sanitation review

8/12/2019 Sanitation Review

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PRACTICES on ENVIRONMENTAL 1

Running head: PRACTICES ON ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE

Practices on Environmental Waste Sanitation in Brgy. Talipusngo: A Basis for

Enhanced Sanitation Program

A ResearchProposal Presented toSt. Dominic College of Asia, Bacoor, Cavite

October 2013


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Table of Contents:

Page

Chapter 1: Introduction 2

Background of the Study 5

Statement of the Problem 5

Assumptions 6

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Limitation of the Study 7

Definition of Terms

Hypothesis

8

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature 9

Conceptual Framework 34

Chapter 3: Methodology 36

Research Design 36

Sampling Design 36

Instrumentation 37

Data Gathering Procedure 37


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Introduction

About 2.4 billion people globally live under highly unsanitary conditions and have such

poor hygiene behaviours that their exposure to risks of incidence and spread of infectious

diseases, are enormous. Water stored at home is frequently contaminated by inadequate water

management in the home. These issues are receiving increasing attention, but considering the

huge backlog within the sector there is still a need for greater mobilization of resources and

involvement of decision-makers at all levels .

(http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/en/ ).

Sustainability is the key word in today s development world. Right from the ill effects

of industrial development on environment to the climate change issues resulting there from, it is

clear that the world is for change as long as its long term costs do not outweigh its immediate

benefits. And this perhaps explains why Environment and Climate Change features among the 8

Millennium Development Goals of the world.

As evolving and aware organizations, we are well-aware of the importance of sanitation,

environment management and climate change management issues. Our various recent projects

have specific components to mitigate the adverse effects of global warming, climate change and

carbon emissions. (http://ipeglobal.com/envclim.php) .

The effect of climate change is seen as large change in precipitation, sea level rise, and

shift climate zones towards the poles and ecosystems decline. Climate change affects two

dimensions of space and temporal on availability of water, the sanitation and hygiene will
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/en/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/en/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/en/http://ipeglobal.com/envclim.phphttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://ipeglobal.com/envclim.phphttp://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/en/


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automatically effected in multi dimensional frame such as space, time, health, wealth and dignity

etc. It needs to analysis the effects on water systems consisting of agricultural water , sea water,

surface and groundwater, for overall impact; whereas effects on water quality , pollution and

health due to climate change summarize total effect on sanitation and hygiene.

(http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-

sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-comments ).

Poor governance and weak enforcement of existing laws and regulations results in

environmental degradation in the Philippines. While the Clean Water Act of 2004 requires the

development of sewage and seepage treatment systems, implementation requires capacity

building and technical assistance. The private sector needs to be engaged, and the capacity of

local government units (LGUs) and water districts has to be strengthened for them to develop

effective and sustainable sanitation programs. (http://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-

environment/philippine-sanitation-alliance-psa-project) .

The sound management of waste can have substantial co-benefits for efforts to address

climate change.

(http://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79

353/Default.aspx) .

The researchers are fascinated about the topic due to increasing attention that our country

is facing today. The cumulative concerns that arise like floods and upsurge of sea levels due to

unpredictable weather conditions, shifting of climate zones and decline of ecosystem have

greatly affect our country. Global warming is one of the concerns of the world today, and we

cannot put aside the participation of each one of us. The Philippines, being agricultural country
http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-agricultural-water-16443http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-agricultural-water-16443http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-agricultural-water-16443http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-water-quality-22987http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-water-quality-22987http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-water-quality-22987http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environment/philippine-sanitation-alliance-psa-projecthttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environment/philippine-sanitation-alliance-psa-projecthttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environment/philippine-sanitation-alliance-psa-projecthttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environment/philippine-sanitation-alliance-psa-projecthttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-water-quality-22987http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/articles/keyword-agricultural-water-16443


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is one of the affected and perhaps contributors to this global warming. Floods and other

catastrophic event are the effects of climate change, and waste sanitation is one of these factors.

Background of the Study

The study will be conducted in Barangay Talipusngo Maragondon, Cavite.

The Municipality of Maragondon which is a third class municipality in

the province ofCavite, Philippines. It is a 54 kilometers away from Manila going southwest.

According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 35,289 people. This municipality is in the

east of South China Sea. Maragondon is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. Bucal 1,Bucal

2 ,Bucal 3A,Bucal 3B,Bucal 4A, Bucal4B,CainginPob.,Garita 1A,Garita

1B,LayongMabilog,Mabato,Pantihan 1(Balayungan),Pantihan 2,Pantihan 3

(PooknaMunti),Pantihan 4 (Puloni Sara), Sta. Mercedes (Patungan),Pinagsanhan A

(Ibayo),Pinagsanhan B (Ibayo),Poblacion 1A ,Poblacion 1B ,Poblacion 2A,Poblacion 2B ,San

Miguel A (Caputatan), San Miguel B (Caputatan),Talipusngo, TulaySilangan

(Mabacao),TulayKanluran (Mabacao.

The Name Maragondon was derived from Tagalog word madagundong or maugong,

meaning much sound. Actually the sounds come from a noisy river called Kay Albaran in the

barrio of Capantayan. This area was the first town site selected, but because the river frequently

overflowed and flooded the place, the town was later relocated to its present site. The word

madagundong not being pleasant to the ear, the people had it changed to Marigundong in honor

of the town s patron saint, Nuestra Senora Maria Asuncion (Ou r Lady of The Assumption). Soon

after the establishment of the American regime, Lope K. Santos , an authority on Tagalog
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_municipalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_municipality


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language and member of a geographic committee created to "investigate and revise" the names

of Philippine towns and provinces, recommended the change of Marigundong to "Maragondon"

definitely more pleasing to the ear, the present name of the town. Maragondon played a

significant role in the Philippine revolution. Although the own belonged to the jurisdiction at the

Magdiwang Council, its brave sons like the three Riego de brothers (Emiliano, Vicente and

Mariano), Esteban Imfante, Crisostomo Riel, Vicente Somosa and Antero C. Reyes proved their

unflinching loyalty to the revolutionary cause by not allowing themselves to be dragged away by

Andres Bonifacio when the later, defeated and unwilling to abide by the result of the Tejeros

Convention, attempted to set up a separate government andarmy. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragondon,_Cavite ).

Talipusngo is a barangay of the philippine municipality Maragondon in the province

Cavite in CALABARZON which is part of the Luzon group of islands. Talipusngo is one of the

barangays which are in the outlying area of Municipality Maragondon.

The municipality Maragondon with a population of about 33,604 and its 27 barangays

belong to the partly urban areas in the Philippines. While some of the barangays developed

modern urban structures, some others, especially those which are seated in the outlying areas,

remained rural. By the end of 2007 Talipusngo had 985 residents.

The researchers are fascinated about the topic due to increasing attention that our country

is facing today. The cumulative concerns that arise like floods and upsurge of sea levels due to

unpredictable weather conditions, shifting of climate zones and decline of ecosystem have

greatly affect our country. Global warming is one of the concerns of the world today, and we

cannot put aside the participation of each one of us. The Philippines, being agricultural country
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragondon,_Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragondon,_Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragondon,_Cavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragondon,_Cavite


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is one of the affected and perhaps contributors to this global warming. Floods and other

catastrophic event are the effects of climate change, and waste sanitation is one of these factors.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to describe the environmental waste sanitation practices in

Barangay Talipusngo, Maragondon Cavite. It will answer specifically the following

questions:

1. What are the environmental waste practices of Barangay Talipusngo, Maragondon

Cavite, in terms of:

1.1. water sanitation

1.2. food sanitation

1.3. refuse and garbage disposal

1.4. excreta disposal

1.5. insect, vector and rodent control

2. What is the level of knowledge of Barangay Talipusngo, in terms of:

2.1. water sanitation

2.2. food sanitation

2.3. refuse and garbage disposal

2.4. excreta disposal


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2.5. insect, vector and rodent control

3. Base on the result, what enhancement program

Significance of the Study

The results of the study will benefit the following:

To the community, in such a way that it will provide them with insights about the importance of

active cooperation and participation for environmental waste sanitation development.

To the Community Leaders, for them to provide new strategies that will let the community

members actively participate in giving importance and more aware of the environmental waste

management program that the community provides.

To the Center Social Action, this will provide valuable information and basis in the creation of a

solid environmental program under waste management for the adopted community.

To SDCA Students, it will give them awareness of the actual community program, be moreenvironmentally aware of the present conditions of the country, especially the adopted

community.

To the future researchers, the study will serve as useful reference for future studies.


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Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study aims to assess the practices and knowledge of the community in terms of

environmental waste sanitation. The research population will be the barangay Talipusngo,

community. Neither will the results and conclusions be generalized to other areas or institutions.

However, implications of this research will be significant for the improvement of the community

enhancement program of the SDCA.

Definition of Terms

The following are hereby defined to give the reader the idea how the terms are being used

in the paper:

Community - a social group of any size whose members resides in a specific

locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage.

Environmental Waste Sanitation - activities that deal with waste before and after it is produced,

includes its minimization, transfer, storage, separation, recovery, recycling, and final disposal.

water sanitation

food sanitation

garbage disposal

excreta disposal

insect, vector and rodent control


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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all

over the country can be found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan,

Mindoro Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro; Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San

Pedro, Laguna.

Environmentalists stress that Republic Act 9003 calls for the adoption of the best

environmental practices in ecological waste management and explicitly excludes waste

incineration as an ecological option. These polluting disposal facilities are major sources of

greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global warming. Landfills and open

dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related methane emissions to the

atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heat-trapping power than carbon

dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA 9003.

Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas

emissions (per kilowatt) than a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbons coming out of an

incinerator stack is measured. Such emissions are banned by the country s Clean Air Act.

Inaction on garbage contributes to the death of at least two persons every minute due to

complications from environmental problems, which could be prevented if the country only

developed a more efficient environmental management program.


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Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and surface

water contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread of disease.

Many of the disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening sanitation workers and

waste-pickers.

Peoples Behavior toward Waste

Behavior is a key cultural aspect that is embedded in people s way of life. Studying a

community s behavior and introducing new ones requires intensive, long -term, and creative

social marketing. This can be done by studying the demographic and cultural fiber of the

community through immersions and capacity building activities.The Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc. s (REECS) 2002

study on household waste management systems and the attitudes and behavior of the

communities in two barangays in Metro Manila ( Bennagen, Nepomuceno, Covar, 2002) showed

that:

1. Waste management is still perceived by many as the responsibility of government.

2. Public participation in waste management, especially in segregation at source, remains limited.

3. More extensive awareness- raising activities and training on ecological waste management are

needed, together with stricter enforcement of the Law and local ordinances must be observed.

4. There is lack of community empowerment and political will to resolve the problem.

Recognizing the importance of the environment s immediate recovery and effects of

improper waste management to the Philippines, there is a need for understanding and

reformation of attitudes and concern towards the protection of environment. The impending

garbage crisis can be prevented if we only practice waste segregation at source, recycling, and


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composting as what the law requires. An intensive social marketing program has to be

established on a long-term scale within a barangay the smallest unit of the local government.

Garbage problem is a major problem in Philippines due to poor disposal of waste products. The

problem can be solved by setting up public disposal to the city and other areas and educate the

people on the benefits of proper waste disposal.

A similar program has been placed in places in Canada, where citizens are encouraged to

follow a "Litter-Not" program (keeping the waste until you see a nearby garbage can). Japan has

used a similar system, in which they even have a separate disposal unit specifically for

chopsticks located conveniently on city streets.To better educate the people, the government must really push the importance and really

emphasize the benefits of proper disposing. They should really teach the children and the youth

to really practice how to properly throw and sort-out garbage. Parents should be good role-

models for this in order for children to really understand the importance of it. Programs should

be more active in order to clean the streets, like open new jobs that specifically help clean the

streets.

When you know that garbage builds a lot in one area, where there is no place to throw the

trash other than throw it on the ground, why not place a damn garbage can/dumpster box there so

that it is available for public use, and have someone cleaning it often. I don't find a lot of these

on the streets that I have visited here, only tonnes and tonnes of street garbage littered

everywhere.

Garbage litters most of metropolitan Manila as authorities grapple with the unenviable

task of finding a dump site for the many tons of rubbish generated by the capital's 12 million

residents.


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According to government records, metropolitan Manila generates an average 5,854 tons

of waste, 29,268 cubic meters, daily. About 74.14% of the trash comes from households, 9.40%

from commercial shops, 7.50% from restaurants, 7.60% from public markets, 0.80% from

institutions, 0.41% from street sweepings and 0.14% from river clean up, the records show.

Of the waste, records say only about 4% is recycled, 6% is burned or buried, 25% is illegally

dumped or finds its way into the sewers and nearby river systems and 65% is collected by

authorized garbage collectors.

''The problem is where to dump these tons of garbage,'' said VisiaAldon, a spokeswoman

for the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA). ''We have to look for ways.''Finding dump sites for garbage has proven to be difficult indeed for the government.

The government needs at least 30 hectares a year -- and millions of pesos -- to properly

dispose of all waste generated by metropolitan Manila residents, Aldon said.

On Dec. 31, the government was forced to halt dumping garbage in San Mateo in Rizal

Province, east of Manila, due to strong opposition by residents there.

Garbage collection was further exacerbated by an accident in Payatas, an open dump site

and home to thousands of poor residents of Quezon City.

In July, more 100 people were buried alive when a mountain of garbage caved in. The

accident prompted local authorities to temporarily close the site.

For months now, the stench and sight of mountains of garbage punctuate the metropolis

as authorities gave up looking for dump sites within the metropolis and outlying areas.

Recently, officials announced they have found a remote island-village in the central

Philippines called Semirara where garbage can be disposed of, only to be faced with more

opposition from environmentalists and residents.


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Bob Alojipan, a resident of Antique Province, appealed to the government to abort its

plan to dump garbage on the island.

''This area is the last biodiversified area in the country,'' Alojipan said. He said the plan

threatens to pollute the beautiful beaches in the area, including world-renowned Boracay, which

is about 50 kilometers away from Semirara.

Boracay, an island of Aklan Province, is one of the major tourist destinations in the

country due to its pristine, fine-sand beaches. The crystal clear waters are tranquil and perfect for

swimming, sailing, fishing and sunbathing.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources has declared Caluya town andthe Semirara island-village in Antique Province a ''marine turtle sanctuary'' since June 1982 due

to an abundance of endangered turtle species in the area.

Semirara is a 75-square-kilometer island-village about 275 kilometers south of Manila.

''Turtles (called pawikan locally) thrive in Caluya, especially on Semirara, and if you

dump garbage there the habitat and the sanctuary of these endangered turtles will be destroyed

because these turtles are highly migratory,'' said Angie Viloria, a government biologist.

Viloria said their office was not consulted at all about plans to dump garbage on the island.

''They kept us in the dark,'' she told Kyodo News.

Presidential aide Robert Aventajado, in charge of garbage disposal, confirmed barge ferrying

garbage has already left a Manila port on the way to Semirara for the more than 30-hour trip to

the island-village.

But even there, there is a problem. The barge cannot dump the garbage on the island due

to a temporary restraining order issued by a court in Antique following complaints from Antique

residents and Boracay hotel operators.


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Where the modern-day ''Flying Dutchman'' will take its stinking cargo next is anyone's

guess.

Proper Garbage Disposal: make it a Habit .

Philippine on line Chronicle, Ma. Rachel RoxasYapchiongco

Garbage is a never ending cycle. Every day each household produces a significant amount of

trash. The more we consume the more garbage we incur. Garbage disposal has been a

monumental problem ever since.

The recent brunt of the habagat (southwest monsoon) has washed up tons of garbage

towards Manila Bay. All sorts of trash, mostly plastic, congregated into a massive garbage pileat the recently repaired seawall. From afar, it looked like a colorful floating mini island but as

you got closer, its ugliness became undeniably apparent. Metro Manila authorities organized a

massive clean- up in the area. It s quite a shock to learn that the collected garbage filled more

than 200 dump trucks. The garbage nightmare do esn t end there as more garbage is expected to

be collected in other flood stricken areas in the country.

This is our collective liability. All of us in one way or another contributed to this, Metropolitan

Manila Development Authority Chair Francis Tolentino said on Inquirer News.

The piles of garbage collected in the Philippines are dumped into landfills around the country.

Every landfill has its limits. When it reaches full capacity, it has to be closed down but opening

a new one presents a lot of challenges. In reality not every trash is collected. Some of them end

up being thrown into bodies of water. Never throw trash in the water, whether it s a stream, river,

lake, or sea. Trash is trash no matter how small. Even something as tiny as a candy wrapper can

contribute to the worldwide problem.

Here are some guidelines to help you dispose your garbage properly.


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Segregating waste and recycling. Majority of barangays in the Philippines now

implement strict segregation of garbage into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and toxic waste.

Corresponding fines are imposed on violators.

Recycling is a great way to manage waste. It helps protect the environment by reducing

pollution, saving natural resources and conserving energy. Recycling at home takes only little

time and effort but its benefits to the environment can be substantial.

The following items can be recycled:

Paper and cardboard Newspapers and cardboard are highly recyclable. You can send them

directly to newsprint recycling. You can also sell newspapers and cardboard to localbotedyaryo peddlers or nearby junkshop.

Plastic Some types of plastic can be recycled. Check with your local recycling center to find

out which types are accepted.

Glass Certain glass items can be recycled. Glass items are usually recycled based on its color:

clear, green, and brown. Put light bulbs, sheet glass, mirrors and Pyrex in a separate container

because these items may not be accepted by recycling centers.

Aluminum, steel, and copper Food cans, soda cans, and aluminum cans can be brought to

recycling centers. Paint cans and aerosol cans can be recycled but due to possible hazardous

content, it is advisable to send them to facilities that can handle them properly. Copper is

considered as one of the most recycled metals.

Electronics and appliances Pass on old electronics and appliances that can still be used. You

can donate old computers, printers, radios, televisions, electric fans, and others to public schools

or social centers.

Proper disposal of hazardous materials


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Used oil, batteries, bulbs, paint cans, metals, and chemical-based products may contain

hazardous chemicals. Do not just put potentially dangerous materials in your trash can along

with other forms of garbage. Ask your local baranggay if there is nearby facility that can recycle

or dispose of them in an environmentally safe manner.

Irresponsible disposal of hazardous materials can become a big health risk especially to garbage

collectors and landfill scavengers. It can also become a health hazard to people during instances

of flooding.

Alarming Waste Problem in the Phils.

Imagine echo projects waste.blogspot.comThe Philippines is looming with garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003. 2007 first quarter data from the

National Solid Waste Management Commission shows that there are 677 open dumpsites, 343

controlled dumps, and 21 landfills in the country. An additional 307 dump sites are subject for

closure or rehabilitation plans but without definite schedules for enforcement. About 215

additional landfills are being proposed to be set up nationwide.

About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all over the

country can be found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan, Mindoro

Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro; Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San Pedro,

Laguna.




greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global warming.


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Landfills and open dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related

methane emissions to the atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heat-trapping

power than carbon dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA 9003.

Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions (per

kilowatt) than a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbon coming out of an incinerator stack

is measured. Such emissions are banned by the country s Clean Air Act.



developed a more efficient environmental management program.Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and surface water

contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread of disease. Many of

the disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening sanitation workers and waste-

pickers.

Annual waste generation in the Philippines is expected to grow 40 percent by 2010.

Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as garbage

production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.

Past efforts to promote waste segregation at source have minimal impact despite the presence of

Republic Act 9003. Most of these were barangay, city, and municipal ordinances providing for

sanctions and penalties for non-compliance. Campaigns, seminars, trainings and other different

community activities were implemented with the help of various private groups or NGO s to

pursue the objective of solving the garbage problem. RA 9003 further calls for the establishment

of materials recovery facilities, or ecology centers, in every barangay or cluster of a barangay. To

date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist, serving 2,133 barangays of a total 41,975 nationwide. In


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Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays have established Materials Recovery Facilities out of a

total of 142.

Garbage Problem

Garbage is a never ending cycle. Every day each household produces a significant

amount of trash. The more we consume the more garbage we incur. Garbage disposal has been a

monumental problem ever since.

The recent brunt of the habagat (southwest monsoon) has washed up tons of garbage

towards Manila Bay. All sorts of trash, mostly plastic, congregated into a massive garbage pile

at the recently repaired seawall. From afar, it looked like a colorful floating mini island but asyou got closer, its ugliness became undeniably apparent. Metro Manila authorities organized a

massive clean- up in the area. It s quite a shock to learn that the collected garbage filled more

than 200 dump trucks. The garbage nightmare doesn t end there as more ga rbage is expected to

be collected in other flood stricken areas in the country.

Garbage litters most of metropolitan Manila as authorities grapple with the unenviable task of

finding a dump site for the many tons of rubbish generated by the capital's 12 million residents.

According to government records, metropolitan Manila generates an average 5,854 tons

of waste, 29,268cubicmeters, and daily.

About 74.14% of the trash comes from households, 9.40% from commercial shops,

7.50% from restaurants, 7.60% from public markets, 0.80% from institutions, 0.41% from street

sweepings and 0.14% from river clean up, the records show.

Of the waste, records say only about 4% is recycled, 6% is burned or buried, 25% is

illegally dumped or finds its way into the sewers and nearby river systems and 65% is collected

by authorized garbage collectors.


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''The problem is where to dump these tons of garbage,'' said VisiaAldon, a spokeswoman

for the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA). ''We have to look for ways.''

Finding dump sites for garbage has proven to be difficult indeed for the government. The

government needs at least 30 hectares a year -- and millions of pesos -- to properly dispose of all

waste generated by metropolitan Manila residents, Aldon said.

Where does the garbage go?

The piles of garbage collected in the Philippines are dumped into landfills around the

country. Every landfill has its limits. When it reaches full capacity, it has to be closed down but

opening a new one presents a lot of challenges.In reality not every trash is collected. Some of them end up being thrown into bodies of

water. Never throw trash in the water, whether it s a stream, river, lake, or sea. Trash is trash no

matter how small. Even something as tiny as a candy wrapper can contribute to the worldwide

problem. What happened to Manila Bay can already attest to that.

Segregating waste and recycling

Majority of barangays in the Philippines now implement strict segregation of garbage

into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and toxic waste. Corresponding fines are imposed on

violators. Recycling is a great way to manage waste. It helps protect the environment by

reducing pollution, saving natural resources and conserving energy. Recycling at home takes

only little time and effort but its benefits to the environment can be substantial.

The following items can be recycled; Paper and cardboard Newspapers and cardboard are

highly recyclable. You can send them directly to newsprint recycling. You can also sell

newspapers and cardboard to local botedyaryo peddlers or nearby junkshop. Plastic Some

types of plastic can be recycled. Check with your local recycling center to find out which types


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are accepted. Glass Certain glass items can be recycled. Glass items are usually recycled based

on its color: clear, green, and brown. Put light bulbs, sheet glass, mirrors and pyrex in a separate

container because these items may not be accepted by recycling centers. Aluminum, steel, and

copper Food cans, soda cans, and aluminum cans can be brought to recycling centers. Paint

cans and aerosol cans can be recycled but due to possible hazardous content, it is advisable to

send them to facilities that can handle them properly. Copper is considered as one of the most

recycled metals. Electronics and appliances Pass on old electronics and appliances that can still

be used. You can donate old computers, printers, radios, televisions, electric fans, and others to

public schools or social centers.

Composting

Many landfills in the country are fast reaching its capacity. Opening a new one to replace

another is not as easy as some may think. Putting up a new landfill entails careful studying of

the site to ensure the protection of natural resources and the general environment.

The garbage that you throw away each day ends up at a landfill. You can help the current

landfill situation by lessening your garbage. One good way of doing this is through composting.

Some of the things that you usually throw away can be useful and environmentally beneficial.

According to Recycle Works, composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic

materials into a rich soil known as compost. When you take time to compost organic waste, you

are helping the environment by giving back the nutrients into the soil to promote the cycle of life.


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Composting can help divert waste from going to landfills and waterways. It can also help

improve the health of the soil and plants. Composting is also a great way to teach young children

about the significance of taking care of the environment.

There are 3 types of composting; Backyard composting You can make your own

compost at your backyard by utilizing garden clippings and food scraps. Worm composting

You can start your own worm bin and use the worms to recycle food scraps and other organic

material. The worms can help produce vermicomposting that you can use to grow healthier

plants. Grass cycling You can simply leave grass in a corner of your lawn to decompose on its

own.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shares the following possible things that you

can compost this are; Animal manure. Cardboard rolls, Clean paper, Coffee grounds and filters,

Cotton rags, Dryer and vacuum cleaner lint, Eggshells, Fireplace ashes, Fruits and vegetables,

Grass clippings, Hair and fur, Hay and straw, Houseplants, Leaves, Nut shells, Sawdust,

Shredded newspaper, Tea bags, Wood chips, Wool rags, and Yard trimmings.

The Philippines is looming with garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003.

In the first quarter of 2007 data from the National Solid Waste Management Commission

shows that there are 677 open dumpsites, 343 controlled dumps, and 21 landfills in the country.

An additional 307 dump sites are subject for closure or rehabilitation plans but without definite

schedules for enforcement. About 215 additional landfills are being proposed to be set up

nationwide.

About 1,000 open and controlled dump sites exist in the country. Prominent dumps all

over the country can be found in Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City; Calapan,


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Mindoro Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro; Mandurriao, Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San

Pedro, Laguna.




greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds to global warming. Landfills and open

dumps, according to studies, account for 34 percent of human-related methane emissions to the

atmosphere, a global warming gas that has 23 times more heat-trapping power than carbon

dioxide. These landfills and open dumps are illegal under RA 9003.Incinerators, on the other hand, have significantly higher levels of greenhouse gas

emissions (per kilowatt) than a coal-fired power plant when all of the carbon coming out of an

incinerator stacks is measured. Such emissions are banned by the country s Clean Air Act.



developed a more efficient environmental management program.

Mismanagement of waste has serious environmental consequences: ground and surface

water contamination, local flooding, air pollution, exposure to toxins, and spread of disease.

Many of the disposal sites contain infectious material, thus threatening sanitation workers and

waste-pickers.

Annual waste generation in the Philippines is expected to grow 40 percent by 2010.

Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as garbage

production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.


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Past efforts to promote waste segregation at source have minimal impact despite the

presence of Republic Act 9003. Most of these were barangay, city, and municipal ordinances

providing for sanctions and penalties for non-compliance. Campaigns, seminars, trainings and

other different community activities were implemented with the help of various private groups or

NGO s to pursue the objective of solving the garbage problem.

RA 9003 further calls for the establishment of materials recovery facilities, or ecology

centers, in every barangay or cluster of a barangay. To date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist,

serving 2,133 barangays of a total 41,975 nationwide. In Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays

have established Materials Recovery Facilities out of a total of 142.Peoples BehaviourToward Waste

Behaviour is a key cultural aspect that is embedded in people s way of life. Studying a

community s behavior and introducing new ones requires intensive, long -term, and creative

social marketing. This can be done by studying the demographic and cultural fiber of the

community through immersions and capacity building activities.

The Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc. s (REECS) 2002

study on household waste management systems and the attitudes and behavior of the

communities in two barangays in Metro Manila ( Bennagen, Nepomuceno, Covar, 2002) showed

that:

1. Waste management is still perceived by many as the responsibility of government.

2. Public participation in waste management, especially in segregation at source, remains limited.

3. More extensive awareness- raising activities and training on ecological waste management are

needed, together with stricter enforcement of the Law and local ordinances must be observed.

4. There is lack of community empowerment and political will to resolve the problem.


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Recognizing the importance of the environment s immediate recovery and effects of

improper waste management to the Philippines, there is a need for understanding and

reformation of attitudes and concern towards the protection of environment. The impending

garbage crisis can be prevented if we only practice waste segregation at source, recycling, and

composting as what the law requires. An intensive social marketing program has to be

established on a long-term scale within a barangay the smallest unit of the local government.

(2008, 09).Waste Disposal. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 09, 2008, from

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Waste-Disposal-163264.html

Waste DisposalBy MNBecina, september 2008

Republic act 9003

Currently the world is suffering from different calamities, hunger, malnutrition, sickness

and other improper waste disposal. However, several are implementing the proper waste disposal

management under RA. 9003 such DENR promoting some activities that will help to save the

mother earth help not one but all of us to achieve the better life. Despite of those calamities some

are not really concern regarding this matter.

They are those who put their waste materials anywhere.

If almost are disobeying the rules and regulation of RA. 9003, there are still several

people who are really concern with this matter. Sen. JovitoSalonga, one of a kind who promotes

cleanliness. All of us wants to promote cleanliness but Salonga just not promoting but

implementing then are also come organization who is responsible for the waste materials like

MRF or Material Recovery Facilities. They make our used materials to a newly form and more

useful products. Some of the organization do make livelihood from our waste materials.
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Waste-Disposal-163264.htmlhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Waste-Disposal-163264.htmlhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/Waste-Disposal-163264.html


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By that, they motivate us to obey the RA 9003 from our home to society by telling that we are

not just trying to 0save the mo ther earth, but we can also earn money from garbage. Nabubulok

or the biodegradable materials are also useful, we can make organic fertilizer from it. See, how

great the value of proper waste disposal management?

In my own opinion, it s the responsibility of everyone to have a proper waste disposal.

But because of unconcern people with this matter there must be a rule to be followed.

By telling that we can earn money from our waste materials, I think some will be motivated to

follow this kind of management. Necessarily, by possessing discipline we can simply help the

environment. Note: Please synthesize your literature proper citation please

Environment & Climate Change

Preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) for better and enhanced Solid Waste

Management in several cities of India; Piloting and implementing community based Solid Waste

Management programmes including segregation at source; Helping states move towards better

sanitation facilities especially for the poor and vulnerable groups including women; Assisting in

developing strategy and implementation for Bio-medical waste management in hospitals of the

health sector; Water sector issues including adapting to climate change issues and ensuring

availability of potable water in the villages; Helping states / countries progress industrially with

zero net carbon balances i.e. to build an ecologically sustainable industrial environment; Energy

management including conservation, alternative sources and reduction of waste; E-governance,

M-Governance and paperless office in the public sector to reduce paper wastage; Integrating


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climate change issues in the development agenda of various governments / agencies;

(http://www.ipeglobal.com/envclim.php ).

Climate Change and its effect on water, sanitation and hygiene

by: Madhav Narayan Shrestha

http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-

sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-comments

PHILIPPINE SANITATION ALLIANCE (PSA) PROJECT

The Philippines heavy reliance on foreign sources of energy in the power and transport

sectors raises energy costs and results in an unfavorable investment climate compared to other

countries in the region. About three million households still remain without electricity. Weak

enforcement of vehicle emission standards contributes to worsening air quality in the major

urban centers of the country. Nearly half of the country s population is without access to piped

water at the household level. Illegal and destructive fishing practices and conversion of

forestlands threaten food security and productivity of the country s marine and forest re sources,

which have biological significance worldwide .http://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-

environment

Waste and Climate Change Global Trends and Strategy Framework, Nov 2010

At a global scale, the waste management sector makes a relatively minor contribution to

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, estimated at approximately 3-5% of total anthropogenic

emissions in 2005. However, the waste sector is in a unique position to move from being a
http://www.ipeglobal.com/envclim.phphttp://www.ipeglobal.com/envclim.phphttp://www.ipeglobal.com/envclim.phphttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.environmental-expert.com/professional-profiles/madhav-narayan-shrestha-97032http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environmenthttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environmenthttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environmenthttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environmenthttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/InformationResources/Publications/WasteandClimateChange/tabid/79353/Default.aspxhttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environmenthttp://philippines.usaid.gov/programs/energy-environmenthttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/climate-change-and-its-effect-on-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-77653/view-commentshttp://www.environmental-expert.com/professional-profiles/madhav-narayan-shrestha-97032http://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/keyword-climate-change-98http://www.ipeglobal.com/envclim.php


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minor source of global emissions to becoming a major saver of emissions. Although minor

levels of emissions are released through waste treatment and disposal, the prevention and

recovery of wastes (i.e. as secondary materials or energy) avoids emissions in all other sectors

of the economy. A holistic approach to waste management has positive consequences for GHG

emissions from the energy, forestry, agriculture, mining, transport, and manufacturing sectors.

Every waste management practice generates GHG, both directly (i.e. emissions from the

process itself) and indirectly (i.e. through energy consumption). However, the overall climate

impact or benefit of the waste management system will depend on net GHGs, accounting for

both emissions and indirect, downstream GHG savings. The actual magnitude of these

emissions is difficult to determine because of poor data on worldwide waste generation,

composition and management and inaccuracies in emissions models. Although currently OECD

countries generate the highest levels of methane, those of developing nations are anticipated to

increase significantly as better waste management practices lead to more anaerobic,

methaneproducing conditions in landfills. (United Nations Environmental Programme Division

of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Centre

Osaka/Shiga; )http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/Waste

&ClimateChange.pdf

Community
http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/Waste&ClimateChange.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/Waste&ClimateChange.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/Waste&ClimateChange.pdfhttp://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/Waste&ClimateChange.pdf


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Untalan, Aaron, RN. (2007). Concepts and Guidelines in COPAR. p. 1

Community is a social group of people interacting with each other, determined by

geographic boundaries, living together to attain certain and common goals sharing the same

interest.

Maglaya, Araceli S. (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community, 4th ed. p. 10-11

The community is a group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and/or

common values and interests. A community has the following characteristics: (1) it is defined by

its geographic boundaries within certain identifiable characteristics; (2) it is made up of

institutions organized into a social system with the institutions and organizations linked in

complex network having a formal informal power structure and a communication system; (3) a

common or shared interest that binds the members together exists; (4) it has an area with fluid

boundaries within which a problem can be identified and solved; and, (5) it has a population

aggregate concept.

A community is regarded as an organism with its own stages of development. Just like a

person, if subjected to different situations, a community matures through time The development

of some communities is fast while in others, it is slow. Thus, their responses to problems are

either inadequate, inappropriate or delayed.

Bastable, Susan B. (2003). Nurse as Educator. p. 55

Most learning theories [convey] that the individual must have direct experiences to learn.

According to early social learning theory, much of learning occurs by observation watching

other people and discerning what happens to them. Learning is often a social process, and other


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individuals, especially significant others, provide compelling examples or role models for how

to think, feel and act.

Learning. April 2008. Retrieved January 2009 from Wikipedia site:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)

In psychology and education, a common definition of learning is a process that brings

together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring,

enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views (as cited by

Illeris,2000).

DeYoung, Sandra.,EdD, RN (2003). Teaching Strategies for Nurse Educators, P. 22, 23

Social Learning Theory (Social Cognitive Theory)

The person best known for his Social Learning Theory is Albert Bandura (1977). Social

learning theory, later renamed social cognitive theory, proposes that behavior change is affected

by environmental influences, personal factors, and attributes of the behavior itself. Each may

affect or be affected by either of the other two. There are several key components of this theory.

First, people learn as they are in constant interaction with their environment, Most learning

occurs as a result of observing other peo ple s behavior and its consequences (Bandura calls this

modelling). Second, attentional processes determine which modeled behaviors will be learned.

People perceive ad attend to only a certain number of modeled behaviors. Characteristics of the

individual, the modeled activities themselves, and the social interactions in which learner

engages determine which behaviors are attended to. Third, retention processes refer to the ability


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to retain modeled behaviors in permanent memory. Bandura emphasizes that although

observation starts the learning process, expertise is developed through practice with external and

internal (self-regulatory) feedback.

According to Social Learning (Social Cognitive) Theory, motivation for learning will

determine which modeled behaviors are enacted. A person is motivated when he or she sees the

possibility of valued outcomes as opposed to unrewarding or punishing outcomes. Perceived

reward, therefore, is a good motivator and helps people attend to modeled behavior and enact it.

\The Social Learning Theory

There are three important theorists who worked on the social learning approaches to

personality. Albert Bandura has great contributions on the social learning perspective, while

Walker Mischel and Julian Rotter focused their work on the cognitive- social learning

perspectives. These theorists differ from one another in important respects, but they share a

number of common viewpoints on the variables in personality development and functioning, and

the centrality of cognitive processes.

In contrast to both psychoanalytic and trait approaches to personality, social learn-

learning approaches emphasize the important of environmental or situational determinants of

behavior. For social- learning theorists, behavior is the product of a continuous interaction

between personal and environmental variables. Environmental conditions shape behavior

through learning, and the person s behavior in return, shapes the environment. Bandura calls this

interaction as reciprocal determination. He further believes need not be performed and reinforced

for learning to occur. Modeling or observational learning occurs vicariously, even in infants, by

observing the behavior of others and its consequences for them. This modeling theory believes


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Another social learning theorist is Walker Mischel, who replaced the traditional person

variables such as traits with cognitive variables follows: 1) competencies refer to the various

skills a person possesses like intellectual abilities, social and physical skills and other special

abilities; 2) encoding strategies and personal construct refer to how experiences are retained and

categorized by the individual. An example may be an event perceived by one person as

challenging but which may be seen by another as threatening; 3) Subjective values mean what a

person considers as worth having. To illustrate further, two Math students may expect a certain

behavior to please their professor; however, this outcome is important to the other; 4) self-

regulating system and plans mean that people differ in the standards and rules they adopt forregulating their behavior (including self-imposed rewards for success or punishment for failures)

as well as in their ability to make realistic plans for reaching a goal (as cited by Mischel, 1993).

It has to be emphasized that Mischel earlier was a strong situationlist who asserts the

probability of reward or punishment as the most important determinants of behavior in any given

situation but he later became an interactionist who recognizes the importance of both the person

and situation and their interaction. Julian Rotter is the other social learning theorist who believes

in the interaction of the person and the environment as the most important determinants of

behavior. He stresses that the environmental determinants that enter into the interaction is not all

equally important. Only those aspects that are meaningful for the individuals are to be seriously

considered as behavior determinants. He further points out that personality components of

interaction is conceptualized as a set of potentials to respond to relatively specific types of social

situation. These potentials are a function of the person s individual history and are learned

through the individual s experiences with the social environment.

Zulueta, Francisco M. (2005). Sociology: Focus on the Philippines. p. 314-321


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The Filipino Character

While we have discussed the four major personality theories- psychoanalysis, social-

learning, and humanistic- Which are all foreign to us, we could not help as Filipinos to look into

the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character. This is a study commissioned by the

Senate Committee on Education, Arts and Culture, and the Committee on Social Justice, Welfare

and Development under the sponsorship of former Senator Leticia Ramos Shahani Chairperson,

Movement for Moral Recovery.

Weaknesses of the Filipino Character

While there are positive Filipino traits, there are also negative behavioral traits. Let us

discuss them.

Extreme personalism. Filipinos have a personalistic world view. It means that there is no

separation between an objective task and emotional involvement. Because of this, Filipinos have

difficulty dealing with all forms of impersonal activities. As such, Filipinos are uncomfortable

with bureaucracy, with rules and regulations, and with the standard operating procedure (SOP).

As a result, we have personal contact in any transactions and these are hard to turn down.

Preference in giving work or service delivery is given to family, kamag-anak, friends, compadre,

and other connections. Thus, extreme personalism leads to nepotism, lagayan, cronyism and

worst, to graft and corruption.

Extreme family centeredness. Our excessive concern for the family makes us ardently loyal that

the larger community is neglected. This lead to factionalism, patronage, and political dynasties.

Thus, there is lack of concern for the common good and this act as a barrier to national

consciousness.


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Lack of Discipline. The Filipino lack of discipline comes in different forms namely: (1) we lack

patience and are unable to delay gratification or reward, resulting in the use of short-cuts, in

skirting the rules (as in palusot syndrome); (2) we are prone to commit ningas cogon, starting out

project with full enthusiasm and interest which suddenly die down leaving the project

unfinished; 3) we have a relaxed attitude toward time which manifest lack of precision, etc.

Thus negative traits often lead to wasteful work system, violation of rules, inefficiency and lack

of commitment.

Passivity and lack of initiative. Filipino are generally seen as passive and lacking in initiative.

We wait to be told what has to be done. We tend to show strong reliance on other like

government and other leaders to do things for us. We also tend to show submissiveness to thus

in authority and do not raise issues or to question decisions, thus, we are oppressed and

exploited. They tend to show no sense of urgency about any problem. Sometimes we are simply

complacent.

Colonial mentality. Filipino manifest colonial mentality in two dimensions: 1) lack of patriotism

or an active awareness, appreciation of the Philippines; and 2) actual preference for things that

are foreign.

Our Filipino culture is characterized by openness-adapting and incorporating the foreign

elements into our own image. Thus, its result is cultural vagueness weakness that makes

Filipinos very susceptible to the total acceptance of modern man s culture which is oftenWestern: As a consequence, there is preference for anything that that is foreign in terms of

fashion, entertainment, technology, etc.


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More so, manifestation of this Filipino mentality is the alienation of the elite from their

roots and from the masses. We too have a basic feeling to national inferiority that makes us

Filipino wanting to relate as equal to Westerns.

Kanya-kanya Syndrome. This trait refers to the selfish, self-serving attitude that generates a

feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others, particularly one s peers who seems to have

gained some status or prestige. A good example of this is talangka (crab) mentality using the

power to tsismis, intrigue and distractive criticism to pull others down. This trait is also

observed in the lack of sense of service among people in the government agencies. The public is

made to feel that service from the offices and from the civil servants is an extra work that has to

be paid for. As a result, this kanya-kanya syndrome dampens cooperation, unity, and community

spirit.

Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection. We Filipinos, have the tendency to be flighty and to

manifest superficial personality. This means that in times of problems, we tend not to be serious

in looking deeper into the problem. We tend to lack analysis and reflection.

Behavior

Keltner, Norman L. et al. (2007) Psychiatric Nursing 5th Edition. p.691

Any observable, recordable, and measureable movement, response, or act of an individual--

verbal and non-verbal.

Human behavior is the collection of behaviors exhibited by human beings and influenced

by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion

and/or genetics.


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The behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range

with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside

acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior is considered as having no meaning, being not directed

at other people and thus is the most basic human action. Behavior should not be mistaken with

social behavior, which is more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically

directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and

regulated by various means of social control.

The behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychology, social work,

sociology, economics, and anthropology.

In 1970, a book was published called "The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the

Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder" written by the anthropologist Robert Ardrey. The

book and study investigated animal behavior (Ethology) and then compared human behavior as a

similar phenomenon.

Human behavior is an important factor in human society. According to Humanism, each

human has a different behavior.

Factors affecting human behavior: Genetics; Attitude the degree to which the person

has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question; Social Norms the

influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or

not perform a certain behavior; Perceived Behavioral Control the individual s belief

concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.


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Practices onenvironmental

wastesanitation

Knowledge on

waste

environmental

waste sanitation

EnhancedSanitation Program

Research

Nieswiadomy, Rose Marie Fundamentals of Nursing Research, 5th Edition p.66

Many nurse researchers have recommended the use of both qualitative and quantitative

research methods in a single study. Ford-Gilboa, Campbell, and Berman (1995) called for nurse

researchers to combine numbers and stories. Combining both qualitative and quantitative

method increases he researcher s ability to rule out rival explanations for phenomena (Hinds,

1989). Field and Morse (1985) asserted that the strongest research findings are found in studies

that use both research methods. These two authors described the sequential use of the methods,

the qualitative method might be used initially, until hypotheses emerge. When qualitative and

quantitative methods ae used simultaneously, the technique is called triangulation. Myers and

Haase (1989) indicated that the integration for quantitative and qualitative approaches is

inevitable and essential for nursing research.

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm


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Chapter III

Methodology

Research design

The study will utilize a quantitative method using descriptive design. The study is

descriptive for it aims to show the condition of the respondents who actually experienced waste

sanitation program, as reflected in their demographic profile. The study is quantitative because

numerical values were dealt with in the study, treating them statistically.

Sampling Design

The researchers will use simple random sampling; it is one of the best ways to achieve

unbiased results in a study. Random sampling includes choosing subjects from a population

through unpredictable means. In its simplest form, all subjects have an equal chance of being

selected out of the population being researched.

Instrumentation

The researchers will utilize a survey questionnaire as a tool to elicit responses form the

respondents. The tool consist of ____ parts. Part 1Part 2..

Data Collection

After the researchers have identified the problem which was based on the result of the

survey conducted by the Center for Social Action last November to December 2012. The

researchers will ask permission to the VPAR s office to conduct the study regarding the practices

on environmental waste management of Brgy. Talipusngo. After the approval of the VPAR, data

collection will commence on the proposed date December 2013. A house to house visit and a one

on one survey through interview will be done by the researcher to ensure the reliability of the

information that will be gathered.

Statistical Treatment data

The data that will be gathered through questionnaires will be collated, tabulated and

analyzed. The researchers will use frequency and percentage for the identified practices on


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environmental waste sanitation of the respondents and weighted mean for the level of knowledge

of the community on the identified environmental waste management.

sanitation review

Documents