. The weight is added

later.
http://lh3.ggpht.com/-DeK_ErG9EXQ/T57C4lqaltI/AAAAAAAAAVE/Sx5tF8PLZwM/s1600-h/clip_image011%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-XCehkGd2dhU/T57C730WAxI/AAAAAAAAAVU/TelfJ7Nu314/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-XCehkGd2dhU/T57C730WAxI/AAAAAAAAAVU/TelfJ7Nu314/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-F9cSGLz88uU/T57C_Nn2IkI/AAAAAAAAAVk/S1FA1w1VzcU/s1600-h/clip_image015%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-XCehkGd2dhU/T57C730WAxI/AAAAAAAAAVU/TelfJ7Nu314/s1600-h/clip_image013%25255B3%25255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-DeK_ErG9EXQ/T57C4lqaltI/AAAAAAAAAVE/Sx5tF8PLZwM/s1600-h/clip_image011%25255B3%25255D.jpg


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Defining Section

Beamtrial section 250*300

Column-->trial section 300*300

Goto define-->section propertiesframe section

Add new

Concreterectangular

Name-->showing member and dimensionB250*300

Select material M25 or define material

Depth=0.3, width=0.25

Concrete reinforcement-->Rebar

Design typeBeam (M3 design only)

Top, Bottom cover 25mm
http://lh3.ggpht.com/-SJ_ptpJ1XlU/T57DIFCYOiI/AAAAAAAAAWU/lJb-pX4yQlA/s1600-h/clip_image021%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-NWYlAo5bAFk/T57DE61k_7I/AAAAAAAAAWE/tGWNm9R5SZw/s1600-h/clip_image019%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-v1YjpqyfKWQ/T57DCbw7-mI/AAAAAAAAAV0/Gu4FQgLSzhU/s1600-h/clip_image017%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-SJ_ptpJ1XlU/T57DIFCYOiI/AAAAAAAAAWU/lJb-pX4yQlA/s1600-h/clip_image021%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-NWYlAo5bAFk/T57DE61k_7I/AAAAAAAAAWE/tGWNm9R5SZw/s1600-h/clip_image019%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-v1YjpqyfKWQ/T57DCbw7-mI/AAAAAAAAAV0/Gu4FQgLSzhU/s1600-h/clip_image017%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-SJ_ptpJ1XlU/T57DIFCYOiI/AAAAAAAAAWU/lJb-pX4yQlA/s1600-h/clip_image021%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-NWYlAo5bAFk/T57DE61k_7I/AAAAAAAAAWE/tGWNm9R5SZw/s1600-h/clip_image019%255B3%255D.jpghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-v1YjpqyfKWQ/T57DCbw7-mI/AAAAAAAAAV0/Gu4FQgLSzhU/s1600-h/clip_image017%255B3%255D.jpg


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Ductility associated with time period and response to seismic loads

Reinforcement override for ductile beams-->lap length is defined here

No reinforcement is shown-->sap2000 gives % steel after design by itself--> other detailsdepend upon designer

Column-->similar steps

** reinforcement to be checked for buildings when purpose of building is changed. Eg

residential building changed to school.

Bar size -->indian standard (N12 means bar of size 12 mm dia)

Draw frame elementschoose sections and draw according to convention

Ctrl+w -->section check

Supports

Supports do not need to be defined in SAP, in staad supports need to be defined.

Supports are assigned.

Before assigning support member needs to be selected

(supports hinged and fixed)

1. Select joint-->assignjointrestraints

2. Right click on jointassignmentrestraintupdate display

Method 1 is mass method(mass assign). It is used to assign (restraints) to many joints atonce.

Method 2 is used for editing. Individual assigns.

How to find dimensions?

1. See coordinates of joints
http://lh5.ggpht.com/-4Fd145FG7c4/T57DLeS9UbI/AAAAAAAAAWk/imcmSlNtoZ4/s1600-h/clip_image023%255B3%255D.jpg


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2. Select member-->right click-->locations


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8.Apr

30

DAY 2

DAY 2

MODELLING

SAP> new-->check units(KN,m,C)-->grid only-->(two bay two story)(x=6,y=5,z=3) itis made as per number of nodes

Grid gives points where objects can be placed by mouse

Grid lines>x=3,y=3,z=3 (this gives the number of grid lines)

Grid Spacing>x=6,y=5,z=3 (this gives the spacing of grid lines)(if irregular take hcf)

First grid line location --> (necessary while working with different grids) eg overheadtank(supporting colums on different grid, tank on other grid)

(**best practice to give grid spacing before grid lines)
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DRAWING OBJECTS

Draw panel

Notice the change in cursor in draw mode

SNAP

Draw by clicking on points, escape to end or discontinue

(**best practice to draw the objects along the axis) this makes selection easier
http://lh5.ggpht.com/-q-eIUiAeQM0/T57A1Nkeq5I/AAAAAAAAAP0/dYc--TUYzuc/s1600-h/clip_image0103.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-TZ2p7IDzo1w/T57AxFaagoI/AAAAAAAAAPk/iMQtDdsnnsA/s1600-h/clip_image0083.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-WghiIW-mKJQ/T57AuGbzZfI/AAAAAAAAAPU/U5EiVTqA96c/s1600-h/clip_image0063.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-2c6h7fHy5FQ/T57Apyzg4fI/AAAAAAAAAPE/ff55iovJgU0/s1600-h/clip_image0043.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-q-eIUiAeQM0/T57A1Nkeq5I/AAAAAAAAAP0/dYc--TUYzuc/s1600-h/clip_image0103.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-TZ2p7IDzo1w/T57AxFaagoI/AAAAAAAAAPk/iMQtDdsnnsA/s1600-h/clip_image0083.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-WghiIW-mKJQ/T57AuGbzZfI/AAAAAAAAAPU/U5EiVTqA96c/s1600-h/clip_image0063.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-2c6h7fHy5FQ/T57Apyzg4fI/AAAAAAAAAPE/ff55iovJgU0/s1600-h/clip_image0043.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-q-eIUiAeQM0/T57A1Nkeq5I/AAAAAAAAAP0/dYc--TUYzuc/s1600-h/clip_image0103.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-TZ2p7IDzo1w/T57AxFaagoI/AAAAAAAAAPk/iMQtDdsnnsA/s1600-h/clip_image0083.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-WghiIW-mKJQ/T57AuGbzZfI/AAAAAAAAAPU/U5EiVTqA96c/s1600-h/clip_image0063.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-2c6h7fHy5FQ/T57Apyzg4fI/AAAAAAAAAPE/ff55iovJgU0/s1600-h/clip_image0043.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-q-eIUiAeQM0/T57A1Nkeq5I/AAAAAAAAAP0/dYc--TUYzuc/s1600-h/clip_image0103.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-TZ2p7IDzo1w/T57AxFaagoI/AAAAAAAAAPk/iMQtDdsnnsA/s1600-h/clip_image0083.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-WghiIW-mKJQ/T57AuGbzZfI/AAAAAAAAAPU/U5EiVTqA96c/s1600-h/clip_image0063.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-2c6h7fHy5FQ/T57Apyzg4fI/AAAAAAAAAPE/ff55iovJgU0/s1600-h/clip_image0043.jpg


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Draw Frame/Cable PROPERTIES OF OBJECTS

1. Line Object type-->what is to be inserted between the nodes-->straight frame

2. Section--> Default FESC1 (American standard I-section) this can be changed later or

none can be used

3. Moment Release-->(6 possibilities of restraints, reaction in the direction of restraint)hinge restrains displacement in x and y direction 2d, ux and uz restrained

rotation is not restrained(stopped); moment is released

moment release-->place hinge**in SAP restrains defined in support, in staad, releases defined in support

This defines end conditions-->if moment is released, pinned if not (for continuous

structures, beams), continuous. (remember RCC)

4. Offset -->offset from centerline (fig overlap and remaining)defined in terms of local

axisij,i+150 1 directionj-150 1 direction (+ve andve axis defined by direction while drawing **ref best

practice)

1st

case: shorten beam, lengthen column (beam i-->+150,j-->-150)(column i-->0,j-->column +150)2

ndcase:lengthen beam, shorten column(figure yourself)

when no specification is given the drawn line is taken as passing from centerline

used for changing insertion pointsThere are 10 insertion points by default(8 on corners and edge ,1 geometric centre, 1

centroid)
http://lh3.ggpht.com/-W0Ys2QXTXxs/T57A74-1QjI/AAAAAAAAAQU/RCMAaEM9rPs/s1600-h/clip_image0123.pnghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-HhuqK7QDd7g/T57A4ZWSFFI/AAAAAAAAAQE/y9P36lRO8MA/s1600-h/clip_image0113.pnghttp://lh3.ggpht.com/-W0Ys2QXTXxs/T57A74-1QjI/AAAAAAAAAQU/RCMAaEM9rPs/s1600-h/clip_image0123.pnghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-HhuqK7QDd7g/T57A4ZWSFFI/AAAAAAAAAQE/y9P36lRO8MA/s1600-h/clip_image0113.png


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5. Drawing Control Type--> the selected type only can be drawn horizontal draws

horizontal members only.

CHANGE FACE

Quick Draw

And select by boxing area

Quick draw braces (similar)--> only active in 2d plane viewselect bracing type (inverted v)
http://lh5.ggpht.com/-mftFTXSsgGM/T57BKZbBWUI/AAAAAAAAARU/MLTYfE1FZAY/s1600-h/clip_image0193.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-U_JtIl24jJE/T57BGySWWCI/AAAAAAAAARE/TUNj17bPWjg/s1600-h/clip_image0173.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-wdlfS4x_18Y/T57BDUdFcMI/AAAAAAAAAQ0/qUbHpcFYMhA/s1600-h/clip_image0153.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-R5f-aheDFGg/T57A_aBqQCI/AAAAAAAAAQk/Yi7FIVvTI20/s1600-h/clip_image0133.pnghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-mftFTXSsgGM/T57BKZbBWUI/AAAAAAAAARU/MLTYfE1FZAY/s1600-h/clip_image0193.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-U_JtIl24jJE/T57BGySWWCI/AAAAAAAAARE/TUNj17bPWjg/s1600-h/clip_image0173.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-wdlfS4x_18Y/T57BDUdFcMI/AAAAAAAAAQ0/qUbHpcFYMhA/s1600-h/clip_image0153.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-R5f-aheDFGg/T57A_aBqQCI/AAAAAAAAAQk/Yi7FIVvTI20/s1600-h/clip_image0133.pnghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-mftFTXSsgGM/T57BKZbBWUI/AAAAAAAAARU/MLTYfE1FZAY/s1600-h/clip_image0193.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-U_JtIl24jJE/T57BGySWWCI/AAAAAAAAARE/TUNj17bPWjg/s1600-h/clip_image0173.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-wdlfS4x_18Y/T57BDUdFcMI/AAAAAAAAAQ0/qUbHpcFYMhA/s1600-h/clip_image0153.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-R5f-aheDFGg/T57A_aBqQCI/AAAAAAAAAQk/Yi7FIVvTI20/s1600-h/clip_image0133.pnghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-mftFTXSsgGM/T57BKZbBWUI/AAAAAAAAARU/MLTYfE1FZAY/s1600-h/clip_image0193.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-U_JtIl24jJE/T57BGySWWCI/AAAAAAAAARE/TUNj17bPWjg/s1600-h/clip_image0173.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-wdlfS4x_18Y/T57BDUdFcMI/AAAAAAAAAQ0/qUbHpcFYMhA/s1600-h/clip_image0153.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-R5f-aheDFGg/T57A_aBqQCI/AAAAAAAAAQk/Yi7FIVvTI20/s1600-h/clip_image0133.png


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apply by boxing

(bracing is not generally used)

Erasing is done as in Autocad--> select by clicking and then delete(edit-->delete or press

delete key)

Rotating

To deselect press escape or

ps for previous selection and all for all

Intersecting line(rubber band selection)
http://lh4.ggpht.com/-amKJ3R6H3XI/T57BZD69-6I/AAAAAAAAASU/xWP7nnCpqZo/s1600-h/clip_image0273.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-dUo5wGT77WM/T57BVgwUIWI/AAAAAAAAASE/2LABopyPDFI/s1600-h/clip_image0253.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-TqD0WD59quc/T57BRLDjuHI/AAAAAAAAAR0/MD4_BcfCuqQ/s1600-h/clip_image0233.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-G_30ZCk1otQ/T57BN6Zj0KI/AAAAAAAAARk/E0GjF1hBVBQ/s1600-h/clip_image0213.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-amKJ3R6H3XI/T57BZD69-6I/AAAAAAAAASU/xWP7nnCpqZo/s1600-h/clip_image0273.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-dUo5wGT77WM/T57BVgwUIWI/AAAAAAAAASE/2LABopyPDFI/s1600-h/clip_image0253.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-TqD0WD59quc/T57BRLDjuHI/AAAAAAAAAR0/MD4_BcfCuqQ/s1600-h/clip_image0233.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-G_30ZCk1otQ/T57BN6Zj0KI/AAAAAAAAARk/E0GjF1hBVBQ/s1600-h/clip_image0213.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-amKJ3R6H3XI/T57BZD69-6I/AAAAAAAAASU/xWP7nnCpqZo/s1600-h/clip_image0273.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-dUo5wGT77WM/T57BVgwUIWI/AAAAAAAAASE/2LABopyPDFI/s1600-h/clip_image0253.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-TqD0WD59quc/T57BRLDjuHI/AAAAAAAAAR0/MD4_BcfCuqQ/s1600-h/clip_image0233.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-G_30ZCk1otQ/T57BN6Zj0KI/AAAAAAAAARk/E0GjF1hBVBQ/s1600-h/clip_image0213.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-amKJ3R6H3XI/T57BZD69-6I/AAAAAAAAASU/xWP7nnCpqZo/s1600-h/clip_image0273.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-dUo5wGT77WM/T57BVgwUIWI/AAAAAAAAASE/2LABopyPDFI/s1600-h/clip_image0253.jpghttp://lh6.ggpht.com/-TqD0WD59quc/T57BRLDjuHI/AAAAAAAAAR0/MD4_BcfCuqQ/s1600-h/clip_image0233.jpghttp://lh5.ggpht.com/-G_30ZCk1otQ/T57BN6Zj0KI/AAAAAAAAARk/E0GjF1hBVBQ/s1600-h/clip_image0213.jpg


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Secondary beams only useable in plan

Ctrl+w for set display options or click check boxed icon and check local axes to see local

axes orientation

Area draw
http://lh4.ggpht.com/-9ot8BWSlEMY/T57Bi1Hmn2I/AAAAAAAAATE/T2oLq_uwq2Y/s1600-h/clip_image0333.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-9C8Eb7WXKO0/T57BfBy1tsI/AAAAAAAAAS0/6X576hLXZrQ/s1600-h/clip_image0313.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-wlYKX3JtC1M/T57Bb70aXUI/AAAAAAAAASk/fbCZjdSK_uo/s1600-h/clip_image0293.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-9ot8BWSlEMY/T57Bi1Hmn2I/AAAAAAAAATE/T2oLq_uwq2Y/s1600-h/clip_image0333.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-9C8Eb7WXKO0/T57BfBy1tsI/AAAAAAAAAS0/6X576hLXZrQ/s1600-h/clip_image0313.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-wlYKX3JtC1M/T57Bb70aXUI/AAAAAAAAASk/fbCZjdSK_uo/s1600-h/clip_image0293.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-9ot8BWSlEMY/T57Bi1Hmn2I/AAAAAAAAATE/T2oLq_uwq2Y/s1600-h/clip_image0333.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-9C8Eb7WXKO0/T57BfBy1tsI/AAAAAAAAAS0/6X576hLXZrQ/s1600-h/clip_image0313.jpghttp://lh4.ggpht.com/-wlYKX3JtC1M/T57Bb70aXUI/AAAAAAAAASk/fbCZjdSK_uo/s1600-h/clip_image0293.jpg


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Different colours show up or down faces (different faces) according to sign convention of

area.


0

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9.Apr

30

first day of learning sap2000
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DAY 1

SAP2000

(not SAP)

Units of measurement

Force --> kip,lb,kn,N

Length --> m,ft,mm,in

FEM(finite element method)

Finite element method is used by SAP 2000 for analysis

ELEMENTS OBJECTS

Joint object supports etc

Linear object: beam and column

Area : slab,plates


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General design flowchart(algorithm)

Step 1 Drawing(concept)

Step 2 Modelling

Step 3 Define (eg 2 bay 2 story)

a. materials(timber,steel,concrete(grade))--> propertiesb. section (FSEC1 (default section) American standard section)c. supportsd. loadinge. load combinationf. etc

Step 4 Assign--> assign defined properties to the members

Step 5 Analysis of force

Verify after analysis

(Mostly errors occur while applying loading) Check order of magnitude

Step 6 Design--> design the section(according to various codes,etc)

SAP is necessary because looping back is important and carried out hundreds of times.

**(review necessary in each step)

Ref sap 1 -->first thing to consider

NOTE: never forget to assign appropriate units


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*

Select blank


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Two windows --> change one to 2d

New model --> grid only

Blue line shows which plane is being viewed


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Change to xz from front UI

Zoom

Restore to zoom


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COORDINATE SYSTEM (Important)

Why?

To locate objects precisely

Types--> Global and Local

Global-->a. Cartesian coordinate system (following right hand rule) (x,y,z)

b. Cylindrical or polar(r,theta,z)

c. Reverse cylindrical (r,theta,y) r and theta in z-x plane

** internal forces also require direction (vector both magnitude and direction)

Local coordinate system to give direction to internal forces (sometimes this may bedifficult)

Start joint (node)and end joint (node)

Start joint = and end joint =j

First local axis =1 along the member (cannot be changed, comes with model)

Second local axis= perpendicular to 1, 90% of cases, it is the direction taking shear

Third local axis= mutually perpendicular to both axes following right hand rule

** ref photo joint**changed to draw

Sap(1,2,3) staad (x,y,z)


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Sap (angle of roatation) staad (beta angle) --> relation between orientation of globalaxis and local axis

Major forces (these are designed) minor forces are also there but they are not designed(eg torsion)

F11

V22

BM 33 (right hand thumb rule--> if bm in xy plane direction is z)

GROUP

Baily bridge, truss bridge

Diagonals, top kern??? Have same sectionsfor ease in design and economy(fabrication costs)

Advantages of grouping

7. design becomes easier8. selection becomes easier for structures with many members like stadium

(efficiency)

sap 2000 algorithan

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