sanitation and water project for the greater...
TRANSCRIPT
E4089
MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (MLGRD)
SANITATION AND WATER PROJECT FOR THE
GREATER ACCRA METROPOLITAN AREA (GAMA)
REVISED DRAFT REPORT
ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
FOR SANITATION AND WATER PROJECT FOR GAMA
Prepared By: Dyson T. Jumpah
DECEMBER 2012
7TH FLOOR, TRUST TOWERS
FARRAR AVENUE, ADABRAKA
ACCRA, GHANA.
www.eemcgh.com
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 ii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ARAP
ARIC
Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan
Audit Review Implementation Committee
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BP Best Practice
DACF District Assemblies Common Fund
DANIDA
DDF
Danish International Development Agency
District Development Fund
EA
EIA
EMP
ESO
EPA
ESIA
ESMF
ESMP
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Plan
Environment and Social Officer
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Environmental and Social Management Framework
Environmental and Social Management Plan
GAMA Greater Accra Metropolitan Area
GoG Government of Ghana
IGF Internally Generated Funds
ILGS Institute of Local Government Studies
L.I. Legislative Instrument
LG Local Government
MDA Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MLGRD
MMA
Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
Metropolitan and Municipal Assemblies
MMDA Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies
MOFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
MPCU
NDAP
Metropolitan/Municipal Planning and Development Unit
National Decentralisation Action Plan
NEAP
NGO
OP
PEFA
National Environmental Action Plan
Non Governmental Organization
Operational Policy
Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 iii
PFM Public Financial Management
RAP
RCC
RPF
SPEFA
UDU
Resettlement Action Plan
Regional Coordinating Council
Resettlement Policy Framework
Social Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Groups
Urban Development Unit in MLGRD
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 iv
Table of Contents
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................. II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................... VIII
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................................................ - 1 - 1.2 PURPOSE AND STUDY OBJECTIVES OF ESMF .............................................................................................................. - 3 -
2.0 OVERALL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY FOR ESMF PREPARATION ................................................................... - 5 -
2.1 APPROACH .................................................................................................................................................................... - 5 - 2.2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................. - 6 -
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT FOR GAMA ........................................................................... - 7 -
3.1 CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES OF GAMA ............................................................................................................................... - 7 - 3.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................................................... - 8 -
3.2.1 Component 1 – Provision of Water and Sanitation Services ............................................................................- 8 - 3.2.2 Component 2 – Improvement and Expansion of Water Distribution Network ................................................- 9 - 3.2.3 Component 3 – Improvement and Expansion of Wastewater and Feacal Sludge Collection, Transportation and Treatment .......................................................................................................................................................................- 9 - 3.2.4 Component 4 - Institutional and Project Management Support ......................................................................- 9 -
4.0 RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS .............................................................................................. - 10 -
4.1 CONSULTATIONS WITH MMAS ....................................................................................................................................... - 10 - 4.2 CONSULTATIONS MINISTRIES DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES .................................................................................................. - 11 -
5.0 GAMA BASELINE PROFILE ..................................................................................................................................... - 12 -
5.1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................................. - 12 - 5.2 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................. - 12 - 5.3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................................................ - 13 - 5.4 GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................. - 14 - 5.5 VEGETATION ................................................................................................................................................................ - 15 - 5.6 DRAINAGE ................................................................................................................................................................... - 17 - 5.7 AIR QUALITY ................................................................................................................................................................ - 20 - 5.8 DEMOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................................. - 21 -
6.0 POLICY, LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ........................................ - 24 -
6.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................................................... - 24 - 6.1.1 Ghana’s Environmental Policy........................................................................................................................- 24 - 6.1.2 National Water Policy ....................................................................................................................................- 24 - 6.1.3 Environmental Sanitation Policy ....................................................................................................................- 25 - 6.1.4 The Environmental Protection Agency Act .....................................................................................................- 26 - 6.1.5 EA Regulations and Procedures .....................................................................................................................- 27 - 6.1.6 EA (Amendment) Regulations, 2002 ..............................................................................................................- 27 - 6.1.7 Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462) ..........................................................................................................- 27 -
6.2 NATIONAL LABOUR, SAFETY AND HEALTH REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................... - 28 - 6.2.1 Factories, Offices and Shops Act ....................................................................................................................- 28 - 6.2.2 Occupational Safety and Health Policy of Ghana (Draft) ...............................................................................- 28 - 6.2.3 National Workplace HIV/AIDS Policy .............................................................................................................- 28 - 6.2.4 Labour Act ......................................................................................................................................................- 28 -
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 v
6.3 THE GHANA SHARED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA (GSGDA) ................................................................................. - 28 - 6.4 THE POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY OF GHANA ................................................................................................................ - 29 -
6.4.1 GPRS I and II ...................................................................................................................................................- 29 - 6.5 THE WORLD BANK REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................. - 29 -
6.5.1 The Bank’s Safeguard Policies ........................................................................................................................- 29 - 6.5.2 Triggered Safeguard Policies ..........................................................................................................................- 32 -
6.6 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION POLICY .............................................................................................................................. - 32 - 6.6.1 Solid Waste Management ..............................................................................................................................- 32 -
6.7 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... - 33 - 6.8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................................................................... - 33 -
6.8.1 Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology ........................................................................................- 33 - 6.8.2 Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development .................................................................................- 34 - 6.8.3 Ministry of Water Resources Works and Housing ..........................................................................................- 34 - 6.8.4 Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning ..................................................................................................- 35 - 6.8.5 Ministry of Roads and Highways ....................................................................................................................- 35 -
7.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE GAMA PROJECTS AND MITIGATION ....................... - 36 -
7.1 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS............................................................................................................... - 37 - 7.1.1 Maternal Mortality: .......................................................................................................................................- 38 - 7.1.2 Other Diseases: ..............................................................................................................................................- 38 - 7.1.3 Environmental Sustainability: ........................................................................................................................- 38 - 7.1.4 Improvement of the living conditions ............................................................................................................- 38 - 7.1.5 Water Supply Project .....................................................................................................................................- 39 - 7.1.6 Excreta and Wastewater Services ..................................................................................................................- 40 - 7.1.7 Economic Benefits to MMAs ..........................................................................................................................- 40 - 7.1.8 Enhanced Institutional Capacity to Support Decentralization .......................................................................- 41 - 7.1.9 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................- 41 -
7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS, ................................................................. - 42 - 7.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment ................................................................................................................- 42 - 7.2.2 Operational Phase Impacts ............................................................................................................................- 43 - 7.2.3 Social Impacts ................................................................................................................................................- 47 -
7.3 MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................................................................................ - 48 - 7.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts ..........................................................................................................................- 48 - 7.3.2 Post Constructional Phase impacts ...............................................................................................................- 50 -
7.4 INTEGRATION OF THE EMP ...................................................................................................................................... - 55 - 7.4.1 Environmental Management ..........................................................................................................................- 55 - 7.4.2 Objectives of Program ...................................................................................................................................- 55 - 7.4.3 Resources for Programme Implementation....................................................................................................- 56 -
7.5 MONITORING ............................................................................................................................................................ - 58 - 7.5.1 Construction Phase ........................................................................................................................................- 58 - 7.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase ................................................................................................................- 59 -
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) ................................................................. - 60 -
8.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING PROCESS ...................................................................................... - 60 - 8.1.1 The Screening Process ...................................................................................................................................- 61 - 8.1.2 Responsibilities for the Implementation of the Screening Process ................................................................- 72 -
8.2 MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................................................................................ - 73 - 8.2.1 General mitigation measures .........................................................................................................................- 73 - 8.2.2 Specific construction impacts mitigation measures .......................................................................................- 74 -
8.3 MONITORING PLAN ...................................................................................................................................................... - 76 - 8.4 RESPONSIBILITY AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING ................................. - 78 -
8.4.1 Institutions responsible for implementation ................................................................................................- 78 - 8.4.2 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements ..............................................................................- 79 -
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 vi
8.5 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING FOR ESMP IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................... - 82 - 8.5.1 Capacity Building Program and Awareness ...................................................................................................- 83 - 8.5.2 Technical strengthen measures .....................................................................................................................- 83 -
8.6 ESMF IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................................ - 84 - 8.7 ESTIMATED BUDGET ..................................................................................................................................................... - 84 - 8.8 ESMF/ ESMP DISSEMINATION AND PUBLIC DISCLOSURE ..................................................................................................... - 86 -
9.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... - 92 -
10.0 ANNEXES .......................................................................................................................................................... - 93 -
ANNEX 1A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING (ESS) OF SUB-PROJECTS ............................................................. - 93 - ANNEX 1B: STANDARD FORMAT FOR SCREENING REPORT ................................................................................................ - 95 - ANNEX 1C: SCREENING REPORT-ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHECKLIST .................................................................... - 98 - ANNEX 2: STANDARD FORMAT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) .................................. - 99 - ANNEX 3: GUIDANCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN BY PROJECT PHASES ................................. - 100 - ANNEX 4: DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR SUB-PROJECT REQUIRING AN ESIA ......................................................... - 103 - ANNEX 5: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS .......................... - 105 - ANNEX 6: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND HOW THEY WILL APPLY TO THE FUTURE PROJECT ACTIVITIES ............. - 113 - ANNEX 7: LIST OF INDIVIDUALS/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED ........................................................................................... - 115 - ANNEX 8: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR GAMA ESMF .................................................................................................................. - 117 -
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 5-1: DEMOGRAPHIC FIGURES OF AMA BY SUB-METROS .......................................................................................................... - 21 - TABLE 5-2: POPULATION AND POPULATION GROWTH RATE ................................................................................................................ - 22 - TABLE 5-3: POPULATION PROJECT OF AMA BY SUB-METROS ............................................................................................................. - 22 - TABLE 5-4: PROJECTED POPULATION DENSITY PER HECTRE ................................................................................................................. - 23 - TABLE 7-1: STATUS OF SAFEGUARD WORK ...................................................................................................................................... - 36 - TABLE 8-1: STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN THE GAMA ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ................................................................ - 61 - TABLE 8-2: CATEGORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ........................................................................................................................ - 66 - TABLE 8-3: PROCEDURES FOR EIA ................................................................................................................................................. - 67 - TABLE 8-4: PROCESS MONITORING INDICATORS OF ESMP MEASURES ................................................................................................. - 70 - TABLE 8-5: INDICATORS AND MONITORING MECHANISM OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES ............................................................ - 71 - TABLE 8-6: SUMMARIZED ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING PROCESS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ......................................................................... - 72 - TABLE 8-7: GENERAL MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................................................................. - 73 - TABLE 8-8: SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES ................................................................................................... - 74 - TABLE 8-9: RESULTS AND INDICATORS FOR THE SANITATION AND WATER SECTOR .................................................................................. - 77 - TABLE 8-10: INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP ........................................................................................... - 78 - TABLE 8-11: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR ESMP IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................................... - 81 - TABLE 8-12: TRAINING SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................................................. - 83 - TABLE 8-13: TIME TABLE FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES ........................................................ - 84 - TABLE 8-14: ESTIMATED COSTS OF TECHNICAL MEASURES ................................................................................................................. - 85 - TABLE 8-15: TRAINING AND AWARENESS MEASURES COSTS ............................................................................................................... - 85 - TABLE 8-16: SUMMARIZED ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT MANAGEMENT ............................................... - 86 - TABLE 8-17: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................................................................... - 87 - TABLE 10-1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHECKLIST ...................................................................................................................... - 98 - TABLE 10-2: GUIDANCE ON ESMP BY PROJECT PHASES .................................................................................................................. - 100 -
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 5-1 : MAP OF GREATER ACCRA AREA .................................................................................................................................. - 12 - FIGURE 5-2: MAP OF GREATER ACCRA AREA ................................................................................................................................... - 14 - FIGURE 8-1: ESMP IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... - 82 -
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD), with support from the World Bank, is
currently preparing a Sanitation & Water Project for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). The
proposed project may be structured as a two-phase Adaptable Program Loan (APL) or as a Specific Investment
Loan (SIL) that would be followed by other operations, given the long term engagement required to increase
access to sanitation and water services in low income areas of GAMA and to attain an efficient and sustainable
operation and management of the services.
PPROJECT OBJECTIVES
The objective of the project is to increase access to safe water and improved sanitation to people in the GAMA,
with emphasis on low income communities, and to improve operation and management of wastewater facilities.
In order to achieve this objective, the project would support the expansion and improvement of the water
distribution network, the expansion of community water points and private water connections, the development of
on-site and sewered sanitation facilities and the improved collection and treatment of wastewater and faecal
sludge. Behaviour Change Campaign on hygiene, sanitation and safe water will also be promoted through social
mobilization activities, as well as social accountability to ensure the sustainability of the facilities and services.
The proposed project will therefore focus on providing low income communities located in the 11MMAs with
increased water supply and improved sanitation services. The beneficiary MMAs are Accra Metropolitan
Assembly, Tema Metropolitan Assembly,La Dade-Kotopon Municipal Assemby, Adenta Municipal Assembly,
Ga South Municipal Assembly, Ga Central Municipal Assembly, Ga West Municipal Assembly, Ga East
Municipal Assembly, La Nkwanta Municipal Assembly, Ledzokuku Krowor (Teshine Nungua( Municipal
Assembly and Ashaiman Municipal Assembly.
The proposed project weather the first phase of an APL or a SIL APL would have the following four components:
Component 1 - Provision of water and environmental sanitation services to priority low income
areas of the GAMA.
Component 2 – Improvement and expansion of the water distribution network in the GAMA .
Component 3 – Improvement and expansion of wastewater and fecal sludge collection,
transportation and treatment in the GAMA
Component 4 – Institutional Strengthening.
Description of Prospective Projects under Components 1, 2 and 3
Under Component 1, 2 and 3, the World Bank is funding proposed Sanitation and Water Projects located in the 11
MMAs to increase water supply and improved sanitation services. The Table 7.1 below presents a non-exhaustive
the list of some of the likely investments and the safeguards status (Please note that this list is not
comprehensive).
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 ix
Table ES-1: Status of Safeguard Work
Component 1 :
Provision of water
and environnemental
sanitation services to
priority income areas
of the GAMA
Location
Implementation
Status of Safeguard Work (OP 4.01 and OP 4.12)
EIA RPF RAP
MMAs Construction To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
MMAs Rehabilitation To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
LIST OF POTENTIAL SUB-PROJECTS
Water supply and sanitation facilities for communities
Water Supply and sanitation facilities for households
Water supply and sanitation facilities for schools, health centrers and in public areas such as markets
Engagement of community and particularly women to provide oversight of water and sanitation services such as
Water and Sanitation Development Board (WSDBs)
Construction of water supply system;
Drilling of boreholes;
Mechanization of boreholes;
Construction of KVIPs;
Construction of water closet seaters;
Rehabilitation of public toilet;
Construction and lining of drains;
Component 2 :
Improvement and
expansion of the
water distribution
network in the
GAMA
Location
Implementation
Status of Safeguard Work (OP 4.01 and OP 4.12)
EIA RPF RAP
MMAs Construction To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
MMAs Rehabilitation To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
LIST OF POTENTIAL SUB-PROJECTS
Investments to improve and expand the existing network to provide piped water to the targeted people living in low
income communities in the GAMA
Installation of transmission mains, boster pumps and other facilities
Support acquisition and installation of meters and other equipment as well as provision of services aimed at
improving water demand management
Component 3 :
Improvement and
expansion of
wastewater and fecal
sludge collection,
transportation and
treatment in the
GAMA
Location
Implementation
Status of Safeguard Work (OP 4.01 and OP 4.12)
EIA RPF RAP
MMAs Construction To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
MMAs Rehabilitation To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
LIST OF POTENTIAL SUB-PROJECTS
Collection and/or treatment of wastewater and fecal sludge to be generated from the low income communities and
rest of GAMA
Improve the safe collection, transport and treatment of fecal sludge
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 x
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO THE PROJECT
The potential environmental and social impacts of these investments are not currently known, even though they
are likely to be significant. Since the exact location, nature and number of sanitation and water facilities and/or
services are not known, MLGRD is required to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Framework
(ESMF) to ensure that all investments are adequately screened for their potential environmental and social
impacts, and that correct procedures to be followed, depending on the types of investments to be carried out, and
these will be reflected in the ESMF document.
In pursuant to the requirements of the World Bank, including OP / BP 4.01, an ESMF is prepared by the
Government of Ghana (GoG) as a requirement for the implementation of the GAMA. Furthermore, the World
Bank requires that the description of measures taken by the GoG represented by the Ministry of Local
Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) (the Borrower) to address the safeguard policy issues and
undertake an assessment of MMAs and MLGRD’s capacity to plan and implement the measures proposed to be
addressed in the ESMF.
PURPOSE AND STUDY OBJECTIVES OF ESMF
The objective of the assignment is to prepare an ESMF which will:
Establish the legal framework, procedures, and methods for the environmental and social planning,
review, approval and implementation investments to be financed using the performance grant funds;
Identify roles and responsibilities, including reporting procedures and monitoring and evaluation;
Identify capacity and/or training needs for different stakeholders to ensure better implementation of the
provisions in the ESMF and;
Identify funding requirements and resources to ensure effective implementation of the framework.
METHODOLOGY
The ESMF study has been prepared in accordance with applicable World Bank safeguard policies and Ghana
environmental assessment guidelines. The distinct phases of the study include:
Data Gathering;
Consultations and discussions with MLGRD, MWRWH, GAMA, MMAs, EPA and NGOs;
Literature review;
Environmental screening and scoping;
Determination of potential impacts;
Identification of impact mitigation measures;
Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan; and
Preparation of sub-project guidelines.
GAMA BASELINE PROFILE
As shown in the maps, the city of Accra actually covers AMA, as well as parts of Ga West, Ga South, Ga East,
Tema Metropolitan Area (TMA), Ashaiman and Adenta.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xi
The report of the fifth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GSS, 2008), defines the Accra Metropolitan
Area (AMA), Tema Municipal Area (TMA) (which at that time also covered Ashaiman and Adenta municipality),
and the urban areas in Ga East and Ga West (which at that time included Ga South) Districts as the Greater Accra
Metropolitan Area (GAMA). The GAMA area covers a total area of about 1,261 km2 (Twum, 2002).
Demographic Characteristics
The 2010 estimated population of Accra, pending the result of the 2010 PHC, is about 4.3 million with additional
daily influx population of 1 million who commute to the City for various socio-economic activities, which most
often are nonexistent thereby resorting to social vices and economic crimes.
POLICY, LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The environmental policy and EA legislation and procedures of Ghana and those of the World Bank, which are
relevant to the Project, are outlined. In principle the two sets of policies and procedures on environmental and
social assessment are similar in many respects.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
Ghana’s Environmental Policy
The environmental policy of Ghana formulated in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1993
hinges strongly on ‘prevention’ as the most effective tool for environmental protection. The policy aims at a
sound management of resources and environment, and the reconciliation between economic planning and
environmental resources utilization for sustainable national development. It also seeks among others, to institute
an environmental quality control and sustainable development programs by requiring prior EA of all
developments, and to take appropriate measures to protect critical eco-systems, including the flora and fauna they
contain against harmful effects, nuisance or destructive practices. The adoption of the NEAP led to the enactment
of the EPA Act 1994 (Act 490); and subsequently the passing of the Ghana EIA Procedures into the EA
Regulations, 1999 (LI 1652).
National Water Policy
Consistent with the GPRS, the overall goal of the National Water Policy is to "achieve sustainable development,
management and use of Ghana's water resources to improve health and livelihoods, reduce vulnerability while
assuring good governance for present and future generations". This will be achieved by addressing relevant issues
under water resources management, urban water supply and community water and sanitation. For each broad area,
a number of focus areas for policy considerations have been identified. Within each the main principles and
challenges are listed followed by policy objectives and the corresponding measures.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xii
Environmental Sanitation Policy
The Environmental Sanitation Policy (Revised, 2010) responds to the various reviews carried out to assess how
effectively the previous policy published in 1999 has been implemented. The revised policy objectives and
measures are presented in a way that enhances strategic planning and subsequent implementation.
The Environmental Protection Agency Act
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Act, 1994 (Act 490) grants the Agency enforcement and standards
setting powers, and the power to ensure compliance with the Ghana EA requirements/procedures. Additionally,
the Agency is required to create environmental awareness and build environmental capacity as relates all sectors,
among others. The Agency (including its Regional and District Offices) is also vested with the power to
determine what constitutes an ‘adverse effect on the environment’ or an activity posing ‘a serious threat to the
environment or public health’, to require EAs, EMPs, Annual Environmental Reports (AERs), etc of an
‘undertaking’, to regulate and serve an enforcement notice for any offending or non-complying undertaking.
The Agency is required to conduct monitoring to verify compliance with given approval/permit conditions,
required environmental standard and mitigation commitments. Furthermore, a requirement by EPA for an EA
precludes any authorising MDA from licensing, permitting, approving or consenting such undertaking, unless
notified otherwise.
EA Regulations and Procedures
The EA Regulations combine both assessment and environmental management systems. The regulations prohibit
commencing an undertaking/activity without prior registration and environmental permit (EP). Undertakings are
grouped into schedules for ease of screening and registration and for EP. The schedules include undertakings
requiring registration and EP (Schedule 1), EIA mandatory undertakings (Schedule 2), as well as Schedule 5-
relevant undertakings (located in Environmentally Sensitive Areas).
The Regulations also define the relevant stages and actions, including: registration, screening, preliminary
environmental assessment (PEA), scoping and terms of reference (ToR), environmental impact assessment (EIA),
review of EA reports, public notices and hearings, environmental permitting and certification, fees payment,
EMP, Annual Environmental Report (AER), suspension/revocation of permit, complaints/appeals, etc.
Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462)
The Local Government Act (Act 462) seeks to give a fresh legal expression to government’s commitment to the
concept of decentralization. It is a practical demonstration of a bold attempt to bring the process of governance to
the doorstep of the populace at the Regional and more importantly, the District level. The Metropolitan,
Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) created under the law, constitute the highest political authority in
each district, municipality and metropolis.
Other relevant legislative, regulative and administrative regimes considered are:
The Factories, Offices and Shops Act of 1970 (Act 328);
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xiii
Occupational Safety and Health Policy
National Workplace HIV/AIDS Policy;
Labour Act, 2003 (Act 651);
Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (2010-2013);
Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS I & II);
World Bank Safeguards Policies
Ghana Environmental Sanitation Policy;
Relevant International Conventions and Protocols; and
Institutional Framework.
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE GAMA PROJECTS AND MITIGATION
Description of Prospective Projects under Components 1, 2 and 3
Under Component 1,2 and 3, the World Bank is funding this proposed Sanitation and Water Project that aims
at increasing access to improved sanitation and safe water in the GAMA, with particular emphasis on low
income areas. The GoG is seeking support from the WBG given its experience with the implementation of
water and environmental sanitation projects in Ghana and in dealing with low income areas and institutional
aspects. The proposed project will therefore focus on providing low income communities located in the 8
MMAs with increased water supply and improved sanitation services. The Table ES.1above presents the list of
some of the likely investments and the safeguards status (Please note that this list is not comprehensive).
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
The overall environmental impact of the project is expected to be positive. Significant positive impacts to the
natural and socioeconomic environments will be achieved by the participating MMAs. By developing
infrastructure, the capacity of the MMAs to deliver quality services will be improved.
The positive environmental and social impacts for Water and Sanitation include information relevant to the
construction, operation and maintenance of (i) potable water treatment and distribution systems, and (ii) collection
of sewage in centralized systems (such as piped sewer collection networks) or decentralized systems (such as
septic tanks subsequently serviced by pump trucks) and treatment of collected sewage at centralized facilities. Key
expected positive results or outcomes are as follows:
Improved Conservation and Preservation of Water
Sustainable Water Supply
Reduced vulnerability of ecosystem to climatic events
Improved use of Water and Sanitation
Sustainable water supply
Reduced vulnerability of ecosystem to climatic events
Increase Employment
Improved conditions for economic growth
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xiv
General economic growth
Poverty reduction
Increased affordability of water and sanitation
Increased access to water
Reduced rate of water related diseases
Improved social development
Improved health
Poverty reduction
Greater equity in allocation of water and sanitation
Increased access to basic sanitation
Increased access to water
Reduced rate of water related diseases
Improved health
Improved quality of water and sanitation
Increased access to basic sanitation
Reduced rate of water related diseases
Improved health
Improved water and sanitation , health and hygiene behaviour
The Sanitation and Water Facilities Project in the GAMA will result in:
Generic improvement within the Metropolis and Municipalities for water and sanitation projects:
Improvement in the hygienic conditions and public health
There will be an improvement in the environment, and hygienic conditions of the city due to provision of
efficient water and sanitation facilities. The prevailing trends of morbidity and mortality are likely to
change. The present health statuses of these communities are characterized by high morbidity rate from
occasional outbreak of preventable and infectious diseases like cholera and typhoid fever. High
occurrence of Malaria is also prevalent as a result of poor drainage facilities and the malaria, which is
endemic, will be reduced as a result of the drainage to be provided.
Employment generation
There will be employment generation for unskilled labourers during the construction stage of various
Sanitation and Water facilities. Thus the project has the potential to contribute to economy through labour
absorption and the supply of construction materials.
Improve access to basic water and sanitation services
There will be an access to basic services like water supply as these will be supplied and be connected.
Gender-Status of Women
The provision of the water and sanitation facilities is expected to enhance the lot of women in the project
areas. Apart from those who will be employed directly on the project, others will be engaged in trading at
the construction sites supplying the workforce with food and other consumables. Although the numbers
will not be disproportionately high a vibrant and booming trade for the women implies an improvement in
living standards of the people.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xv
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS,
The proposed Sanitation and Water works will have an impact on the environment. The potential impacts of the
development are both adverse and beneficial. An assessment of the negative impacts can be classified into
construction phase and post-construction phase impacts.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Constructional Phase Impacts
The constructional works would present negative environmental impacts. The construction phase includes the
following operations: site clearing, excavation and grading, upgrading of drains, installation of utility services
(electricity and water supply). These activities will have direct impact on the environment. Some of the negative
impacts are:
Soil and Land Degradation
Air Quality
Vehicular Traffic Implication
Noise Levels and Ground Vibration
Constructional Wastes Generation
Occupational Health and Safety
Operational Phase Impacts
Water Withdrawal Impact
Water Treatment
Environmental issues associated with water treatment include:
Solid waste generation
Wastewater generation
Hazardous chemicals
Air emissions
Water Quality
Water system leaks and loss of pressure
Water discharges
Sanitation
Fecal Sludge and Septage Collection
Sewerage treatment and disposal The most significant potential environmental impacts associated with wastewater collection arise from:
Domestic wastewater discharges
Industrial wastewater discharges
Leaks and overflows
Wastewater and Sludge Treatment and Discharge
The most significant environmental impacts related to wastewater and sludge treatment, discharge, and use
include:
Liquid effluents
Solid waste
Air emissions and odors
Hazardous chemicals
Ecological impacts
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xvi
Social Impacts The Potential Negative Impacts
Disruption of Utility Services
Dumping of solid waste and rubbish into the drains
Accidents
Inconvenience to be caused due to delays in payment
Restricted Access to Source of Livelihood
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
During the implementation of Sanitation and Water Project activities in the GAMA , potential environmental and
social impacts must be considered and managed. The impacts must be mitigated, minimized or preferably avoided
particularly to meet the requirements of World Bank safeguards policies and Ghana national law requirements.
The objective of the ESMF is to outline the institutional arrangements relating to: (i) identification of
environmental and social impacts arising from activities under the GAMA projects, (ii) the implementation of
proposed mitigation measures, (iii) Capacity Building and (iv) Monitoring.
The ESMP will be included in a manual of Operations. The ESMF outlines mechanisms for:
Screening of proposed sub-projects, identifying potential environmental and social impacts and
management of safeguard policies implications;
Institutional arrangements for implementation and capacity building
Monitoring ESMF measures implementation;
Public consultation;
The estimated costs related to the ESMF.
ESMF Implementation Arrangement
MLGRD is the lead implementing agency for the GAMA. The Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) of the Ministry
of Local Government and Rural Development is the entity designated by MLGRD to manage the project. PCU
will also supervise the implementation of the ESMF by the MMAs. The Municipal/Metropolitan Planning and
Coordination Committees (MMPCUs) (and directly the Planning Officer) of the MMAs will execute the
provisions of the ESMF on the ground.
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) will recruit an Environmental and Social
Officer (ESO). The ESO’s main task is ensure that MMA comply with environmental and social safeguards
requirements, including reviewing screening documents from MMAs, reviewing, overseeing, and participating in
EIA reviews and implementation, monitoring activities of mitigation measures implementation and act as the
interlocutor of the GAMA, MLGRD and MMAs (MMPCUs). MLGRD will also disseminate and disclose the
ESMF/EMP and any EIA.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xvii
Responsibilities for the Implementation of the Screening Process
The ESMF will be implemented by MLGRD. MLGRD will collaborate with the EPA and the World Bank to
ensure effective execution. Table ES.2 provides a summary of the stages and institutional responsibilities for the
screening, preparation, assessment, approval and implementation of the GAMA activities.
The extent of environmental assessment that might be required prior to the commencement of the sub-projects
will depend on the outcome of the screening process. The key stages of the environmental and social screening
process leading to the review and approval of the GAMA activities to be implemented are described below:
Table ES.2: Summarised Environmental Screening Process and Responsibilities
Stage Management
responsibility
Implementation responsibility
1. Screening Environmental and Social Sanitation and
Water Project: Selection including public consultation
MLGRD/MMAs MMPCU Planning Officer1
2. Determination of appropriate environmental
categories
2.1 Selection validation
MMPCU, Planning Officer
2.2 Classification of Project
Determination of Environmental Work
Review of screening
MLGRD/MMAs
EPA, MMPCU and Planning
Officer
3. Implementation of environmental work MLGRD/MMAs MMPCU and Planning Officer
in the MMAs,
3-1. If EIA is necessary MMPCU
3.1.a Preparation of terms of reference MLGRD/MMA
MMPCU
3.1 b Selection of Consultant MLGRD MMA
3.1 c
Realization of the EIA, Public Consultation
Integration of environmental and social management
plan issues in the tendering and project implementation,
MMPCU/MLGRD
Procurement and
Works Department
Units of MMAs/
MLGRD
Environmental Consultant
MMPCU and Planning Officer
4 Review and Approval
4.1 EIA Approval EPA EPA, , World Bank
5. Public Consultation and disclosure MLGRD/EPA
MMPCU and Planning Officer
6. monitoring /MMAs/EPA
MMPCU and Planning Officer
7 Development of monitoring indicators for EIA as
may be stipulated under tbe environmental
permitting conditions.
MLGRD MMPCU and Planning Officer
1 If necessary, the MPCU can assign a designated, capable officer to carry out the screening process if MPCU sees that need.
However, the planning officer will still be the final signatory to the screening format.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xviii
MONITORING PLAN
Oversight for the environmental and social management process of the sub-projects will be assured by the
Planning Officers (POs) and the Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) in collaboration with the MLGRD.
Monitoring will be conducted during all phases of the project. The monitoring plan does not restrain MPCUs to
take up their normal monitoring role at MMA level, including in areas of environment protection.
There will be two tracks for oversight and management of safeguards in sub projects. The screening process at
MMA level will take place as part of the annual planning and budgeting process. Any sub project under the Urban
Development Grant will be subject to screening led by Planning Officer and submitted to review for the
Development Planning Subcommittee. If any sub project is triggering safeguards, the MMA will inform the ESO,
submit the necessary documentation, and initiate preparation of the necessary mitigation measures.
The ESO at MLGRD will prepare a long term monitoring strategy that will encompass clear and definitive
parameters to be monitored for each sub-project that triggers the preparation of ESMP. The monitoring plan will
take into consideration the scope of development, the environmental and social sensitivity and the financial and
technical means available for monitoring. The plan will identify and describe the indicators to be used, the
frequency of monitoring and the standard (baseline) against which the indicators will be measured for compliance
with the ESMF. A number of indicators (see Table ES.3) would be used in order to determine the status of the
compliance of the ESMF provisions.
Table ES.3: Process monitoring indicators of ESMP Measures
Measures Intervention field Indicators
Technical
measures
(studies)
-Conducting Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA and ESMP)
-Develop a health and safety plan
-Develop the TOR
-Number of ESIAs/ESMPs/ Health Safety Plans submitted
for each sub-project in a MMDA
-Number of study elaborated
Measures for
monitoring and
evaluating
projects
Perform monitoring and evaluation
ESMP (continuous monitoring, mid-
term and annual assessment)
-List of indicators identified for all sub-projects as may
stipulated under the environmental permitting conditions
-Number of monitoring missions for all sub-projects
-Number of monitoring reports submitted for all sub-
projects
Institutional
measures
Engage existing Environmental Units in
the MMAs
-Develop a TOR for the Environmental unit
-Environmental Units are functional in MMAs
Awareness and structured Training for
staff of MLGRD and MMAs working
on the GAMA
-Number of EA trainings conducted for staffs in MMAs
-number of attendance (male/female) at EA trainings
-Number of awareness trainings conducted before, during
and after project implementation in each MMA
-Number of staff tin attendance at the awareness trainings
(Male/Female)
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xix
Measures Intervention field Indicators
Awareness
Awareness about HIV / AIDS
Communication campaign and
awareness before, during and after
construction
-Number of sub-project sites with adequate posters
CAPACITY STRENGTHENING FOR ESMF IMPLEMENTATION
In order for the MMAs to effectively carry out the environmental and social management responsibilities for sub-
project implementation, institutional strengthening will be required. Capacity building will encompass MLGRD,
and MMA staff.MLGRD should therefore ensure that the following concerns and needs are addressed:
Institutional structuring within the relevant departments to ensure that required professional and other
technical staff are available;
To successfully implement this ESMF, training programmes for MLGRD and MMAs is necessary. The World
Bank, MLGRD and EPA can take up the responsibility for the training. Proposed capacity building training needs
are as follows:
- Environmental and Social Management Process.
- Use of Screening form and Checklist
- Preparation of terms of reference for carrying out EA
- Design of appropriate mitigation measures.
- Review and approval of EA reports
- Public consultations in the ESMF/ESIA process.
- Monitoring mitigation measures implementation.
- Integrating ESMP into sub-projects implementation.
The proposed capacity building program will be carried out annually during the project.
ESTIMATED BUDGET FOR ESMF
The budget needed for ESMP / GAMA environmental and social management is the recapitulation of the
following:
- Institutional development activities
- Training program, awareness
- Allowances for the preparation / implementation of sub-projects EIA / EMP/RAPs. (The costs of
implementing such plans measures are included in the budgets of sub-projects.)
- Annual assessments.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xx
The costs of environmental measures as well as training and awareness are summarized in tables ES.4, ES.5 and
ES.6 below. Under the GAMA Category A and B project will require the preparation of of EIAs.
Table ES.4: Estimated costs of technical measures
Activity Quantity Unit cost
($US)
Total cost
($US)
EIA / RAP development at MMA level and to be integrated
into projects budget
To be
determined
later at
MMA
To be
determined
later at
MMA
To be
determined
later at MMA
Supervision and permanent monitoring at MMAs level by
MPCUs, Planning officers Quarterly
Normal
MMA
Budget
Normal
MMA
Budget
Table ES.5: Training and awareness measures costs
Actors involved Topics Quantity Unit cost
($US)
Total cost
($US)
Training
MMAs
(Training of
members of
MMPCU at
MMA level,
including
planning officer,
and other
designated
officers
(This training
will be done by
the World Bank
in collaboration
with MLGRD
and EPA)
- Training on Environmental and Social
Assessment (screening and
classification of activities,
identification of impacts, mitigation
options and indicators)
- Involuntary Resettlement Issues
- Drafting ToR for EIA
- Selection of mitigation measures in the
checklists
- Legislation and national environmental
procedures
- Safeguard Policy World Bank
- Impact of sub-projects and mitigation
measures
- Environmental measures monitoring
- health and safety standards monitoring
Safety and hygiene at work and operation
2
workshops
per year
Y1-Y5 of
the project
covering all
11 MMAs
7,000 70,000
Awareness
- Commuities
- Local
associations
and NGOs
- Reps of
construction
companies
- Public awareness and advocacy on
projects environmental and social
issues, good environmental practices,
good conduct in the yards, respect for
hygiene and safety, compliance with
development standards
- Awareness Campaign HIV / AIDS
2
Normal
MMA
Budget
Normal
MMA
Budget
TOTAL 70,000
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 xxi
Table ES.6: Summarized estimated budget for Environmental and Social Impact Management
Measures Actions Responsible Costs USD
Institutional
measures
Recruitment of ESO at MLGRD Level
MLGRD
Technical
measures
Perform ESMP monitoring and evaluation (continuous
monitoring, mid-term and annual assessment)
EIAs / RAP development
Health and safety Plans development
Supervision and Monitoring
MMA
MLGRD
Covered by
normal MMA
Budgets
Covered by
ESO
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Budget
Training
Training of MMA staff in projects environmental and social
management and monitoring and enforcement of
environmental measures
MLGRD
Covered under
training above
Awareness - Information and awareness campaigns on the nature of
work, environmental and social issues
- Awareness on HIV / AIDS
MMA
Normal MMA
Budget
TOTAL
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 1 -
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD), with support from the World Bank, is
currently preparing a Sanitation & Water Project for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). The
proposed project may be structured as a two-phase Adaptable Program Loan (APL) or as a Specific Investment
Loan (SIL) that would be followed by other operations, given the long term engagement required to increase
access to sanitation and water services in low income areas of GAMA and to attain an efficient and sustainable
operation and management of the services.
While Ghana compares favorably along most economic and development indicators with countries in the region,
it drops to the bottom of the list where access to improved sanitation is concerned. With regard to water, although
Ghana is expected to attain the MDG target, the reality is that service expansion cannot keep up with the high
population growth in urban areas, especially in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). This particularly
affects people living in low income communities and especially women and children who are usually in charge of
fetching the water. The provision of water and sanitation services in a metropolitan area like GAMA presents an
additional institutional challenge. Whereas water services fall under the responsibility of the national Ghana
Water Company Ltd. (GWCL), the responsibility for sanitation services is divided among eight local governments
that generally lack the required operational and financial capacity and do not properly coordinate their actions.
The rapid growth of GAMA, both in terms of population and area, has generally taken place in the absence of
adequate planning and little attention to the development of basic services, particularly sanitation. This,
combined with a lack of capacity to operate and maintain the few existing wastewater facilities, has created
serious health and environmental consequences. The provision of water supply also requires urgent attention,
particularly to reach people in low income communities who must rely on private vendors and pay significantly
more for water than those with access to the utility network.
Increasing access to safe water supply and improved sanitation is a priority for the GoG that is embedded in the
National Water Policy (2007) and in the recently revised Environmental Sanitation Policy (2010). It also
underpins the principles enunciated in the 2000-2005 Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS), the 2006-2009
GPRS-II, the 2010-2013 national Ghana Shared Growth Development Framework (GSGDF), the Millennium
Development Goals, and the “Africa Water Vision” of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development. In
addition, the commitment of the GoG has been affirmed by the signing of the 2010 SWA Compact.
This proposed Sanitation and Water Project aims at increasing access to improved sanitation and safe water in the
GAMA, with particular emphasis on low income areas. The GoG is seeking support from the WBG given its
experience with the implementation of water and environmental sanitation projects in Ghana and in dealing with
low income areas and institutional aspects. The proposed project will therefore focus on providing low income
communities located in the 11MMAs with increased water supply and improved sanitation services. The
experience to be gained from the design and implementation of this project, particularly in addressing the
technical and institutional challenges for the provision of services to low income areas, is expected to be
replicated in other urban areas by the GoG.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 2 -
Improving sanitation is the top priority of the citizens of Accra, followed by drainage, solid waste and water,
according to a recent survey of 4,000 households. Sanitation is also a priority for local governments, which have
been preparing their District Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plans (DESSAPs) and are now asking
for help to implement them.
1.2 PPROJECT OBJECTIVES
The objective of the project would be to increase access to safe water and improved sanitation to people in the
GAMA, with emphasis on low income communities, and to improve operation and management of wastewater
facilities. In order to achieve this objective, the project would support the expansion and improvement of the
water distribution network, the expansion of community water points and private water connections, the
development of on-site and sewered sanitation facilities and the improved collection and treatment of wastewater
and faecal sludge. Behaviour Change Campaign on hygiene, sanitation and safe water will also be promoted
through social mobilization activities, as well as social accountability to ensure the sustainability of the facilities
and services.
The proposed project weather the first phase of an APL or a SIL APL would have the following four components:
Component 1 - Provision of water and environmental sanitation services to priority low income areas of the
GAMA. The MMAs will propose the priority low income communities to benefit from the project based upon
selection criteria to be agreed during project appraisal. The type of water supply and sanitation facilities will be
thoroughly consulted and agreed with each community as to best suit their needs, while taking into consideration
particular conditions such as: soil characteristics, topography, space availability, etc.
In addition to facilities for households, this component will support the construction of institutional facilities in
schools, health centers and in public areas such as markets. This component will also provide support for
advocacy and other measures to help enforce current laws and regulations, such as the obligation of landlords to
provide sanitation facilities. Additionally, specific measures will be introduced to effectively engage communities
and particularly women in decisions relating to the delivery and oversight of water and sanitation services such as
Water and Sanitation Development Boards (WSDBs). This component will also support the establishment and
strengthening of social accountability mechanisms so citizens can report on the provision of services.
Component 2 – Improvement and expansion of the water distribution network in the GAMA . This component
will support investments required to improve and expand the existing network in order to provide piped water to
the target people living in low income communities in the GAMA. These investments include the installation of
transmission mains, booster pumps and any other facilities required to ensure that a share of the additional water
production reach the targeted low income areas. Therefore this component will be coordinated with current and
incoming projects supported by other development partners and private investors in the GAMA. This component
would also support the acquisition and installation of meters and other equipment, as well as the provision of
services, aimed at improving water demand management and reducing non-revenue water.
Component 3 – Improvement and expansion of wastewater and fecal sludge collection, transportation and
treatment in the GAMA This component will finance collection and/or treatment of wastewater and fecal sludge
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 3 -
to be generated from the low income communities and rest of GAMA. However, these facilities will be seized to
take care of the entire wastewater flows and sludge volumes generated in the GAMA, which currently end up
discharged untreated into drains and eventually into the sea. This component will also support the development of
solutions to improve the safe collection, transport and disposal of fecal sludge and solid waste.
Component 4 – Institutional Strengthening (USD 10 million). This component will provide technical assistance
(TA) to municipal, metropolitan and national institutions, including the promotion of private sector initiatives for
water and sanitation.
1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO THE PROJECT
The potential environmental and social impacts of these investments are not currently known, even though they
are likely to be significant. Since the exact location, nature and number of sanitation and water facilities and/or
services are not known, MLGRD is required to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Framework
(ESMF) to ensure that all investments are adequately screened for their potential environmental and social
impacts, and that correct procedures to be followed, depending on the types of investments to be carried out, and
these will be reflected in the ESMF document.
In pursuant to the requirements of the World Bank, including OP / BP 4.01, an ESMF is prepared by the
Government of Ghana (GoG) as a requirement for the implementation of the GAMA. Furthermore, the World
Bank requires that the description of measures taken by the GoG represented by the Ministry of Local
Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) (the Borrower) to address the safeguard policy issues and
undertake an assessment of MMAs and MLGRD’s capacity to plan and implement the measures proposed to be
addressed in the ESMF.
1.2 PURPOSE AND STUDY OBJECTIVES OF ESMF
In World Bank-financed projects, a key goal is to enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social
outcomes of the project by minimizing and/or avoiding negative environmental and social impacts. Where
avoidance is not possible, an Environmental and Social Management Framework is developed which provides the
framework within which to address the issues. The objective of the assignment is to prepare an ESMF which will:
Establish the legal framework, procedures, and methods for the environmental and social planning,
review, approval and implementation investments to be financed using the performance grant funds;
Identify roles and responsibilities, including reporting procedures and monitoring and evaluation;
Identify capacity and/or training needs for different stakeholders to ensure better implementation of the
provisions in the ESMF and;
Identify funding requirements and resources to ensure effective implementation of the framework.
The EA Regulations of Ghana provide the general framework and procedures for EA and environmental
management (EM) of development actions. Most Development Partners (DPs) and funding institutions, including
the World Bank also have EA requirements. As part of funding arrangements for the GAMA, the World Bank’s
safeguards policies and national requirements must apply. The project has the following attributes (quite distinct
from project-specific level assessment):
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 4 -
Geographical coverage of 8 Metropolitan and Municipal Assemblies in the Greater Accra Metropolitan
Area (GAMA);
Implementation duration spread over 5years.
Involvement of several institutions at the national, regional, district and local levels;
Design of the sub-projects, types and numbers for implementation, and the specific project locations and
communities all not determined at this stage.
The ESMF spells out the World Bank safeguards policies, country’s institutional arrangements and capacity
required to implement the framework. This ensures that sub-projects meet the national and local E&S
requirements and are consistent with OP 4.01, OP 4.12, etc of the Bank. Other objectives of the ESMF include:
Assessment of potential adverse environmental and social impacts commonly associated with the listed
sub-projects and the way to avoid, minimize or mitigate them;
Establishment of clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social planning, review,
approval and implementation of sub-projects;
Development of an EA screening/initial assessment system to be used for sub-projects; and
Specification of roles and responsibilities and the necessary reporting procedures for managing and
monitoring sub-project environmental and social concerns.
Development of general environmental management conditions to be added to construction contracts.
The ESMF will be principally used by MMAs and other collaborators to ensure that adequate mitigation measures
and other environmental and social safeguards have been incorporated into the sub-projects to be implemented
under the GAMA.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 5 -
2.0 OVERALL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY FOR ESMF PREPARATION
2.1 APPROACH
The ESMF study has been prepared in accordance with applicable World Bank safeguard policies and Ghana
environmental assessment guidelines. The distinct phases of the study include:
Data Gathering;
Consultations and discussions with MLGRD, MWRWH, GAMA, MMAs, EPA and NGOs;
Literature review;
Environmental screening and scoping;
Determination of potential impacts;
Identification of impact mitigation measures;
Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan; and
Preparation of sub-project guidelines.
Data Gathering
The ESMF Consultant assembled and evaluated relevant baseline data related to the biophysical and socio-
economic characteristics of the environment to be covered by the project. The baseline data reviewed included:
topography, soil, water resource, biological and socio-economic data.
- Consultations
During the assessment, consultations with key stakeholders such as impacted groups, local communities and non-
governmental organizations are being held from November-December 2012. Selected Project beneficiary MMAs
were also visited during the period. (see Annex 7)
Literature Review
The ESMF preparation involved document review. The GoG and the World Bank reference documents reviewed
included:
Project Concept Note (PCN), Ghana-Sanitation and Water Project for the Greater Accra Metropolitan
Area (GAMA)
Proposed GAMA Sanitation and Water Project-Aide Memoire
National Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plan (NESSAP)
Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994 (Act 490);
Environmental Assessment Regulations, 1999 (LI 1652);
National Environmental Action Plan;
Ghana EIA Procedures; and
World Bank’s Safeguards Policies.
The approach was based on review of available project literature and other strategic planning documents at the
national and sector level.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 6 -
2.2 METHODOLOGY
KEY ACTIVITIES
SPECIFIC TASKS
Development of the
Environmental and
Social Management
Framework
1. Description of the project
2. Present the ESMF objectives
3. Describe the project activities and components
4. Present and analyze the baseline data (biophysical and socioeconomic
environment) for the participating Assemblies
5. Describe Legislative, Regulative and Administrative Regime regarding
the triggered Safeguards Policies of the World Bank safeguard policies
6. Analyze the country environmental and social management institutional
framework and within the framework of the project
7. Determination of Potential Impacts and Screening
8. Develop the Environmental and Social Management Plan including:
a. Screening process
b. Mitigation measures
c. Environmental monitoring plan
d. Responsibility and Institutional arrangements in
implementation and monitoring
e. Institutional Needs &Capacity Building
f. Consultation plan
g. Implementation schedule
h. Cost estimation
Technical appendices / recommendations/ List of individuals/institutions
contacted/ references
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 7 -
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT FOR GAMA
3.1 CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES OF GAMA
While Ghana compares favorably along most economic and development indicators with countries in the region,
it drops to the bottom of the list where access to improved sanitation is concerned. With regard to water, although
Ghana is expected to attain the MDG target, the reality is that service expansion cannot keep up with the high
population growth in urban areas, especially in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). This particularly
affects people living in low income communities and especially women and children who are usually in charge of
fetching the water. The provision of water and sanitation services in a metropolitan area like GAMA presents an
additional institutional challenge. Whereas water services fall under the responsibility of the national Ghana
Water Company Ltd. (GWCL), the responsibility for sanitation services is divided among eight local governments
that generally lack the required operational and financial capacity and do not properly coordinate their actions.
The rapid growth of GAMA, both in terms of population and area1, has generally taken place in the absence of
adequate planning and little attention to the development of basic services, particularly sanitation. In addition to
the residents of the eight Metropolitan/Municipal Assemblies (MMAs) that constitute GAMA, there is a large
floating population that comes to the city to trade or work2. About 15 percent of GAMA population is served by a
sewerage network, 41 percent of residents use fee-for-use public toilet facilities, 33 percent have on-site facilities,
3 percent use bucket or pan latrines and about 7 percent of Accra residents still do not have access to any
improved sanitation facility3. This, combined with a lack of capacity to operate and maintain the few existing
wastewater facilities, has created serious health and environmental consequences. Indeed, by March 2011, a
significant number of cholera cases had been registered this year with several casualties4. The provision of water
supply also requires urgent attention, particularly to reach people in low income communities who must rely on
private vendors and pay significantly more for water than those with access to the utility network.
Increasing access to safe water supply and improved sanitation is a priority for the GoG that is embedded in the
National Water Policy (2007) and in the recently revised Environmental Sanitation Policy (2010). It also
underpins the principles enunciated in the 2000-2005 Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS), the 2006-2009
GPRS-II, the 2010-2013 national Ghana Shared Growth Development Framework (GSGDF), the Millennium
Development Goals, and the “Africa Water Vision” of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development. In
addition, the commitment of the GoG has been affirmed by the signing of the 2010 SWA Compact5 . The World
Bank Group (WBG) has been highly committed to contributing to the development of the Water and Sanitation
Sector (WSS) in Ghana. In coordination with other donors’ activities, the GoG has requested that the World Bank
Group continue its involvement in the WSS, as reflected under the FY08-11 CAS
Support is to be provided by means of two operations. The first7, which was approved in June of 2010, aims at
increasing access to safe water and improved sanitation in rural areas and improving the sustainability of these
decentralized services. The second is this proposed Sanitation and Water Project that aims at increasing access to
improved sanitation and safe water in the GAMA, with particular emphasis on low income areas. The GoG is
seeking support from the WBG given its experience with the implementation of water and environmental
sanitation projects in Ghana and in dealing with low income areas and institutional aspects. The proposed project
will therefore focus on providing low income communities located in the 8 MMAs with increased water supply
and improved sanitation services. The experience to be gained from the design and implementation of this project,
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 8 -
particularly in addressing the technical and institutional challenges for the provision of services to low income
areas, is expected to be replicated in other urban areas by the GoG with its own resources and with support from
other Development Partners that may also provide co-financing8 to this project.
Improving sanitation is the top priority of the citizens of Accra, followed by drainage, solid waste and water,
according to a recent survey of 4,000 households. Sanitation is also a priority for local governments, which have
been preparing their District Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plans (DESSAPs) and are now asking
for help to implement them. There are also valuable lessons learned as a result of ongoing projects and pilot
studies by different institutions and NGOs10, especially in diverse low income areas. Tailored solutions for
providing services to such areas would be further developed through extensive community consultations during
project preparation and implementation in order to be scaled up by this and other projects to be supported by the
GoG and other donors.
B. Proposed project development objective(s)
The objective of the project would be to increase access to safe water and improved sanitation to people in the
GAMA, with emphasis on low income communities, and to improve operation and management of wastewater
facilities. In order to achieve this objective the project would support the expansion and improvement of the water
distribution network, the expansion of community water points and private water connections, the development of
on-site and sewered sanitation facilities, and the improved collection and treatment of wastewater and fecal
sludge. Behavior change campaign on hygiene, sanitation and safe water will also be promoted through social
mobilization activities, as well as social accountability to ensure the sustainability of the facilities and services.
Preliminary results indicators would include the following:
People in GAMA provided with sustainable access to improved drinking water sources under the
project (number);
People in GAMA provided with sustainable access to improved sanitation under the project
(number);
Improved community water points constructed or rehabilitated under the project (number);
New piped household water connections that are resulting from the project intervention (number)
Volume of wastewater and fecal sludge adequately treated (m3/d)
3.2 PROJECT COMPONENTS
3.2.1 Component 1 – Provision of Water and Sanitation Services
The MMAs will propose the priority low income communities to benefit from the project based upon selection
criteria to be agreed during project preparation. The type of water supply and sanitation facilities will be
thoroughly consulted and agreed with each community as to best suit their needs, while taking into consideration
particular conditions such as: soil characteristics, topography, space availability, etc.
In addition to facilities for households, this component will support the construction of institutional facilities in
schools, health centers and in public areas such as markets. This component will also provide support for
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 9 -
advocacy and other measures to help enforce current laws and regulations, such as the obligation of landlords to
provide sanitation facilities. Additionally, specific measures will be introduced to effectively engage communities
and particularly women in decisions relating to the delivery and oversight of water and sanitation services such as
Water and Sanitation Development Boards (WSDBs). This component will also support the establishment and
strengthening of social accountability mechanisms so citizens can report on the provision of services.
3.2.2 Component 2 – Improvement and Expansion of Water Distribution Network
This component will support investments required to improve and expand the existing network in order to provide
piped water to the target people living in low income communities in the GAMA. These investments include the
installation of transmission mains, booster pumps and any other facilities required to ensure that a share of the
additional water production reach the targeted low income areas. Therefore this component will be coordinated
with current and incoming projects supported by other development partners and private investors in the GAMA.
This component would also support the acquisition and installation of meters and other equipment, as well as the
provision of services, aimed at improving water demand management and reducing non-revenue water.
3.2.3 Component 3 – Improvement and Expansion of Wastewater and Feacal Sludge Collection,
Transportation and Treatment
. This component will finance collection and/or treatment of wastewater and fecal sludge to be generated from
the low income communities and rest of GAMA. However, these facilities will be seized to take care of the entire
wastewater flows and sludge volumes generated in the GAMA, which currently end up discharged untreated into
drains and eventually into the sea. This component will also support the development of solutions to improve the
safe collection, transport and appropriate disposal of fecal sludge and solid waste.
3.2.4 Component 4 - Institutional and Project Management Support
This component will provide technical assistance (TA) to municipal, metropolitan and national institutions,
including the promotion of private sector initiatives for water and sanitation.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 10 -
4.0 RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION PROCESS
To adequately appreciate the views and concerns of stakeholders with regard to the project implementation,
field visits and consultation with key stakeholders, Ministries, Departments and Agencies, MMAs, and non-
governmental organizations are on-going. The consultations focused on:
Assessing the views and understandings of the MMAs on the GAMA;
Identifying and Assessing environmental and social impact of the GAMA
Proposed or ongoing Sanitation and Water Services rehabilitation activities under the MMAs
Reviewing the status of compliance and enforcement of environmental regulations within the MMAs.
Identifying capacity building needs for the MMAs and relevant regulatory institutions and recommending
actions to strengthen MLGRD and its partners to ensure sustained environmental and social compliance
monitoring.
The consultation was basically done in two forms:
- Group discussions with a cross-section of officials and professionals from government
Ministries, Departments, and MMAs.
- Interviews with key informants (MLGRD, EPA etc) so that views and concerns are more
broadly captured.
4.1 CONSULTATIONS WITH MMAS
Consultations are being held with the under-listed Ministries, Departments, Agencies (MDAs), Metropolitan and
Municipal Assemblies (MMAs):
1. Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD)/PCU
2. Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing (MWRWH)
3. Ghana Water and Company Limited (GWCL)
4. Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA)
5. Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA)/UESP II, Greater Accra
6. Tema Municipal Assembly (TMA)
7. Ashaiman Municipal Assembly (Greater Accra);
8. Ga South Metropolitan Assembly
9. Ga West
10. Ga Central Municipal Assembly
11. La Nkwantanan Municipal Assembly
12. La Dade-Kotopon Municipal Assembly
13. Ledzokuku Municipal Assembly (LEKMA)
14. Adenta Municipal Assembly (AdMA)
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 11 -
4.2 CONSULTATIONS MINISTRIES DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES
Consultations are being held with the under-listed Regional EPA Offices:
1. Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD)/PCU
2. Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing (MWRWH)
3. Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL)
4. Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA)
5. EPA, Head Office-Accra
6. EPA, Tema Office – ; and
7. EPA, Greater Accra Regional Office, Amasama
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 12 -
5.0 GAMA BASELINE PROFILE
5.1 BACKGROUND
As shown in the maps, the city of Accra actually covers AMA, as well as parts of Ga West, Ga South, Ga East,
Tema Metropolitan Area (TMA), Ashaiman and Adenta.
The report of the fifth round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GSS, 2008), defines the Accra Metropolitan
Area (AMA), Tema Municipal Area (TMA) (which at that time also covered Ashaiman and Adenta municipality),
and the urban areas in Ga East and Ga West (which at that time included Ga South) Districts as the Greater Accra
Metropolitan Area (GAMA). The GAMA area covers a total area of about 1,261 km2 (Twum, 2002).
Figure 5-1 : Map of Greater Accra Area
5.2 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
The eleven metropolitan and municipal areas that constitute the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area are managed by
Assemblies. The Metropolitan and Municipal Assemblies derive their mandate from the Local Government Act of
1993 (Act 462).The structure of these assemblies is also spelt out in the act. By this act, the Assemblies are the
highest political authorities mandated to govern a municipality or metropolitan area and to provide basic
Sanitation and Water services to support the social and economic development of the area. The area under the
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 13 -
assemblies is sub-divided into sub-metros, which are in turn further divided into town or areas councils and unit
committees.
Representatives from the sub-metro structures form the General Assembly. Members of the Assembly are voted
from Assembly elections which are held every four years. The general assembly is responsible for making
decisions and passing by-laws. This Assembly is chaired by a presiding member while the day-to-day
administration is handled by the chief executive (mayor or metropolitan/municipal chief executive), who is also a
member of the Assembly.
The Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) was up to mid 2004 divided into six sub-metros. In 2004, the number
of sub-metros was increased to 13 by further sub-dividing the original six (Ghana Health Services 2008). In
February 2008, two sub-metros, Teshie and Nungua, were split off from AMA and joined to form the Ledzekuku-
Krowor municipal (with Teshie-Nungua as the district capital). Currently, AMA consists of 11 sub-metros:
Ablekuma Central, Ablekuma North, Ablekuma South, Ashiedu Keteke, Ayawaso Central, Ayawaso East,
Ayawaso West-Wuogon, La, Okaikoi North, Okaikoi South, and Osu Klottey.
5.3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Location and Size
The Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) is one of the One Hundred and Seventy (170) Metropolitan, Municipal
and District Assemblies (MMDAs) in Ghana and one of the Ten (10) MMDAs in the Greater Accra Region.
Like all the District Assemblies, it was established by the Local Government Act, 1993, (Act 462) and Legislative
Instrument 1615 which also established the Six (6) Sub-Metropolitan District Councils. The L.I. 1718,
subsequently, increased the Sub-Metropolitan District Councils to Thirteen (13).
Following the creation of the Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal Assembly (LEKMA) in 2008, AMA now operates
under a new L.I. 1926 which has also reduced the Thirteen (13) Sub-Metros to Eleven (11). It covers an area of
173 sq km. The Metropolis is located on Longitude05°35'N and on Latitude00°06'W.
The Northern boundary of the Assembly is Ga West Municipal Assembly (GWMA). It starts from the road
between the Institute of Professional Studies (IPS) and the Accra Teachers Training College (ATTRACO),
westwards crossing the Accra-Aburi Road to the University of Ghana behind the Great Hall to Kisiseman and
Christian Village to join the Accra-Nsawam Road at the Achimota Brewery Company (ABC) Road Junction.
It turns left for 500m to the Ayeayeefee Street junction and through the Ayeayeefee Street to the Bridge over the
Achimota Stream, then turns right along the stream to the high tension lines to the Achwilage Street and through
Achwilage Street to the range of the Awoshie Hills.
The Assembly is bounded to the West by Ga South Municipal Assembly (GSMA). The western boundary is along
the road from AwoshieHills to the boundary between GSMA and Awoshie. The boundary line then turns left
along the swampy area and crossing the Tema Motorway Extensionthrough the swampy area to the bridge on the
Sakumono Stream on the Accra-Winneba road and stretching along the stream to Gbegbeyese.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 14 -
The Southern boundary stretches along the Gulf of Guinea from Gbegbeyese to the Kpeshie Lagoon at the La
Sub-Metropolitan District Council.The Eastern corridor of the Assembly is the LEKMA which was carved out of
the Accra Metropolitan Assembly.
Source: Urban Management Land Information System
Figure 5-2: Map of Greater Accra Area
5.4 GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE
Geology
The geology of the AMA consists of Precambrian Dahomeyan Schists, Granodiorites, Granites Gneiss and
Amphibolites to late Precambrian Togo Series comprising mainly Quartzite, Phillites, Phylitones and Quartz
Breccias. Other formations found are the Palaeozoic Accraian Sediments - Sandstone, Shales and Interbedded
Sandstone-Shale with Gypsum Lenses.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 15 -
The coastline of Accra has a series of resistant rock outcrops and platforms and sandy beaches near the mouth of
the lagoons. The coastline is exposed and because of the close proximity of the continental shelf, a strong coastal
and wind action, it is subject to severe erosion. The lagoon systems are relatively small and flushing has been
impeded by siltation or the construction of embankments, which have restricted tidal flow. The largest of the
lagoons are Sakumo (Densu delta), and the Korle (Central Accra).
The soils in the Metropolitan area can be divided into four main groups: drift materials resulting from deposits by
windblown erosion; alluvial and marine motted clays of comparatively recent origin derived from underlying
shales; residual clays and gravels derived from weathered quartzites, gneiss and schist rocks, and lateritic sandy
clay soils derived from weathered Accraian sandstone bedrock formations.
In many low lying poorly drained areas, pockets of alluvial ‘black cotton’ soils are found. These soils have a
heavy organic content, expand, and contract readily causing major problems with foundations and footings. In
some areas, lateritic soils are strongly acidic and when saturated are prone to attack concrete foundations causing
honeycombing. Near the foothills are the large areas of alluvial laterite gravels and sands. Many of these
deposits are being won for constructional purposes.
Climate
The Accra Metropolitan Assembly lies in the Savannah zone. There are two rainy seasons. The average annual
rainfall is about 730mm, which falls primarily during the two rainy seasons. The first begins in May and ends in
mid-July. The second season begins in mid-August and ends in October. Rain usually falls in intensive short
storms and gives rise to local flooding where drainage channels are obstructed.
There is very little variation in temperature throughout the year. The mean monthly temperature ranges from
24.7°C in August (the coolest) to 28°C in March (the hottest) with annual average of 26.8°C. As the area is close
to the equator, the daylight hours are practically uniform throughout the year. Relative humidity is generally high
varying from 65% in the mid-afternoon to 95% at night.
The predominant wind direction in Accra is from the WSW to NNE. Wind speeds normally range between 8 to
16 km/hr. High wind gusts occur with thunderstorm activity, which pass in squall along the coast. The maximum
wind speed recorded in Accra is 107.4 km/hr (58 knots). Strong winds associated with thunderstorm activity
often cause damage to property and mostly removing roofing materials.
Several areas of Accra experience micro climatic effects. Low profile drainage basins with a North-South
orientation are not as well ventilated as those orientated East-West. Air is often trapped in pockets and an
insulation effect gives rise to local increase in air temperature of several degrees. This occurs in the Accra
Newtown and Azumah Nelson Sports Complex areas.
5.5 VEGETATION
Terrestrial Vegetation
There is evidence to suggest that the vegetation of the Metropolitan areas has been altered in the more recent past
century by climatic and other human factors. Much of the Metropolitan area was believed to have been covered
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 16 -
by dense forest of which only a few remnant trees survive. A climatic change combined with the gradient of the
plains and cultivation has imposed vegetational structures similar to those of the southern shale, Sudan and
Guinea Savannahs all of which lie north of the Accra plains.
There are three broad vegetation zones in Accra Metropolitan area, which comprise shrub land, grassland and
coastal lands. Only the shrub land occurs more commonly in the western outskirts and in the north towards the
Aburi Hills. It consists of dense clusters of small trees and shrubs, which grow, to an average height of five metres
(5m). The grasses are mixture of species found in the undergrowth of forests. They are short, and rarely grow
beyond One metre (1m). Ground herbs are found on the edge of the shrub. They include species, which normally
flourish after fire.
The coastal zone comprises of two vegetation types, wetland and dunes. The coastal wetland zone is highly
productive and an important habitat for marine and terrestrial-mainly bird life. Mangroves, comprising of two
dominant species, are found in the tidal zone of all estuaries sand lagoons. Salt tolerant grass species cover
substantial low-lying areas surrounding the lagoons. These grasslands have an important primary production role
in providing nutrients for prawns and juvenile fish in the lagoon systems. In recent times, wetlands are however
being encroached upon. Protection of the coastal wetland zone is very important to the long-term sustainability of
the fishing industry, which the Ga population of the City depend upon for survival.
The dune lands have been formed by a combination of wave action and wind. They are most unstable but stretch
back several hundred metres in places. There are several shrub and grassland species, which grow and play an
important role in stabilising dunes. Coconuts and palms grow well in this zone, providing protection and also as
an economic crop. Most of the coconuts were planted in the 1920s but it is estimated that over 80% of those
plantations have disappeared as a result of felling, disease and coastal erosion. The loss of these trees is one of
the principal reasons for the severity of erosion in some parts of the Metropolis.
In addition to the natural vegetation zones, a number of introduced trees and shrubs thrive in the Metropolitan
area. Neems, mangoes, cassias, avocados, and palms are prominent trees on the Accra landscape. Introduced
shrubs like bouganvilia are also very prominent. Achimota Forest is the only forest reserve in the AMA. These are
being damaged from residential encroachment, bush fire, sand collection and illegal tree felling.
Most of the open spaces in Accra are used for the cultivation of food crops like corn, okro, tomatoes and other
vegetables. Fertilizers and insecticides are used in these areas. Constant felling of trees, bad farming practices and
annual burning has altered the vegetation from “dry forest” and greatly depleted the fertility of the soil.
Aquatic Vegetation
Apart from mangroves and salt marsh grasses, which grow in the intertidal zone, sea grasses or attached algae
also occur mainly in rocky areas and wave cut platforms. These areas have increased as a result of erosion
exposing the underlying bedrock. They have an important role in the coastal ecosystem because of their high rate
of primary production in the provision of food and shelter for the survival of shrimps, prawns and many species of
fin fishes. Ocean floor sea gases are confined to a few sheltered areas of the coastline and the lagoons. The ocean
floor regime is too unstable to support large areas of sea grass.
Terrestrial Fauna
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 17 -
Different species of antelopes, squirrels, monkeys and reptiles live in Accra. Many animals such as the Togob
have grass cutter, bush baby and bossman potto are found in the Achimota Forest Reserve and outside the
urbanised area. Most animals have been pushed inland because for the rapid expansion of settlements in the
Metropolitan area. Many species of snakes (some venomous) and lizards are found throughout the Metropolitan
area. Apart from the above-mentioned fauna, a great number of domestic animals - donkey, sheep, goat and
chicken are kept domestically in the Metropolitan area.
Aquatic Fauna
The open lagoon systems support a wide range of crustacean, mollusks, gastropods, predatory and bottom feeding
fish. The lagoons are important breeding grounds giving adequate protection against large predator species and a
continual supply of nutrients and organisms for food. The habitat of the lagoons is or has been modified by
development and increasing levels of pollution. Some species in the lagoons - in particular the Korle lagoon - are
no longer suitable for human consumption. Protection of the water quality and vegetation in the lagoons is
important to the long-term sustainability of aquatic fauna along the coastline.
The ocean supports a wide range of pelagic and bottom feeding fish. Common species are grouper, mackerel,
cassava fish, African lookdown, sole shark and tiger fish. Stocks of off shore species have not been depleted
mainly because fishing techniques result in a significant loss of smaller fish from nets. Evidence suggests that on-
shore species are nearing exhaustion caused by excessive catches of juvenile and small fish. The loss of this
resource will have a substantial impact on the indigenous population of Accra whose livelihood is dependent on
fishing.
Weija reservoir, the marshes at the mouth of the Densu River, the Sakumo lagoon near the Panbros salt industry
constitute the most important fresh water wetlands for aquatic fauna. Apart from harbouring a variety of
important commercial fish species like tilapia and catfish, they also act as breeding grounds for animals, which
are adapted to the characteristic coastal Savannah vegetation.
5.6 DRAINAGE
The Metropolitan drainage catchment area extends from the eastern boundary of the Nyanyanu catchment on the
west of Greater Accra Regional boundary to Kpeshie Lagoon.
Densu River Catchment and Sakumo Lagoon
This is the largest of all the four coastal basins within the study area. The total drainage area is about 2500km2. It
is divided into two sections above and below the Weija dam. The northern section of the basin, which extends
inland along the Densu River and its tributaries 100 km, is hilly with the highest point reaching 230m above mean
sea level. The southern section of the basin is low lying land comprising the Sakumo lagoon and Panbros salt
pans. The Lafa steam flows into the lagoon and drains much of the western area of Accra including Dansoman,
Kwashieman, McCarthy Hill and Awoshie. Much part of this catchment is now urbanised.
Flooding is common along the 8km of the Densu River below the Weija dam whenever there is overtopping or
deliberate release of water over the spillway. Flooding is also prevalent in Dansoman area and along the Lafa
stream where it crosses the Winneba and Tema Motorway extension roads. Few of the drainage channels in the
catchments are constructed. As a result, there is heavy erosion of drainage channels - many of which flow down
existing tracks and roads. Access to this area is often cut off and roads become impassable during heavy rains.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 18 -
Korle - Chemu Catchment
This catchment covers an area of 250 km2. It is bounded on the west by a line running roughly South-North from
Gbegbeyise, Dansoman, Kwashieman, and New Achimota; on the north by the Achimota -Legon axis; and to the
east by East Legon, the Airport and Ridge. The highest spot on the basin is about 308m above sea level. The
principal streams that drain the catchments are the Odaw River and its tributaries, the Nima, Onyasia, Dakobi and
Ado. The principal outlet for water in this catchment is the Korle Lagoon. There is a minor outlet at Chemu
Lagoon.
The Korle - Chemu catchment contains the major urbanised areas of Accra. Many of the drainage channels are
poorly developed and maintained. Erosion and siltation of drains is a serious problem. In low-lying areas
flooding is a serious problem, with many houses being inundated by floodwater during and after heavy rains.
Following the Netherlands Engineering consultants (NEDECO) report in 1963, a considerable amount of work
was done, particularly in connection with the Korle Lagoon and the Odaw River, but work was eventually
stopped. The drainage channels, until recently, had not been maintained resulting in the silting of the major
watercourses and the lagoon.
In low lying areas near the Accra Academy in Kaneshie, rapid run off from Asaredanho overflows into the Bank
of Ghana flats because inlet to the Kaneshie drains is inadequately designed. Similar problems occur in the
industrial land cemetery area around the Obetsebi Lamptey Circle where the interceptor drain and gullies are
inadequate. There are many other areas, like Nima, Dzorwulu, Darkuman and Alajo which have localised
flooding problems caused by inadequate drainage channels and the flat nature of the terrain.
Most roads in the catchment are not surfaced and side drains are mainly uncovered. The channels become
convenient places for the dumping of refuse. This, combined with erosion, results in choked and silted drain age
channels. These problems must be tackled by regular maintenance and the construction of new channels and
culverts where existing ones are shown to be inadequate. Until good access roads with properly constructed side
drains are provided in all urban areas, old and developing, drainage and flooding will continue to be a problem
every rainy season.
Kpeshie Catchment
The Kpeshie drainage basin covers a relatively small catchment area of 110 km2. It is bounded on the east by the
Military Academy at Teshie, on the north by a line south of Madina and Ajirignano. It covers the eastern part of
Accra, Ridge, Cantonments, Osu, Labadi and Burma camp areas. Streams in the catchment generally flow north
to south, emptying directly into the principal outlet to the sea at Kpeshie Lagoon or the small Korle Lagoon at
Osu.
Improvements have been made to straighten some of the watercourses in Christianborg and South La. Drainage
in the La Township is inadequate and many waterlogged areas become flooded with light rains. In heavy rains,
fence walls collapse and foundations are undermined.
Issues Affecting Urban Drainage
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 19 -
Poor drainage is the major problem, which affects many parts of the Metropolis. Natural features such as the
underlying geology, soil conditions and localised topographic features create some drainage problems.
Development should never have been permitted in these areas; however, poorphysical development control has
been unable to prevent urban land encroachment.
The majority of the problems are created by the high rate of urbanization (4.2%) of the City and its impact on
increase surface water runoff and flooding in low lying areas. The following issues require special attention in
developing a strategy for drainage within the Metropolis;
Flooding
The principal areas that are liable to flooding in the Metropolitan area are:
Panbros Salt Ponds
Dansoman - Mpoase - South Odorkor corridor
Dansoman - Sukura - Chorkor corridor
Mataheko - Abossey Okai - Korle Lagoon corridor
Odaw - Dzorwulu - Awudome - Industrial Areas System
Darkuman - North Kaneshie
Choked Drains
The inadequate drainage and poorly designed channels in many parts of the Metropolis have given rise to serious
flood problems. These problems are compounded by choked drains. A well-organised programme for seasonally
clearing drains is required to ensure they remain free flowing.
Impeded Drainage
Several low-lying areas along the Odaw and the Sakumo II catchment areas have natural low-lying areas of
impeded drainage. These are suitable habitat for vermin, snakes and disease carrying insects. Small-scale drainage
works are required to reduce the water table in these small-impeded drainage areas.
Dredging
Dredging of the Sakumo II and Korle lagoons is required to reduce flooding and provide improved flow in the
existing channel system. There are, however, a number of problems involved with the Korle Lagoon, which make
the dredging of this lagoon expensive. In other upper reaches of the lagoon, old car bodies and other wrecked
machinery and equipment have been carried or deposited in the lagoon and are now embedded in the floor of the
estuary. The removal of wreckage is necessary to create a proper channel to ensure adequate flushing once the
entrance is widened.
Against this background the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing in collaboration with the AMA is
implementing the Korle Lagoon Ecological Restoration Project (KLERP). The project is financed by the
Government of Ghana, Kuwaiti Government fund and BADEA and the dredging of the lagoon is being done by
Dredging Ghana Limited. The second phase, which includes landscaping and the construction of canals has been
completed. However, the existence and activities of Old Fadama (Sodom and Gomorrah) pose great difficulties
for the continuation of the KLERP.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 20 -
The cost of dredging is expensive (approximately US$85million) and it is therefore important that further
dumping of wrecks and waste is prohibited in the area. It is in this light that measures are currently been made to
remove the people of Sodom and Gomorrah, a squatter settlement near the project area.
Potential Ramser Sites and Conservation of the Lagoons
The disposal of silt from the lagoons has the potential to create a number of problems. There are opportunities to
utilise material for filling low-lying areas near the edge of the lagoons. However, the Sakumo II and Korle
lagoons are both under consideration as Ramsar (conservation) sites and excessive interference of the low-lying
area by filling will destroy much of the habitat for wildlife. Filling also destroys storage capacity. Dredging also
need to be well managed as the operation can release dangerous quantities of methane and other toxic gases into
the water in the estuary. This could have a dangerous impact on marine life. There is the need to consider
carefully the disposal of material taken by dredging so that undesirable environmental impacts of this operation
are minimised.
Lagoon Outfalls
Many of the lagoons along the coastline remain closed until opened by heavy rains. In the case of Korle and
Kpeshie Lagoons, these do not provide sufficient capacity for storm water discharge or adequate flushing of the
lagoon systems. Subsequently, these lagoons have become much polluted with a large buildup of sediment. In
order to improve the quality of water and provide sufficient channel clearance to enable floodwater to be
adequately discharged, the channel entrances at Korle have been widened substantially. There is also a need to
bypass the dry season flow around the edge of the lagoons to prevent the discharge of waste and maintain water
quality in the upper reaches.
Local Drains
Many of these are open sewers and a major health hazard. It must therefore be ensured that these drains are
cleaned as part of a public health programme. Many localised flooding problems in the urban area can be
attributed to poor design of storm water facilities. Under sizing of culverts and drainage channels, poor
consideration of maintenance requirements and under-estimation of siltation loads are common faults.
Conversely, concrete lined drainage channels on both sides of residential streets are often more expensive to
construct than the road itself. Simpler design standards could enable much larger areas to be serviced by storm
water drainage. There is the need to review many of the current design standards to ensure all drainage systems
have adequate capacity, but also that standards adopted are not excessively expensive. As the Metropolitan area
expands and more land comes under intensive cropping in catchments undergoing urbanisation, surface water
runoff will increase. This will lead to increased siltation and more severe floods down stream especially in areas
surrounding the lagoons. If this situation is to be avoided engineering and conservation measures will need to be
applied to reduce the rate of runoff. There is the need to introduce measures to protect the upper catchment areas
and streams where development and more intensive crop production are expected to take place.
5.7 AIR QUALITY
With the exception of the industrial area along the Odaw River, air quality in the Metropolitan area is good. Minor
incidents of localised pollution from automobile fumes arise during certain climatic conditions but these are
insignificant compared to those registered in some developed countries. During the months of December to
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 21 -
February, the effect of the Harmattan (fine windblown dust from the Sahara region) causes loss of visibility and
some health problems. These are seldom prolonged. Odour levels arising from decomposing rubbish and sanitary
wastes are high in inner city areas, especially, along the drainage system and in the region of the night soil dump
at Korle Gonno.
5.8 DEMOGRAPHY
Demographic Characteristics
The 2010 estimated population of Accra, pending the result of the 2010 PHC, is about 4.3 million with additional
daily influx population of 1 million who commute to the City for various socio-economic activities, which most
often are nonexistent thereby resorting to social vices and economic crimes.
Table 5-1: Demographic Figures of AMA by Sub-Metros
NO SUB METRO AREA
(KM2)
2000 POP *EST. 2010
POP
No. OF
HOUSES
(2000)
No. OF
HSEHDS (2000)
1. ABLEKUMA
CENTRAL
11.5 181,541 619554 15,606 40,219
2. ABLEKUMA
NORTH
13.6 140,063 483253 12,499 29,972
3. ABLEKUMA
SOUTH
15.1 211,493 729712 21,012 48,125
4. ASHIEDU
KETEKE
4.4 88,717 260174 4,599 20,440
5. AYAWASO
CENTRAL
6.0 155,947 435984 8,145 34,419
6. AYAWASO
EAST
5.8 128,641 359643 5,144 27,295
7. AYAWASO
WEST
35.2 50,334 140717 5,938 10,382
8. LA 36.0 133,721 373844 10,372 30,355
9. OKAIKOI
NORTH
21.1 141,085 394433 9,668 29,913
10. OKAIKOI
SOUTH
12.0 96,600 270066 7369 20,111
11. OSU KLOTTEY 12.0 96,634 270162 10,562 23,122
TOTAL 173 1,424,776 4,337,542 110,914 314,353 Source: 2000 P&HC (Ghana Statistical Service), UMLIS and Accra Metropolitan Authority
The high population figure of the City (4,337,542) is both an asset and source of worry to management. While the
relatively high population serves as a huge and vibrant market for investors, it also poses problem of sanitation
and waste management as well as traffic jam especially during the peak hours of the day.
The period between 1960 and 1970 saw the rapid industrialisation and expansion in the manufacturing and
commercial sectors in some major areas within the Metropolis. This factor contributed to high immigration to
Accra, and resultant in high population growth rate (6.32%) between 1960-1970 intercensal years. The stagnation
of the Ghanaian Economy during the 1970’s had adverse effect on the growth rate of Accra population as shown
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 22 -
in the growth rate (7.51%) of 1970-1984 intercensal years. The decline in agriculture in rural communities in
Ghana and industrialization in urban regions coupled with the late 1980s and 1990s boom in the service sector in
primate cities propelled immigration to Accra.
Table 5-2: Population and population Growth Rate
1960 1970 1984 2000
Population 338,396 636,667 969,195 1,658,937
Pop. Growth rate - 6.32% 7.51% 4.3%
Source: 1960, 1970, 1984 and 2000 National Population Census * Projected.
Projected Population (provisional) Figure the results of the 2010 PHC by GSS
The 2010 estimated population of Accra implies that the figure will be close to 5million by the 2013. The table
below shows the population projections of the various Sub-Metros in the Metropolis.
Table 5-3: Population Project of AMA by Sub-Metros
SUB METRO 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ablekuma Central 181,541 619554 646195 673981 827950
Ablekuma North 140,063 483253 504033 525706 295200
Ablekuma South 211,493 729712 761089 793816 494679
Ashiedu Keteke 88,717 260174 271361 283030 408060
Ayawaso Central 155,947 435984 454731 474285 159661
Ayawaso East 128,641 359643 375107 391237 424173
Ayawaso West 50,334 140717 146768 153079 447534
La 133,721 373844 389919 406686 306424
Okaikoi North 141,085 394433 411394 429083 476533
Okaikoi South 96,600 270066 281678 293791 392149
Osu Klottey 96,634 270162 281778 293895 827950
Total 1,424,776 4,337,542 4,524,053 4,718,589 5,060,313
Source: Accra Metropolitan Assembly
The population figures above reflect the citizenry residing within the Metropolis. It is, therefore, estimated that
during the peak hours, Accra host about 25% of the national population and has influx population of about
1,000,000 on daily basis for economic activities aside the residential dimension captured by the 2000 National
Population Census. The primacy of Accra Metropolitan Area as an administrative, educational, industrial and
commercial centre is the main factor for this and continues to attract people from all over Ghana, and outside, as
its functional importance is on incremental ascendancy. Rural-urban migration accounts for over 35% of the
population increase.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 23 -
Distribution and Density
The gross population density for Accra Metropolitan Area was 82.33 persons per hectare in 2000 compared to
6.23/ha in 1970. This is currently estimated to be 250.73/ha in 2010 and is projected to increase to 292.50 by the
end of the plan period in 2013 as depicted in the table below which will put pressure on the existing facilities and
will demand for direct efforts to meet the needs of the populace.
Table 5-4: Projected Population Density per Hectre
SUB METRO 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013
Ablekuma Central 157.86 538.74 561.91 586.07 719.96
Ablekuma North 102.99 355.33 370.61 386.55 217.06
Ablekuma South 140.06 483.25 504.03 525.70 327.60
Ashiedu Keteke 201.63 591.30 616.73 643.25 927.41
Ayawaso Central 259.91 726.64 757.89 790.48 266.10
Ayawaso East 221.79 620.07 646.74 674.55 731.33
Ayawaso West 14.30 39.98 41.70 43.49 127.14
La 37.14 103.84 108.31 112.97 225.12
Okaikoi North 66.86 186.94 194.97 203.37 145.28
Okaikoi South 80.50 225.06 234.73 244.85 320.24
Osu Klottey 80.53 225.14 234.82 244.91 689.96
TOTAL 82.36 250.73 261.51 272.75 292.50
Source: Accra Metropolitan Assembly
At the Sub-Metro level, Ashiedu Keteke is projected to be the most densely populated Sub-Metro in the
Metropolis followed by Ayawaso East and Ablekuma Central. These Sub-Metros, therefore, should be given
developmental attention to improve the living conditions of the projected population.
Population Distribution by Age and Gender
Accra’s population like that of other urban centres is a very youthful with 56% of the population under the age of
24years. It will be realised from the age-sex ratio that 51% of the population are females and the rest 49% males.
This gives a sex ratio of 1:1.04 males to females. The dominance of females over males is a reflection of the
nationwide trend where the estimated ratio is 1:1.03. The need to target women in any development programme in
the Metropolis can therefore not be over emphasised.
Age dependency ratio has been calculated to be at approximately 60%. 60 % of residents of Accra rely on the
other 40% for their livelihood. The table below is the projection of the population distribution by age and sex for
the Accra Metropolis for the plan period 2010-2013.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 24 -
6.0 POLICY, LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The environmental policy and EA legislation and procedures of Ghana and those of the World Bank, which are
relevant to the Project, are outlined. In principle the two sets of policies and procedures on environmental and
social assessment are similar in many respects.
6.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
6.1.1 Ghana’s Environmental Policy
The environmental policy of Ghana formulated in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1993
hinges strongly on ‘prevention’ as the most effective tool for environmental protection. The policy aims at a
sound management of resources and environment, and the reconciliation between economic planning and
environmental resources utilization for sustainable national development. It also seeks among others, to institute
an environmental quality control and sustainable development programs by requiring prior EA of all
developments, and to take appropriate measures to protect critical eco-systems, including the flora and fauna they
contain against harmful effects, nuisance or destructive practices. The adoption of the NEAP led to the enactment
of the EPA Act 1994 (Act 490); and subsequently the passing of the Ghana EIA Procedures into the EA
Regulations, 1999 (LI 1652).
6.1.2 National Water Policy
OVERALL GOAL
Consistent with the GPRS, the overall goal of the National Water Policy is to "achieve sustainable development,
management and use of Ghana's water resources to improve health and livelihoods, reduce vulnerability while
assuring good governance for present and future generations". This will be achieved by addressing relevant issues
under water resources management, urban water supply and community water and sanitation. For each broad area,
a number of focus areas for policy considerations have been identified. Within each the main principles and
challenges are listed followed by policy objectives and the corresponding measures.
POLICY OBJECTIVES
The key policy objectives of applying the principles and meeting the challenges above to:
(i) Achieve sustainable management of water resources;
(ii) Ensure equitably sustainable exploitation, utilisation and management of water resources, while
maintaining biodiversity and the quality of the environment for future generations.
POLICY MEASURES AND/OR ACTIONS
Government will take the following measures and actions:
Facilitate availability of water resources for industrial uses through sustainable resources management;
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 25 -
Require industries, including mining operations, to develop and implement environmental management
systems which take into account the impact of industries on the country's water resources;
Fully implement the enacted requirements related to licensing of water uses (permits) and issuance of
waste water (effluent) discharge permits;
Encourage development of codes of practice for efficient water use and cleaner production technologies
in industrial activities; and
Formulate hydropower development plans to meet current and future demands in conjunction with other
uses, through sustainable water resources management.
PRINCIPLES AND CHALLENGES
The underlying principle in financing water resources management is meeting the social needs for water as a
priority, whilerecognis1ng the economic value of water and the goods and services it provides.
The main challenges are:
Ensuring sustainability in water resources management through appropriate pricing mechanisms while
ensuring equity;
Ensuring water resources management is adequately funded and appropriate levies instituted for raw
water abstraction to promote efficiency, sustainability and equity; and
Sustaining appropriate levels of funding to the sector to meet MDGs.
6.1.3 Environmental Sanitation Policy
The Environmental Sanitation Policy (Revised, 2010) responds to the various reviews carried out to assess how
effectively the previous policy published in 1999 has been implemented. The revised policy objectives and
measures are presented in a way that enhances strategic planning and subsequent implementation.
The broad principles underlying Ghana‟ s Environmental Sanitation Policy (Revised, 2010) are:
The principle of environmental sanitation services as a public good;
The principle of environmental sanitation services as an economic good;
The polluter-pays-principle;
The principle of cost recovery to ensure value-for-money ensuring economy, effectiveness and efficiency;
The principle of subsidiarity in order to ensure participatory decision-making at the lowest appropriate
level in society;
The principle of improving equity and gender sensitivity;
The principle of recognizing indigenous knowledge, diversity of religious and cultural practices;
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 26 -
The precautionary principle that seeks to minimize activities that have the potential to negatively affect
the integrity of all environmental resources;
The principle of community participation and social intermediation
The ESP defines the principal components of environmental sanitation to include;
(a) Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta,
industrial wastes, health-care and other hazardous wastes;
(b) Storm-water drainage;
(c) Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;
(d) Control of pests and vectors of disease;
(e) Food hygiene;
(f) Environmental sanitation education;
(g) Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;
(h) Disposal of the dead;
(i) Control of rearing and straying of animals;
(j) Monitoring the observance of environmental standards
Policy Focus Areas
In order to provide a clear basis for achieving the overall goal of the sector, the policy provides strategic elements
under seven (7) policy focus areas, as follows:
Capacity Development
Information, Education and Communication
Legislation and Regulation
Levels of Service
Sustainable Financing and Cost Recovery
Research and Development
Monitoring and Evaluation
6.1.4 The Environmental Protection Agency Act
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Act, 1994 (Act 490) grants the Agency enforcement and standards
setting powers, and the power to ensure compliance with the Ghana EA requirements/procedures. Additionally,
the Agency is required to create environmental awareness and build environmental capacity as relates all sectors,
among others. The Agency (including its Regional and District Offices) is also vested with the power to
determine what constitutes an ‘adverse effect on the environment’ or an activity posing ‘a serious threat to the
environment or public health’, to require EAs, EMPs, Annual Environmental Reports (AERs), etc of an
‘undertaking’, to regulate and serve an enforcement notice for any offending or non-complying undertaking.
The Agency is required to conduct monitoring to verify compliance with given approval/permit conditions,
required environmental standard and mitigation commitments. Furthermore, a requirement by EPA for an EA
precludes any authorising MDA from licensing, permitting, approving or consenting such undertaking, unless
notified otherwise.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 27 -
6.1.5 EA Regulations and Procedures
The EA Regulations combine both assessment and environmental management systems. The regulations prohibit
commencing an undertaking/activity without prior registration and environmental permit (EP). Undertakings are
grouped into schedules for ease of screening and registration and for EP. The schedules include undertakings
requiring registration and EP (Schedule 1), EIA mandatory undertakings (Schedule 2), as well as Schedule 5-
relevant undertakings (located in Environmentally Sensitive Areas).
The Regulations also define the relevant stages and actions, including: registration, screening, preliminary
environmental assessment (PEA), scoping and terms of reference (ToR), environmental impact assessment (EIA),
review of EA reports, public notices and hearings, environmental permitting and certification, fees payment,
EMP, Annual Environmental Report (AER), suspension/revocation of permit, complaints/appeals, etc.
6.1.6 EA (Amendment) Regulations, 2002
The EA (Amendment) Regulations were made to amend sections of the EA fees regime of LI 1652 (the ‘principal
enactment’) on fee payment for EP and certificate issued by the Agency.
6.1.7 Local Government Act, 1993 (Act 462)
The Local Government Act (Act 462) seeks to give a fresh legal expression to government’s commitment to the
concept of decentralization. It is a practical demonstration of a bold attempt to bring the process of governance to
the doorstep of the populace at the Regional and more importantly, the District level.
The Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) created under the law, constitute the highest
political authority in each district, municipality and metropolis.
Among the functions of the MMDAs are the following:
Formulate and execute plans, programmes and strategies for the effective mobilization of the resources
necessary for the overall development of the MMDAs;
Initiate programmes for the development of basic Sanitation and Water services and provide municipal works
and services in the MMDAs; and
Be responsible for the development, improvement and management of human settlements and the
environment.
6.1.7.1 Bye-Laws
One of the most important provisions of the law is the power of the MMDAs to make bye-laws for the purpose of
the functions conferred under Act 462 or any other enactment. Most MMDAs have adopted by-laws on sanitation
and waste. However, most MMDAs are still without sanitary engineered waste disposal facilities in place.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 28 -
6.2 NATIONAL LABOUR, SAFETY AND HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
6.2.1 Factories, Offices and Shops Act
The Factories, Offices and Shops Act of 1970 (Act 328) mandates the Factories Inspectorate Department to
register factories and ensure that internationally accepted standards of providing safety, health and welfare of
persons are adhered to. It defines a factory to include any premises (whether in or not in a building) in which one
or more persons are employed in manual labour, among others.
6.2.2 Occupational Safety and Health Policy of Ghana (Draft)
The policy statement of the Occupational Safety and Health Policy (draft 2004) is: ‘to prevent accidents and
injuries arising out of or linked with or occurring in the course of work, by minimizing, as far as reasonably
practicable, the cause of the hazards in the working environment and, therefore, the risk to which employees and
the public may be exposed’. The policy is derived from provisions of the International Labour Organization (ILO)
Conventions 155 and 161. The policy document has specific sections on objectives, scope, strategies, activities
and promotion and awareness creation.
6.2.3 National Workplace HIV/AIDS Policy
The broad objectives of the policy among others, are to provide protection from discrimination in the workplace
to people living with HIV and AIDS; prevent HIV and AIDS spread amongst workers; and provide care, support
and counselling for those infected and affected.
6.2.4 Labour Act
The purpose of the Labour Act, 2003 (Act 651) is to amend and consolidate existing laws relating to labour,
employers, trade unions and industrial relations. The Act provides for the rights and duties of employers and
workers; legal or illegal strike; guarantees trade unions and freedom of associations, and establishes the Labour
Commission to mediate and act in respect of all labour issues. Under Part XV (Occupational Health, Safety and
Environment), the Act explicitly indicates that it is the duty of an employer to ensure that every worker works
under satisfactory, safe and healthy conditions.
6.3 THE GHANA SHARED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENDA (GSGDA)
The 1992 Constitution provides a long-term national development imperative for Ghana through the Directive
Principles of State Policy which requires that every Government must pursue policies that would ultimately lead
to the “establishment of a just and free society”, where every Ghanaian would have the opportunity to live long,
productive, and meaningful lives.
The Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA, 2010-2013), Government responds to the 1992
constitutional injunction within the context of its Better Ghana Agenda. The “Better Ghana Agenda”
encompasses, but is not limited to the understated social and economic goals:
Putting food on people’s tables;
Providing citizens with secure and sustainable jobs;
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 29 -
Rehabilitating and expanding infrastructural facilities;
Expanding access to potable water and sanitation, health, housing and education;
Guaranteeing the security of persons and their property;
Embarking on an affirmative action to rectify errors of the past, particularly as they relate to
discrimination against women;
Reducing geographical disparities in the distribution of national resources;
Accelerating economic growth rate to at least 8% per annum;
Ensuring environmental sustainability in the use of natural resources through science, technology and
innovation;
Pursuing an employment-led economic growth strategy that will appropriately link agriculture to industry,
particularly manufacturing;
Creating a new social order of social justice and equity, premised on the inclusion of all hitherto excluded
and marginalized people, particularly the poor, the underprivileged and persons with disabilities;
Ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are fairly shared among the various segments of society;
and
Maximizing transparency and accountability in the use of public funds and other national resources.
It is the belief of Government that the policies and programmes emanating from the Ghana Shared Growth and
Development Agenda (GSDA) will lay the foundation to move Ghanaians closer to the long-term aspiration of a
just, free and prosperous society.
6.4 THE POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY OF GHANA
6.4.1 GPRS I and II
The GPRS I was a comprehensive framework of policies and development strategies, programs and projects to
facilitate macro-economic stability, sustainable growth and poverty reduction (2003-2005). The central goal of
GPRS II (2006-2009), which built on GPRS I was to accelerate the growth of the economy to attain a middle-
income status. The GPRS II emphasizes the implementation of growth-inducing policies and programs with the
potential to support wealth creation and sustainable poverty reduction. The document refers to the need to apply
environmental impact assessment and environmental audit to ensure that the growth arising from the GPRS is
environmentally sustainable.
6.5 THE WORLD BANK REQUIREMENTS
6.5.1 The Bank’s Safeguard Policies
The Bank’s ten (10) safeguard policies are designed to help ensure that programs proposed for financing are
environmentally and socially sustainable, and thus improve decision-making. The Bank’s Operational Policies
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 30 -
(OP) is meant to ensure that operations of the Bank do not lead to adverse impacts or cause any harm. They
include guidance on EA requirements.
The Safeguard Policies are lumped into Environment, Rural Development, Social Development and International
Law. The following seven out of the ten are relevant for considerations under the Project. These are:
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01);
Natural Habitat (OP 4.04);
Pest Management (OP 4.09);
Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10);
Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11);
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12);
Forestry (OP 4.36);
Safety of Dams (OP/ 4.37);
Projects in International Waterways (OP 7.50);
Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60); Plus
Public Disclosure (OP 17.50).
6.5.1.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
The OP 4.01 requires among others that screening for potential impacts is carried out early, in order to determine
the level of EA to assess and mitigate potential adverse impacts. The Bank’s project screening criteria group
projects into three categories:
Category A – Detailed Environmental Assessment;
Category B - Initial Environmental Examination and
Category C – Environmentally friendly
The EA ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part of project
design, including public consultation process, especially for Category A and B projects. The OP 4.01 is applicable
to all components of the Bank’s financed projects, even for co-financed components.
6.5.1.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)
The Policy on Involuntary Resettlement is intended to assist displaced people arising from development projects,
in order not to impoverish any affected people within the area of influence of projects. An action plan that at least
restores the standard of living must be instituted, in cases where resettlement is inevitable or loss of assets and
impacts on livelihood occurs.
6.5.1.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)
The OP/BP 4.36 aims at enhancing the environmental and social contribution of forested areas, and the need to
reduce deforestation. The protection of forests through the control of forest-related impact of all investment
operations is a concern of the policy. It promotes the restriction of operations affecting critical forest and
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 31 -
conservation areas, while requiring that the sector and other relevant stakeholders should be consulted as
appropriate.
6.5.1.4 Physical Cultural Property (OP 4. 11)
The policy is premised on the need to investigate and take inventory of cultural resources likely to be affected.
Mitigations are provided for in cases of adverse impacts on physical cultural resources. Mitigation measures
should be undertaken in conjunction with the appropriate authorities, organizations and institutions that are also
required to be consulted and involved in the management of cultural property.
6.5.1.5 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)
This policy recognises that the conservation of natural habitats is essential for long-term sustainable development.
The Bank, therefore, supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats in its project
financing. The Bank supports, and expects the borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource
management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development.
6.5.1.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)
The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of
dams the Bank finances. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams, and the policy is triggered for
large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15m in height; this category includes farm ponds, local silt
retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed and
supervised by experienced and competent professionals are usually adequate.
6.5.1.7 Indigenous People (OP 4.10)
The objective of the policy is: (i) ensure that the development process encourages full respect of dignity, human
rights and cultural features of indigenous people; (ii) ensure they do not suffer from the detrimental effects during
the development process; and (iii) ensure indigenous people reap economic and social advantages compatible
with their culture. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous people must be based on the informed
participation of the indigenous people themselves.
6.5.1.8 Bank’s Policy on Disclosure (OP 17.50)
The Bank’s policy on disclosure currently under review requires that all the people residing in the given areas of a
project have the right to be informed of the proposed development project. Prior to project appraisal therefore, the
summary of the study of the development action along with other relevant information should be disclosed to or at
the level of the Bank and the project area.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 32 -
6.5.2 Triggered Safeguard Policies
The World Bank Safeguard Policies that are triggered are OP 4.01 -Environmental Assessment, OP 4.01 Annexes
A, B, and C on Environmental Assessment, OP 4.12-Involuntary Resettlement.
The construction of the proposed sanitation and water facilities in the GAMA could have irreversible
environmental impacts unless mitigating measures recommended are carried out during the construction and
operation stages. Some of the potential adverse impacts that may occur relating to the physical environment are:
Groundwater pollution;
Surface water pollution;
Loss of top soil;
Loss of useful subsoil;
Changes in drainage of soils;
Changes in runoff characteristics;
Changes in water quality.
Other receiving environments that may be affected are the ecological environment, land use,
human health and economic issues.
Arising from the potential adverse environmental impacts enumerated above, the significance of the impacts, the
extent of displacement for proposed projects there may be the need to resettle displaced persons whose
settlements will have to give way for the project. This scenario that may pertain to the Sanitation and Water
Project in the GAMA means that the Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) and Involuntary
Resettlement policies (OP/BP 4.12) will be triggered.
6.6 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION POLICY
In 1999 the Ministry of Local Government published an Environmental Sanitation Policy. This Policy was
prepared long after the NEAP. Sanitation is construed to have a broader meaning than waste. The Policy describes
the objectives of environmental sanitation to include developing a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment
in all human settlements, promoting the social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the population.
It comprises of various activities including the construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, the
provision of services, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.
6.6.1 Solid Waste Management
The Policy confers primary responsibility for solid waste management on the Assemblies. However, the private
sector will be invited to provide the actual services under contract or franchise, as appropriate.
The Policy lists the following as acceptable technologies for solid waste disposal:
Sanitary landfill;
Controlled dumping with cover;
Incineration;
Composting; and
Recycling
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 33 -
6.7 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Ghana is party to many international agreements such as:
Treaty on Marine Life Conservation, 1966
The Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Waste and other Matter, 1972
Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ship, 1973/1978
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, 1981
Law of the Sea, 1982
International Agreement on the Protection of Tropical Timber, 1994
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 1996
Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 2001
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1994
The Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity Treaty), 1993
Environmental Modification Treaty, 1997.
6.8 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
6.8.1 Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
The Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (MEST) was established in 1994. Its creation was in
response to a national development need to integrate environmental, scientific and technological considerations
into the country’s sectoral, structural and socio-economic planning processes at all levels.
The declared mission of MEST is to establish a strong national scientific and technological base for accelerated
sustainable development of the country to enhance the quality of life for all. Among other things, this will be
done through the development and promotion of cost-effective use of appropriate technologies.
Among the main areas of policy thrust for MEST, are Sanitation and Waste Management (Technical Options) and
Science and Technology promotion, education and acculturation.
6.8.1.1 Functions
The functions of MEST are:
Protection of the environment through policy formulation and economic, scientific and technological
interventions needed to mitigate any harmful impacts caused by development activities;
Standard setting and regulatory activities with regard to the application of science and technology in
managing the environment for sustainable development;
Promotion of activities needed to underpin the standards and policies required for planning and
implementation of development projects; and
Co-ordination, supervision, monitoring and evaluation of activities that support goals and targets of the
Ministry and national sustainable development.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 34 -
It is noted that MEST is the political focal point for United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in
Ghana and therefore plays a key role in activities that arise out of the implementation of the Convention.
6.8.2 Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) exists to promote the establishment and
development of a vibrant and well resourced decentralized system of local government for the people of Ghana to
ensure good governance and balanced rural based development. This will be done by:
Formulating, implementing, monitoring, evaluating and co-ordinating reform policies and programmes to
democratise governance and decentralise the machinery of government.
Reforming and energising local governments to serve effectively as institutions for mobilising and
harnessing local resources for local national administration and development.
Facilitating the development of all human settlements through community and popular participation.
Facilitating the promotion of a clean and healthy environment.
Facilitating horticultural development.
Improving the demographic database for development planning and management.
Promoting orderly human settlement development.
The pursuance of the Ministry’ vision is based on two divisions:
Local government - Strong Structures, Revenue Mobilisation and Collection, and Sanitation.
Rural Development - Rural roads, Information and Communications Technology, Tourism and Agric
Processing.
The following, among other are the main objectives of the Ministry:
To formulate appropriate policies and programs to accelerate the implementation of decentralization of
the machinery of government. This is to avoid re-centralization of government machinery.
To improve upon the human resources and institutional capacities for all levels of the decentralized
government machinery (District, town and Unit)
To improve the capacity of communities and local government institutions to mobilize, and manage
resources for accelerated rural and urban development.
To promote community based registration, collation, analysis and publication of data on all births and
deaths occurring in Ghana.
To promote human development and sustain the orderly and healthy growth of rural and urban
settlements in Ghana.
To monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of local government institutions for improved management
performance.
6.8.3 Ministry of Water Resources Works and Housing
The Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing has as its main functions the formulation and co-ordination
of policies and programmes for the systematic development of the country's Sanitation and Water Services
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 35 -
requirements in respect of Works, Housing, Water Supply and Sanitation and Hydrology. The Ministry co-
ordinates and supervises, by way of monitoring and evaluation of the performance of both public and private
agencies responding to and participating in the realisation of the policy objectives established for the sector.
6.8.4 Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
The ministry of Finance and Economic Planning is the agency that manages the central government’s budget. The
ongoing management of the fiscal framework for local government is a core competence of the Ministry of
Finance and Economic Development (MoFEP). The Ministry has recently expressed a strong commitment to
develop dedicated capacity through the decision to establish a Fiscal Decentralisation Unit within the Budget
Office of the Ministry. This project component will provide support directly to the Unit to assist in its
establishment and the performance of its functions. Staff costs and basic administrative overheads have already
been budgeted for by the Ministry from the 2011 financial year. Simultaneously, MLGRD has established the
Fiscal Decentralization Secretariat (FDS). The Fiscal Decentralization Unit will work in close collaboration with
the FDS as part of rolling out its activities in particular in relation to preparation of PFM reform strategies for the
five core reform areas.
6.8.5 Ministry of Roads and Highways
The Ministry of Roads and Highways is a government establishment responsible for policy formulation,
monitoring and evaluation with regard to the transport sector which consists of the following:
a) Road Infrastructure sub-sector
b) Road Transport Services and Safety sub-sector.
c) Road Transport Training
d) Road Maintenance Financing
The Departments and Agencies relevant to the GAMA that operate under the direct ambit of the Ministry are
following with respect to Road Infrastructure:
Department of Feeder Roads (DFR)
Department of Urban Roads (DUR)
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 36 -
7.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE GAMA PROJECTS AND
MITIGATION
Description of Prospective Projects under Components 1, 2 and 3
Under Component 1,2 and 3, the World Bank is funding this proposed Sanitation and Water Project that aims
at increasing access to improved sanitation and safe water in the GAMA, with particular emphasis on low
income areas. The GoG is seeking support from the WBG given its experience with the implementation of
water and environmental sanitation projects in Ghana and in dealing with low income areas and institutional
aspects. The proposed project will therefore focus on providing low income communities located in the 8
MMAs with increased water supply and improved sanitation services. The Table 7.1 below presents the list of
some of the likely investments and the safeguards status (Please note that this list is not comprehensive).
Table 7-1: Status of Safeguard Work
Component 1 :
Provision of water
and environnemental
sanitation services to
priority income areas
of the GAMA
Location
Implementation
Status of Safeguard Work (OP 4.01 and OP 4.12)
EIA RPF RAP
MMAs Construction To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
MMAs Rehabilitation To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
LIST OF POTENTIAL SUB-PROJECTS
Water supply and sanitation facilities for communities
Water Supply and sanitation facilities for households
Water supply and sanitation facilities for schools, health centrers and in public areas such as markets
Engagement of community and particularly women to provide oversight of water and sanitation services such as
Water and Sanitation Development Board (WSDBs)
Construction of water supply system;
Drilling of boreholes;
Mechanization of boreholes;
Construction of KVIPs;
Construction of water closet seaters;
Rehabilitation of public toilet;
Construction and lining of drains;
Component 2 :
Improvement and
expansion of the
water distribution
network in the
GAMA
Location
Implementation
Status of Safeguard Work (OP 4.01 and OP 4.12)
EIA RPF RAP
MMAs Construction To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
MMAs Rehabilitation To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
LIST OF POTENTIAL SUB-PROJECTS
Investments to improve and expand the existing network to provide piped water to the targeted people living in low
income communities in the GAMA
Installation of transmission mains, boster pumps and other facilities
Support acquisition and installation of meters and other equipment as well as provision of services aimed at
improving water demand management
Component 3 :
Improvement and
Location
Implementation
Status of Safeguard Work (OP 4.01 and OP 4.12)
EIA RPF RAP
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 37 -
expansion of
wastewater and fecal
sludge collection,
transportation and
treatment in the
GAMA
MMAs Construction To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
MMAs Rehabilitation To be done if
required
Done To be done if required
LIST OF POTENTIAL SUB-PROJECTS
Collection and/or treatment of wastewater and fecal sludge to be generated from the low income communities and
rest of GAMA
Improve the safe collection, transport and treatment of fecal sludge
7.1 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
The overall environmental impact of the project is expected to be positive. Significant positive impacts to the
natural and socioeconomic environments will be achieved by the participating MMAs. By developing
infrastructure, the capacity of the MMAs to deliver quality services will be improved.
The positive environmental and social impacts for Water and Sanitation include information relevant to the
construction, operation and maintenance of (i) potable water treatment and distribution systems, and (ii) collection
of sewage in centralized systems (such as piped sewer collection networks) or decentralized systems (such as
septic tanks subsequently serviced by pump trucks) and treatment of collected sewage at centralized facilities. Key
expected positive results or outcomes are as follows:
Improved Conservation and Presevation of Water
Sustainable Water Supply
Reduced vulnerability of ecosystem to climatic events
Improved use of Water and Sanitation
Sustainable water supply
Reduced vulnerability of ecosystem to climatic events
Increase Employment
Improved conditions for economic growth
General economic growth
Poverty reduction
Increased affordability of water and sanitation
Increased access to water
Reduced rate of water related deseases
Improved social development
Improved health
Poverty reduction
Greater equity in allocation of water and sanitation
Increased access to basic sanitation
Increased access to water
Reduced rate of water related deseases
Improved health
Improved quality of water and sanitation
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 38 -
Increased access to basic sanitation
Reduced rate of water related deseases
Improved health
Improved water and sanitation , health and hygiene behaviour
7.1.1 Maternal Mortality:
A reduction in maternal mortality depends strongly on the water supply and sanitation situation. A contributory
factor to poor maternal health is contaminated water and poor hygiene, leading to infection and slow postnatal
recovery. Good water supply facilities will support fewer miscarriages from heavy water transport and safer home
birth. At the same time a better general health condition due to reduced health risks linked to insufficient water
and sanitation will also have a positive impact on maternal mortality. However, reducing the health risk by
improving water supply and sanitation needs to be linked to improving hygiene practices in order to bring about
the desired impacts.
7.1.2 Other Diseases:
Insufficient water supply and sanitation as well as inappropriate hygiene practices are associated with number of
different diseases. Eliminating stagnant, standing water around the households and water points can contribute to
reducing the incidence of malaria, in particular in dry areas with few natural mosquito breeding places. At the
same time, reducing the incidence of water-borne, water-washed and waterbased diseases through improved
services and hygiene behaviors will have a positive impact on reducing the susceptibility to other illnesses. For
people living with HIV/AIDS, water, sanitation and hygiene is extremely important in reducing the incidence of
opportunistic infections.
7.1.3 Environmental Sustainability:
Insufficient or inadequate water supply and sanitation is very often associated with an unsustainable exploitation
of natural resources. Improved water management, including industrial pollution control and water conservation is
a key factor for maintaining ecosystem integrity. Adequate treatment and disposal of excreta and both household
and industrial wastewater contribute to less pressure on freshwater resources. Furthermore, improved sanitation
reduces flows of human excreta into waterways and reducing the respective health and environmental risks.
Furthermore, water, sanitation and hygiene is important for improving the lives of slum dwellers, by reducing the
risks of contracting water-related illnesses, relieving the burden on women and opening opportunities for small-
scale enterprises.
7.1.4 Improvement of the living conditions
An overall improvement of living conditions will be achieved by the population. The length of time women spent
providing water for the family will be reduced significantly. An improved water supply will increase the
opportunities for women to improve their economic productivity. The time dedicated to fetching water will be
freed up for income generation.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 39 -
The next sections explore some of the identified prospective projects related benefits and general positive
impacts:
7.1.5 Water Supply Project
Construction and rehabilitation of water and sanitation facilities will have significant positive impacts
on the health of the communities and populations in all the targeted districts,
Safe water fully available to the populations as well as their assets emanating from projects in livestock
watering points and associated animal tracks (reducing or eliminating prevailing
agriculturalist/pastoralist conflicts) and small scale agricultural activities and essentially improve their
quality of life.
Water supply services A variety of water service delivery models can be identified in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area with different
sources of water providing different levels of water services. These include utility water supply services, private
(intermediary and independent) water supply services and community managed water supply services.
Households can rely on a mix of different service delivery models for their water supply.
The main source of water for AMA and TMA is the utility system, which produces almost 365,000 m3 per day,
about 99 percent of all water produced in GAMA. Although the utility, the Ghana Water Company Limited
(GWCL) produces most of the water that is used in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, only about 51 percent of
the population has direct access to utility water supply services. The rest depend on private and community
service providers, many of whom get their water from the GWCL system, either directly (through a connection to
the network) or indirectly (e.g. through tanker services). There is a variety of alternative service providers. Each
provides different services in different areas at different costs per unit water, which are considerably higher than
the costs per unit water charged for water supplied through household connections. A number of communities on
the fringes of Accra are being served by systems independent from the utility system, including community-
managed small town piped water supply systems implemented by the Community Water and Sanitation Agency
(CWSA), and privately-operated and managed water supply kiosks, like the WaterHealth Centres which can be
found in the northwest of Accra.
The issues the project aims at addressing are:
Increased water demand to be higher or at least equal to the supply needs.
Reduction in the amount of non-revenue water in the GWCL system. Physical losses (27 percent of the
amount of water produced), as well as economic losses (33 percent of the amount of water produced) will
be reduced significantly.
Improved reliability of the GWCL system through improved reliable electricity supply, increased storage
capacity in the distribution system.
Some equity will be achieved as against the current situation whereby large parts of the GAMA
population depend on expensive alternative service providers:
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 40 -
7.1.6 Excreta and Wastewater Services
Different sanitation service delivery models can be identified in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area. Sanitation
service providers can be broadly grouped into three categories: municipal service providers, private service
providers and self-supply. The municipal providers include septic emptiers, servicing both private WCs as well as
public facilities; the sewer system, with household and institutional connected WCs; and human waste transfer
stations where human waste from pan and bucket latrines is collected. There are also private sector septic
emptiers, servicing the same target group as the municipal septic emptiers. Finally, a number of people and
institutions provide their own sanitation services. These include institutional sewer systems and on-site treatment
sanitation facilities like pit latrines and KVIPs.
The main challenges related to sanitation in the GAMA can be summarised as:
The vast majority of the waste treatment plants are not working:
There is a lack of treatment capacity:
The lack of use of safe and hygienic sanitation facilities:
Many people depend on public sanitation facilities, paying more for access to lower level services than
people with access to private sanitation services.
A successful implementation of the proposed water and sanitation project in the GAMA will yield the following
positive impacts:
Improved access to private sanitation facilities, which can be achieved through the enforcement of by-
laws for the construction of household latrines, the facilitation of appropriate technology choice and
awareness creation and education.
Improved public latrine services by increasing the number of public latrines, ensuring adequate water
supply to public latrines and improving the management of public latrines.
Increased treatment capacity. Under the Accra sewerage improvement project, there are plans to extend
the sewer system. However, even when fully successful, the impact of this intervention will be relatively
small. Therefore, additional strategies are needed like securing, acquiring and maintaining sludge
treatment sites; rehabilitating existing ones; and using natural systems.
Improved the use of existing treatment capacity by increasing the number of connections to the sewer
system and by building the capacity of the sewerage unit staff.
7.1.7 Economic Benefits to MMAs
Improved Sanitation and Water through rehabilitation and maintenance provides such socio-economic
benefits as accessibility which will significantly enhance economic prospect and integration. Lack of
access has been traditionally linked to poverty in Ghana.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 41 -
7.1.8 Enhanced Institutional Capacity to Support Decentralization
The Project will offer important contribution and legacy to the decentralization program by providing capacity
building opportunities to the MMAs. The support to MMAs will particularly enhance community involvement in
decision processes affecting their interests, gender issues and other environmental and social related activities in
their immediate neighbourhoods.
Institutional coordination and planning
Institutionally the sector is fragmented, with overlapping areas of responsibility. There is poor-to-no enforcement
of existing (planning) regulations and lack of frameworks for integrated planning.
The situation can be improved through the following:
Facilitation of a ‘Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) Integrated Urban Water Management
Planning and Coordination Platform’ for city wide planning alignment and development of water and
sanitation services
Resolution of ambiguities regarding the respective roles of the municipalities and Ghana Water Company
Limited in providing water services.
Resolution of ambiguities on responsibilities for drainage
Resolution of ambiguities regarding responsibilities for wastewater management at the local authority
(Metro/Municipal Authority) level
7.1.9 Conclusion
The Sanitation and Water Facilities Project in the GAMA will result in:
Generic improvement within the Metropolis and Municipalities for water and sanitation projects:
Improvement in the hygienic conditions and public health
There will be an improvement in the environment, and hygienic conditions of the city due to provision of
efficient water and sanitation facilities. The prevailing trends of morbidity and mortality are likely to
change. The present health statuses of these communities are characterized by high morbidity rate from
occasional outbreak of preventable and infectious diseases like cholera and typhoid fever. High
occurrence of Malaria is also prevalent as a result of poor drainage facilities and the malaria, which is
endemic, will be reduced as a result of the drainage to be provided.
Employment generation
There will be employment generation for unskilled labourers during the construction stage of various
Sanitation and Water facilities. Thus the project has the potential to contribute to economy through labour
absorption and the supply of construction materials.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 42 -
Improve access to basic water and sanitation services
There will be an access to basic services like water supply as these will be supplied and be connected.
Gender-Status of Women
The provision of the water and sanitation facilities is expected to enhance the lot of women in the project
areas. Apart from those who will be employed directly on the project, others will be engaged in trading at
the construction sites supplying the workforce with food and other consumables. Although the numbers
will not be disproportionately high a vibrant and booming trade for the women implies an improvement in
living standards of the people.
7.2 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALLY ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS,
The proposed Sanitation and Water works will have an impact on the environment. The potential impacts of the
development are both adverse and beneficial. An assessment of the negative impacts can be classified into
construction phase and post-construction phase impacts.
7.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment
Constructional Phase Impacts
The constructional works would present negative environmental impacts. The construction phase includes the
following operations: site clearing, excavation and grading, upgrading of drains, installation of utility services
(electricity and water supply). These activities will have direct impact on the environment. The negative impacts
are discussed and assessed below:
7.2.1.1 Soil and Land Degradation
Access road upgrading normally involves the use of earth-moving equipment such as bulldozers and excavators.
The use of earth moving equipment or machinery during the clearing of the access way will not only expose the
soils but also compact the soil and break down the soil structure. This and the sealing of the road surface with tar
or another petroleum-based material would potentially reduce rainwater percolation into the ground water. In
addition, site-levelling activities will interfere with the natural drainage pattern and this has the potential of
causing siltation of the natural drainage channel.
7.2.1.2 Air Quality
The main impact on air quality will be experienced during the construction phase. Particulates (dust) from site
preparation, haulage of plant and equipment and construction materials on the untarred access road will cause
deterioration in the quality of air at the site. Other sources of dust will be earthworks such as excavation and the
delivery of coarse aggregates. The excessive generation of dust will have a significant impact on the health of the
workers and persons living in nearly residences.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 43 -
7.2.1.3 Vehicular Traffic Implication
The construction works will result in an increase in traffic volume on the roads in the area. The transport of raw
materials will introduce a number of heavy trucks on the main road and this could increase the risk of motor
accidents and also result in vehicular-pedestrian conflicts. These impacts are localised and regarded as short term.
7.2.1.4 Noise Levels and Ground Vibration
Minimal and intermittent noise would be generated during the construction phase of the project. The background
noise levels and ground vibrations at the access roads will increase as a result of the movement of a number of
tipper trucks delivering materials, heavy earthmoving equipment and the use of machinery such as concrete
mixtures. The anticipated noise levels and ground vibrations will however, not have devastating effects on the
work force and immediate environment. Other inconveniences will be created to the adjoining communities
during the construction stage
7.2.1.5 Constructional Wastes
The constructional activities on the access ways will produce wastes such as excavated soils and redundant
materials such as broken block and pieces of wood. The haphazard collection of constructional wastes could
obstruct the movement of the workers and trucks as well as affect the beauty of the estates. These wastes will
therefore have to be managed at various times during the construction period.
7.2.1.6 Occupational Health and Safety
Safety of the local population and workforce may be threatened during constructional phase. The movement of
trucks to and from the access roads, the operation of the various equipment and machinery and the actual
construction will expose the workers to work-related accident and injuries. Pollutants such as dust and noise in
the workplace environment could also have negative implications for the health of the workers.
7.2.2 Operational Phase Impacts
7.2.2.1 Water Withdrawal
Some of the issues relating to urban water management in the GAMA stem from other municipalities and regions.
For example, water supply to the Accra depends to a large extent on sources from outside the city and indeed the
region. This means that pollution of water sources or even problems with the pipelines in the areas through which
they pass before getting to Accra, cuts across municipalities and district assemblies.
Traditional sources for potable water treatment include surface water from lakes, streams, rivers, etc. and
groundwater resources. Development of water resources often involves balancing competing qualitative and
quantitative human needs with the rest of the environment. This is a particularly challenging issue in the absence
of a clear allocation of water rights which should be resolved with the participation of appropriate stakeholders
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 44 -
such as the Water Commission, Water Research Institute (WRI), Community Water and Sanitation Agency
(CWSA) in advance of project design and implementation.
7.2.2.2 Water Treatment
Environmental issues associated with water treatment include:
Solid waste
Solid waste residuals generated by water treatment include process residuals, used filtration membranes, spent
media and miscellaneous wastes. Process residuals primarily consist of settled suspended solids from source water
and chemicals added in the treatment process, such as lime and coagulants. Pre-sedimentation, coagulation (e.g.
with aluminum hydroxide [alum] or ferric hydroxide), lime softening, iron and manganese removal, and slow
sand and diatomaceous earth filtration all produce sludge. Composition of the sludge depends on the treatment
process and the characteristics of the source water, and may include arsenic and other metals, radionuclides, lime,
polymers and other organic compounds, microorganisms, etc. Damaged or exhausted membranes are typically
produced from water treatment systems used for desalination. Spent media may include filter media (including
sand, coal, or diatomaceous earth from filtration plants), ion exchange resins, granular activated carbon [GAC],
etc.
Wastewater
Wastewater from water treatment projects include filter backwash, reject streams from membrane filtration
processes, and brine streams from ion exchange or demineralization processes. These waste streams may contain
suspended solids and organics from the raw water, high levels of dissolved solids, high or low pH, heavy metals,
etc.
Hazardous chemicals
Water treatment may involve the use of chemicals for coagulation, disinfection and water conditioning. In
general, potential impacts and mitigation measures associated with storage and use of hazardous chemicals are
similar to those for other industrial projects
Air emissions
Air emissions from water treatment operations may include ozone (in the case of ozone disinfection) and gaseous
or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine and ammonia). Measures related to hazardous
chemicals discussed above will mitigate risks of chlorine and ammonia releases. In addition, specific
recommended measures to manage air emissions include installation of an ozone-destroying device at the exhaust
of the ozone-reactor (e.g., catalytic oxidation, thermal oxidation).
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 45 -
7.2.2.3 Water Distribution
The most fundamental environmental health issues associated with distribution networks is the maintenance of
adequate pressure to protect water quality in the system as well as sizing and adequate maintenance to assure
reliable delivery of water of suitable quality. The most significant environmental issues associated with operation
of water distribution systems include:
Water system leaks and loss of pressure
Water system leaks can reduce the pressure of the water system compromising its integrity and ability to protect
water quality (by allowing contaminated water to leak into the system) and increasing the demands on the source
water supply, the quantity of chemicals, and the amount of power used for pumping and treatment. Leaks in the
distribution system can result from improper installation or maintenance, inadequate corrosion protection,
settlement, stress from traffic and vibrations, frost loads, overloading, and other factors.
Water discharges
Water lines may be periodically flushed to remove accumulated sediments or other impurities that have
accumulated in the pipe. Flushing is performed by isolating sections of the distribution system and opening
flushing valves or, more commonly, fire hydrants to cause a large volume of flow to pass through the isolated
pipeline and suspend the settled sediment. The major environmental aspect of water pipe flushing is the discharge
of flushed water, which may be high in suspended solids, residual chlorine, and other contaminants that can harm
surface water bodies.
7.2.2.3 Sanitation
A sanitation system comprises the facilities and services used by households and communities for the safe
management of their excreta. A sanitation system collects excreta and creates and effective barrier to human
contact; transports it to a suitable location; stores and/or treats it; and reuses it or returns it to the environment. In
addition to excreta, sanitation systems may also carry household wastewater and storm water. Transport, storage,
and disposal facilities may also manage wastes from industries, commercial establishments, and institutions.
Fecal Sludge and Septage Collection
In communities not served by sewerage systems, sanitation may be based on on-site systems, such as pit latrines,
bucket latrines or flush toilets connected to septic tanks. While pit and bucket latrines must be emptied frequently
(typically daily to weekly), solids that accumulate in septic systems (septage) must also be removed periodically,
usually every 2 to 5 years depending on design and usage to maintain proper function and prevent plugging,
overflows, and the resulting release of septic tank contents. If suitable facilities for storage, handling and
treatment of fecal sludge are not available, it may be indiscriminately dumped into the environment or used in
unhygienic manner in agriculture.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 46 -
Sewerage
Where population density or local conditions preclude effective on-site sanitation systems (e.g., septic tanks and
drain fields), sewage is typically conveyed via a system of pipes, pumps, and other associated infrastructure
(sewerage) to a centralized storage and/or treatment system. Solids and liquids may be transported to a centralized
location, or sewage solids may be collected in and periodically removed from on-site interceptor tanks (see
Septage and Fecal Sludge Collection, above) while the liquids are transported to a centralized location for storage,
treatment, or disposal. Users of the sewerage system may include industry and institutions, as well as households.
Greywater (water from laundry, kitchen, bath, and other domestic activities that norma lly does not contain
excreta) is sometimes collected and managed separately from sewage. Though greywater is generally less polluted
than domestic or industrial wastewater, it may still contain high levels of pathogenic microorganisms, suspended
solids and substances such as oil, fat, soaps, detergents, and other household chemicals and can have negative
impacts on human health as well as soil and groundwater quality. The most significant potential environmental
impacts associated with wastewater collection arise from:
Domestic wastewater discharges
Industrial wastewater discharges
Leaks and overflows
7.2.2.4 Domestic Wastewater Discharges
Uncontrolled discharge of domestic wastewater, including sewage and greywater, into aquatic systems can lead
to, among other things, microbial and chemical contamination of the receiving water, oxygen depletion, increased
turbidity, and eutrophication. Wastewater discharge onto streets or open ground can contribute to spread of
disease, odors, contamination of wells, deterioration of streets, etc. Measures to protect the environment as well as
public health include:
Provide systems for effective collection and management of sewage and greywater (separately or
combined);
If greywater is managed separate from sewage, implement greywater source control measures to avoid
use and discharge of problematic substances, such as oil and grease, large particles or chemicals.
7.2.2.5 Wastewater and Sludge Treatment and Discharge
Sewage will normally require treatment before it can be safely discharged to the environment. The degree and
nature of wastewater and sludge treatment depends on applicable standards and the planned disposal or use of the
liquid effluent and sludge and the application method. The various treatment processes may reduce suspended
solids (which can clog rivers, channels, and drip irrigation pipes); biodegradable organics (which are consumed
by microorganisms and can result in reduced oxygen levels in the receiving water); pathogenic bacteria and other
disease-causing organisms; and nutrients (which stimulate the growth of undesirable algae that, as they die, can
result in increased loads of biodegradable organics). Wastewater discharge and use options include discharge to
natural or artificial watercourses or water bodies; discharge to treatment ponds or wetlands (including
aquiculture); and direct use in agriculture (e.g., crop irrigation). In all cases, the receiving water body use (e.g.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 47 -
navigation, recreation, irrigation, or drinking) needs to be considered together with its assimilative capacity to
establish a site-specific discharge quality that is consistent with the most sensitive use.
The most significant environmental impacts related to wastewater and sludge treatment, discharge, and use
include:
Liquid effluents
Solid waste
Air emissions and odors
Hazardous chemicals
Ecological impacts
7.2.3 Social Impacts
The Potential Negative Impacts
Social impacts may emanate from the various Sanitation and Water services delivery activities under the GAMA
funded sub projects within the MMAs. The following are some of the potential social negative impacts:
7.2.3.1 Disruption of Utility Services
There will be interruption of utility services such as electricity and water and this will cause temporary disruption
of these services. Such disruptions will be a nuisance to the affected communities in the area. As far as possible
such connections would be carried out as soon as possible to reduce the inconvenience.
7.2.3.2 Dumping of solid waste and rubbish into the drains
Some unscrupulous residents will resort to anti-social practices whereby, rubbish and other solid waste matter will
be dumped into open drains, to await storm waters to wash them away.
7.2.3.3 Accidents
Work at water and sanitation facilities is often physically demanding and may involve hazards such as open
water, trenches, slippery walkways, working at heights, energized circuits, and heavy equipment. Work at water
and sanitation facilities may also involve entry into confined spaces, including manholes, sewers, pipelines,
storage tanks, wet wells, digesters, and pump stations. Methane generated from anaerobic biodegradation of
sewage can lead to fires and explosions.
7.2.3.4 Inconvenience to be caused due to delays in payment
Inconvenience, delayed payment and lower than market value payment for households whose lands are
expropriated by MMAs during access road upgrading.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 48 -
7.2.3.5 Restricted Access to Source of Livelihood
The population staying or working next to the construction site will be temporarily inconvenienced by restricted
mobility.
7.3 MITIGATION MEASURES
Various mitigating measures are proposed below in order to ensure an efficient environmental management of the
construction and sustainability of the Sanitation and Water facilities provision. The mitigation measures are
proposed for the impacts identified under both the construction and post construction phases of the project.
7.3.1 Construction Phase Impacts
7.3.1.1 Air Quality
Dust pollution will be temporal since it will be restricted mainly to the constructional phase. However, all the
exposed surfaces will be watered regularly and finally tarred with bitumen in order to enhance dust suppression.
Moreover, all the exposed surfaces will be paved. Besides, transportation of raw materials will be covered with
tarpaulin to avoid dust blow and spills. In addition there will be speed limits for vehicles plying the road.
7.3.1.2 Noise and Vibration
To ensure that the noise generated during construction is not a nuisance to the residents of the neighbourhood,
constructional activities will be restricted to the daytime. In this way, the noise generated will be confined to
working machinery only and diffuse into the existing background noise. The plant and equipment that will be
used at the site will also be maintained and serviced regularly in order to ensure their smooth operation so as to
reduce the noise they generate. In addition, all heavy construction machinery must be equipped with appropriate
and functional noise suppresser (muffler).
7.3.1.3 Constructional Waste Management
Excavated soils will be stock piled and be transported elsewhere. In addition, the sand would be used to level
holes or pits created by the construction activities and landscape the area. Re-usable pieces of block will be
packed and used elsewhere. In addition, the site offices and stores of the contractors will be decommissioned and
the planks of wood and other materials, which could be used again, will be carted away and kept for other projects
elsewhere.
7.3.1.4 Occupational Health and Safety
The health and safety of the work force must be of paramount concern. Contractors will be required to adopt
extensive policies to minimise accidents and to improve the health and safety of its workers. This will be done
through the provision of protective clothing. All workers on site will be provided with helmets, Wellington boots,
ear plugs, nose pad and hand gloves to protect them from injuries. The use of protective clothing will be strictly
enforced.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 49 -
Besides the provision of protective clothing, a first-aid kit stocked with enough drugs and materials will be
provided on site so that workers who unfortunately get injured or sick on the job would be given first aid.
However, workers who may sustain serious injuries will be given some initial treatment and rushed to the
Hospital for professional medical care.
In addition, provision for workers to include:
Proper management of sanitary wastes
Adequate supply of safe water
Adequate protection against dust and excessive noise
An education program is a component of occupational health and safety. An orientation on proper values
on safety and environmental awareness shall be inculcated among contractors and in turn among their
workers.
Furthermore, there should be in addition to the above:
Vehicle safety signals
Speed ramps
Loading and off-loading procedures
Only drivers with Vehicle license and permit are to drive
7.3.1.5 Adherence to specification and Environmental Standards by Contractors
MMAs shall be responsible for the strict compliance of its contractors and sub-contractors with the highest
standards of social responsibility and environmental management. Contractors shall be required to follow and
incorporates environmental mitigation measures. This is the basis for monitoring by the proponent’s MMA
Development Planning Subcommittee (or, where applicable, the Environment Management Committee). The
contractors shall also be responsible for the proper disposal of their wastes subject to monitoring.
.
Generally, concerns are raised about some contractors who do not observe the proper specifications in the civil
works, have no safety signs, etc. Stakeholders are interested to help monitor not only observance of commitments
on social and environmental compliance as a result of the Environmental Impact Statement, but would like to be
part of a mechanism that will review quality of civil works by eradicating leakage in the application and purchase
of materials. Such a mechanism may be strengthened or established if none yet exists. The appropriate
monitoring body should also address feedback on alleged corruption and poor implementation by contractors.
A policy may be issued whereby erring contractors may be blacklisted for using substandard specifications and
for not observing environmental guidelines, provided that they shall be released only upon proper compliance.
7.3.1.6 Social Problems from Work Sites
Social problems created by migratory workers in work sites areas should be discussed by contractors, local
officials and women representatives. The appropriate sanctions and enforcement mechanism, as agreed upon,
shall be made known to the workers. Concern about workers transmitting sexually transmitted diseases can be
addressed through worker education.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 50 -
7.3.1.7 Housing and Sanitation for Non-Resident Workers
Priority shall be given to residents of those low-income areas for employment as a way to help regulate the in-
flow of migrant workers. On the other hand, there shall be proper planning of worker facilities. Necessary non-
resident workers shall be provided with housing facilities with adequate provisions for water and sanitation.
Malaria is endemic in the MMAs. There shall be schedules for measures of the workers’ camp for mosquito
control. Monitoring shall be done to ensure that solid wastes are properly disposed.
7.3.1.8 Addressing Fear of Non-Compensation
There may be homeowners, businesses, etc in proposed project areas and elsewhere who may be apprehensive
about non-compensation because they do not possess building construction permits. Awareness raising activities
and orientation meetings at MMA level, carried out by the MMAs, can address undue fears and facilitate
discussion on acceptable compensation packages. Details can be seen in the RPF report.
7.3.1.9 Resettlement
For sub projects that trigger a resettlement action plan (identified on the initial screening process), a resettlement
action plan (RAP) and /or an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP), based on the guidelines provided in
the RPF, shall be prepared to make sure that all issues are settled satisfactorily and that any compensation package
for loss of livelihood, property, etc., is just and acceptable. Addressing concerns of vulnerable groups, e.g.
women-headed households, the poor and landless, shall consider the following:
Provision of adequate compensation and alternative opportunities and facilities for resettlement.
Preferential access to jobs and employment, credit and other related services.
A resettlement plan that complies with World Bank requirements
7.3.2 Post Constructional Phase impacts
7.3.2.1 Water Withdrawal
Measures to prevent, minimize, and control environmental impacts associated with water withdrawal and to
protect water quality include:
Evaluate potential adverse effects of surface water withdrawal on the downstream ecosystems and use
appropriate environmental flow assessment3 to determine acceptable withdrawal rates;
Design structures related to surface water withdrawal, including dams and water intake structures, to
minimize impacts on aquatic life.
Avoid construction of water supply wells and water intake structures in sensitive ecosystems;
Evaluate potential adverse effects of groundwater withdrawal, including modeling of groundwater level
changes and resulting impacts to surface water flows, potential land subsidence, contaminant mobilization
and saltwater intrusion. Modify extraction rates and locations as necessary to prevent unacceptable
adverse current and future impacts, considering realistic future increases in demand.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 51 -
7.3.2.2 Water Treatment
Measures to manage solid wastes from water treatment include:
Minimize the quantity of solids generated by the water treatment process through optimizing coagulation
processes;
Dispose of lime sludges by land application, limiting application rates to about 20 dry metric tons per
hectare (9 dry tons per acre) to minimize the potential for mobilization of metals into plant tissue and
groundwater;
Dispose of ferric and alum sludges by land application, and if such application can be shown through
modeling and sampling to have no adverse impacts on groundwater or surface water (e.g. from nutrient
runoff). Balance use of ferric and alum sludges to bind phosphorous (e.g. from manure application at
livestock operations) without causing aluminum phytotoxicity (from alum), iron levels in excess of
adulteration levels for metals in fertilizers, or excessively low available phosphorous levels;
Potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water, in the context of protection, conservation and
long term sustainability of water and land resources, should be assessed when land is used as part of any
waste or wastewater treatment system;
Sludges may require special disposal if the source water contains elevated levels of toxic metals, such as
arsenic, radionuclides, etc.;
Regenerate activated carbon (e.g. by returning spent carbon to the supplier).
Wastewater
Measures to manage wastewater effluents include:
Land application of wastes with high dissolved solids concentrations is generally preferred over discharge
to surface water subject to an evaluation of potential impact on soil, groundwater, and surface water
resulting from such application;
Recycle filter backwash into the process if possible;
Treat and dispose of reject streams, including brine, consistent with national and local requirements.
Disposal options include return to original source (e.g. ocean, brackish water source, etc.) or discharge to
a municipal sewerage system, evaporation, and underground injection.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 52 -
Hazardous Waste
Measures to prevent, minimize, and control potential environmental impacts associated with the storage, handling
and use of disinfection chemicals in water treatment facilities include:
For systems that use gas chlorination:
Install alarm and safety systems, including automatic shutoff valves, that are automatically activated
when a chlorine release is detected
Install containment and scrubber systems to capture and neutralize chlorine should a leak occur
Use corrosion-resistant piping, valves, metering equipment, and any other equipment coming in contact
with gaseous or liquid chlorine, and keep this equipment free from contaminants, including oil and grease
Store chlorine away from all sources of organic chemicals, and protect from sunlight, moisture, and high
temperatures
Store sodium hypochlorite in cool, dry, and dark conditions for no more than one month, and use equipment
constructed of corrosion-resistant materials;
Store calcium hypochlorite away from any organic materials and protect from moisture; fully empty or re-seal
shipping containers to exclude moisture. Calcium hypochlorite can be stored for up to one year;
Isolate ammonia storage and feed areas from chlorine and hypochlorite storage and feed areas;
Minimize the amount of chlorination chemicals stored on site while maintaining a sufficient inventory to
cover intermittent disruptions in supply;
Develop and implement a prevention program that includes identification of potential hazards, written
operating procedures, training, maintenance, and accident investigation procedures;
Develop and implement a plan for responding to accidental releases.
7.3.2.3 Water Distribution System Leaks and Loss of Pressure
Water System Leaks and Loss Pressure
Measures to prevent and minimize water losses from the water distribution system include:
Ensure construction meets applicable standards and industry practices;
Conduct regular inspection and maintenance;
Implement a leak detection and repair program (including records of past leaks and unaccounted- for
water to identify potential problem areas);
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 53 -
Consider replacing mains with a history of leaks of with a greater potential for leaks because of their
location, pressure stresses, and other risk factors.
Water Discharges
Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control impacts from flushing of mains include:
Discharge the flush water into a municipal sewerage system with adequate capacity;
Discharge the flush water into a separate storm sewer system with storm water management measures
such as a detention pond, where solids can settle and residual chlorine consumed before the water is
discharged;
Minimize erosion during flushing, for example by avoiding discharge areas that are susceptible to erosion
and spreading the flow to reduce flow velocities.
7.3.2.4 Sanitation
Measures to prevent, minimize, and control releases of septage and other fecal sludge include:
Promote and facilitate correct septic tank design and improvement of septic tank maintenance. Septic tank
design should balance effluent quality and maintenance needs;
Consider provision of systematic, regular collection of fecal sludge and septic waste;
Use appropriate collection vehicles. A combination of vacuum tanker trucks and smaller hand-pushed
vacuum tugs may be needed to service all households;
Facilitate discharge of fecal sludge and septage at storage and treatment facilities so that untreated septage
is not discharged to the environment.
7.3.2.5 Wastewater and Sludge Treatment and Discharge
Sewage will normally require treatment before it can be safely discharged to the environment. The degree and
nature of wastewater and sludge treatment depends on applicable standards and the planned disposal or use of the
liquid effluent and sludge and the application method. The various treatment processes may reduce suspended
solids (which can clog rivers, channels, and drip irrigation pipes); biodegradable organics (which are consumed
by microorganisms and can result in reduced oxygen levels in the receiving water); pathogenic bacteria and other
disease-causing organisms; and nutrients (which stimulate the growth of undesirable algae that, as they die, can
result in increased loads of biodegradable organics). Wastewater discharge and use options include discharge to
natural or artificial watercourses or water bodies; discharge to treatment ponds or wetlands (including
aquiculture); and direct use in agriculture (e.g., crop irrigation). In all cases, the receiving water body use (e.g.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 54 -
navigation, recreation, irrigation, or drinking) needs to be considered together with its assimilative capacity to
establish a site-specific discharge quality that is consistent with the most sensitive use.
The most significant environmental impacts related to wastewater and sludge treatment, discharge, and use
include:
Liquid effluents
Solid waste
Air emissions and odors
Hazardous chemicals
Ecological impacts
7.3.2.6 Information Campaign/Public Hearing
An information campaign shall be undertaken to inform and get the feedback of the people on sub projects that
trigger EMPs and RAPs, its potential impacts and proposed mitigating measures. This can be in the form of a
public hearing or meetings to inform officials, traditional and community leaders, etc. In Ghana, a public hearing
is scheduled only if there are significant concerns against a project. On the other hand, meeting among
stakeholders can be a management tool to inform, clarify misconceptions, give feedback on proposed mitigating
measures to issues that were raised, plan for cooperative action – i.e. land use, traffic management,
implementation of MMAs Development Plan, etc. These can also be occasions to firm up recommendation on a
monitoring mechanism and as venues to reach consensus on outstanding issues.
Misconceptions about MMAs/Department of Urban Roads requirements for compensation without building
permits may be clarified or further discussed.
The officials and representatives of the various sectors of the population shall be properly briefed on their role in
the proper implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment System in such phases as project planning,
implementation, and environmental and social impact monitoring and evaluation. This is designed to increase
stakeholder participation – host community, local governments, NGO, etc., role in environmental management
and social development in cooperation with the proponent. This can be part of the program during a public
hearing/meeting.
Information dissemination shall also be done on a regular basis to communicate the result of project monitoring.
Results of periodic monitoring shall also be given to the districts and localities.
7.3.2.7 Continuing Dialogues and Consultations on Resettlement
Consultations shall be conducted on site identification regarding the process of relocation, the terms of
compensation and other issues relative to resettlement. The negotiation of an acceptable package and the
settlement of important concerns may be settled through dialogue which shall be a continuing feature of problem
solving and cooperation among Department of Urban Roads, the local government and affected and host
populations.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 55 -
7.3.2.8 Dissemination of Monitoring Results
Information dissemination is also done on a regular basis to communicate the result of project monitoring and
evaluation. In addition to the MMPCU, results of periodic monitoring shall be submitted to the assembly, which
shall be enjoined to disseminate critical information to their constituents and submit recommendations on the
resolution of issues when necessary.
7.3.2.9 Environmental Information and Awareness Raising Campaign
The MMAs should educate the general public through the local media to desist from dumping rubbish and other
solid waste matter into the open drains, a practice which prevents road side drains from functioning properly.
7.3.2.10 Prompt payment of Compensation
The time lag between field measurements of affected properties and preparation of compensation for the
beneficiaries by the Land Valuation Board should be reduced, as work sometimes had to be suspended pending
receipt of approval. Secondly, such delays tend to bring untold hardship to the affected persons (beneficiaries)
and a great inconvenience to both the Contractor and the Consultants on the project.
7.4 INTEGRATION OF THE EMP
Impact mitigation, Sanitation and Water Services improvement can be achieved through management and
monitoring programmes. This section outlines a programme that accomplishes environmental protection and
monitoring, as well as contributing to governmental strengthening of institutions.
7.4.1 Environmental Management
The critical point of any Sanitation and Water project is the implementation phase where the immediate
environment could be degraded or improved upon. The negative impacts identified as of potential concern relate
to the construction phase of the project. This implies that the activities of the Contractor, therefore, have a direct
impact on the environment. In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the
overall project management effort, which in itself should aim at providing a high level of quality control.
Environmental Management is carried out during all stages of the project planning, design and implementation.
Environmental Protection can be achieved through the effective mitigation of anticipated adverse impacts or
drawbacks associated with the project and enhancement of the project benefits. To ensure that the mitigation
measures proposed are well implemented, an environmental management program is recommended.
7.4.2 Objectives of Program
Environmental management deals with how mitigation measures proposed are implemented and assign the
responsibility and costs, if appropriate, in its implementation. The programme has the following objectives:
Management of potential environmental impacts from water and sanitation facilities and related
activities, and vice versa;
Enhancement of water and sanitation facilities attributes, especially with regard to integrated local
development; and
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 56 -
Government institutional strengthening in conducting environmental protection and monitoring of water
and sanitation projects.
These objectives can be achieved through the following components of the environmental programme:
(a) MMPCUs will be engaged in the following:
Checking the progress of the Contractor in implementing the mitigation measures outlined in the
Contract documents and EIA report.
Liaising with an advisory group (e.g. EPA) regarding policies, procedures, contracts and approaches
for administering and monitoring environmental protection activities;
Coordinating parties involved in the impact mitigation and enhancement process, including:
Contractors, Consultants, Governmental and Non-Governmental Officials at all levels, as well as the
public;
Facilitating environmental monitoring and evaluation of the bio-physical and socio-economic
concerns pertaining to the Sanitation and Water Facility Projects;
Helping to administer resources designated for assistance at the local level; and
Conducting studies as well as performing other project related tasks.
(b) Contractor requirements for environmental protection to be implemented during the construction phase of
the project.
(c) The requirements of the Construction Supervision Consultant regarding monitoring during the period of
the project, (i.e. both construction and operation phases).
7.4.3 Resources for Programme Implementation
The resources required for implementing the environmental management programme are basically personnel and
finance. The key stakeholders in the environmental management activities are the members of the MMPCUs,
Environmental Management Subcommittee the Contractor, MLGRD and the public.
7.4.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase
If the screening process of a sub project triggers a RAP, EIA or ESMP, the following principles apply. Prior to
Contractor mobilization and the commencement of construction, environmental management will cover the
following:
Environmental review of the water and sanitation facility to be completed
Detailed EIA including Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan which will be developed by a
consultant on the basis of a ToR agreed with the MLGRD, but contracted by the respective MMA.
Works Department of MMAs, reparation of detailed designs which gives due consideration to
minimization of adverse impacts and benefit enhancement.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 57 -
7.4.3.2 Construction Phase
Environmental management during the construction phase is essentially concerned with controlling impacts,
which could result from the activities of the Contractor. This can be done through the enforcement of Contract
Clauses relating to environmental protection. These clauses will not themselves, however, have any effect unless
they are fully implemented and enforced.
7.4.3.3 Operation and Maintenance Phase
Some of the impacts, which are expected to occur during the operational phase, are essentially related to the
design of the sub project. In this respect, the principal environmental management functions are the responsibility
of the design consultant. Matters relating to routine and periodic maintenance will be the responsibility of Works
Department of MMAs who will as well be responsible for the environmental management of the water and
sanitation facilities where relevant.
7.4.3.4 Responsibilities at MMA Level
The Project Phase
(i) Feasibility – Propose environmentally friendly project and design method.
Proposed a project requiring felling of the lowest feasible number of trees.
(ii) Detailed Design – Design the project for the least negative environmental impact during the operational
life of the project.
Design the project for environmentally friendly construction methods.
Design the project proscribing materials with the least negative environmental impact.
Incorporate any feasible safety measure within the project design
Design environmentally friendly projects with drainage systems.
(iii) Implementation Phase
Supervise and enforce the Contractor’s performance on all environmental requirements included in
the Contractor Documents.
Monitor the overall environmental impact of the project and recommend additional mitigation
measures for implementation when deemed necessary.
Liaise with the local health, traffic and educational authorities to plan agreed awareness raising
campaigns.
7.4.3.5 Responsibilities of the Contractor
The Project Phase
(i) Mobilization: Ensure that all staff, including managers and foremen are well informed about all
environmental issues of the project.
Train all site managers and foremen in environmentally friendly construction methods.
Ensure that all equipment mobilized fulfill the environmental requirements in the Contract
Documents.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 58 -
Establish and maintain environmentally friendly construction camps well provided with sanitary
facilities.
Obtain necessary approvals for all burrow pits and quarries.
Establish a spoil and waste management plan comprising all types of wastes.
(ii) Project Implementation: Apply environmentally friendly equipment and construction methods.
Ensure occupational health and safety for all workers and visitors to the sites.
Inform the Supervisory Engineer if the occurrence of any unforeseen negative environmental impact
should occur.
(iii) Demobilization: Ensure that all affected project areas have been properly cleaned of waste, graded and
revegetated.
7.5 MONITORING
7.5.1 Construction Phase
The aim will be to assess the mitigation measures for noise, vibration, water quality, dust, air quality and public
safety using visual assessment by the management and feedback from the other stakeholder.
Transportation: Equipment, motor vehicles and transport of materials and personnel shall be closely monitored to
include the following activities:
Speed limits of vehicles
Motor vehicles condition and maintenance
Vehicle safety signals
Loading and off-loading procedures
Vehicle license and permit to drive, and
Kit for first aid and fire extinguisher
Civil Works: The monitoring criteria should include the following:
Working gear and protective clothing
Noise levels
Plant and equipment maintenance
Concrete works
Dust levels
Vehicular and pedestrian safety
Destruction/Disruption of Utilities
Socioeconomic/Cultural Issues
Wastes: Solid and liquid wastes which will be generated will have to be disposed off accordingly. These are
expected to include:
Vegetation
Solid wastes
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 59 -
Mud and top soil
Liquid waste from concrete works and pumping water from excavations
All wastes such as vegetation and mud will be sent to recognised dump sites or used to fill holes left
after construction of drains
7.5.2 Operation and Maintenance Phase
The monitoring plan will ensure that the negative impacts of the operation and maintenance of the upgrading of
water and sanitation facility are reduced to the barest minimum. This will guarantee the safety and health of the
employees and the public at large. This would include:
Cleaning/de-silting of the drains or removal of wastes from the drains
Monitor the regular watering of the un-tarred surface
Monitor speed of vehicles and traffic loads to assess the necessity for road upgrade
Repairs service pipes for water, drains and walkways
Hygiene education and education on the proper use of the facilities
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 60 -
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
During the implementation of Sanitation and Water Project activities in the GAMA , potential environmental and
social impacts must be considered and managed. The impacts must be mitigated, minimized or preferably avoided
particularly to meet the requirements of World Bank safeguards policies and Ghana national law requirements.
The objective of the ESMF is to outline the institutional arrangements relating to: (i) identification of
environmental and social impacts arising from activities under the GAMA projects, (ii) the implementation of
proposed mitigation measures, (iii) Capacity Building and (iv) Monitoring.
The ESMP will be included in a manual of Operations. The ESMF outlines mechanisms for:
Screening of proposed sub-projects, identifying potential environmental and social impacts and
management of safeguard policies implications;
Institutional arrangements for implementation and capacity building
Monitoring ESMF measures implementation;
Public consultation;
The estimated costs related to the ESMF.
8.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING PROCESS
A screening process, selection and evaluation of GAMA projects are required to manage environmental and social
aspects of these activities. The sections below show the various stages of this environmental and social screening
process:
i. Screening: identify actions that have negative environmental and social impacts;
ii. Determination of environmental categories: identify appropriate mitigation measures for activities with
adverse impacts;
iii. Implementation of environmental work: activities that require separate EIA;
iv. Review and approval of the selection.
v. Dissemination of EIA.
vi. Supervision and monitoring
These steps are explained in the following paragraphs and incorporate those responsible for implementing each
step. The stakeholders identified and their roles are developed in detail in the chapter "Strengthening institutional
capacity”.
The screening process determine which project and sub-project activities are likely to have negative
environmental and social impacts; to determine appropriate mitigation measures for activities with adverse
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 61 -
impacts; to incorporate mitigation measures into the project as appropriate and to monitor environmental
parameters during the implementation of activities.
The extent of environmental assessment that might be required prior to the commencement of the projects will
depend on the outcome of the screening process. The seven stages of the environmental and social screening
process leading to the review and approval of the GAMA project activities to be implemented are described
below.
8.1.1 The Screening Process
The purpose of the screening process is to determine whether sub-projects are likely to have potential negative
environmental and social impacts; to determine appropriate mitigation measures for activities with adverse
impacts; to incorporate mitigation measures into the sub-projects design; to review and approve sub-projects
proposals and to monitor environmental parameters during implementation. The extent of environmental and
social work that might be required for the projects prior to implementation will depend on the outcome of the
screening process. This process should include screening for possible resettlement impacts.
Table 8-1: Structures involved in the GAMA Environment and Social Management
Intervention
level
Environmental structures Comment Other environmental
stakeholder
MMAs Metropolitan/Municipal
Planning and Coordinating
Unit(M/MPCU)
Metropolitan/Municipal
Works Unit
Regional EPA Officers
(EPA)
Functional NGO
National EPA, MLGRD Functional MWRWH, Ghana Water
Company Limited, Community
Water and Sanitation
(CWSA),Lands
Commission/Land Valuation
MLGRD/PCU Functional Environment and Social
Officer
MLGRD
M&E officer
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 62 -
Step 1 Screening of Sub-projects
The screening process is the first step in the ESMF process. One of the objectives of the screening process is to
rapidly identify those subprojects which have little or no environmental or social issues so that they can move to
implementation in accordance with pre-approved standards or codes of practices or other pre-approved guidelines
for environmental and social management.
For each sub-project proposal the MMA, led by the Planner, will carry out a screening process. The Planning
Officer will complete the Environmental and Social Screening Form (Annex 2b) and submit to the MMPCU for
review as part of the project package. Completion of this screening form will facilitate the identification of
potential environmental and social impacts, determination of their significance, assignment of the appropriate
environmental category, proposal of appropriate environmental mitigation measures, or recommend the execution
of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), if necessary.
Step 2: Determination of appropriate environmental categories
Act 490 created a corporate body called the Environmental Protection Agency (the Agency) to replace the
Environmental Protection Council, which was created under NRCD 239. Among its functions, the Agency was
mandated:
“... to ensure compliance with any laid down environmental assessment procedures in the planning and
execution of development projects, including compliance in respect of existing projects,” section 2(i).
Under section 12 (1) of the Act, the Agency:
“... may by notice in writing require any person responsible for any undertaking which in the opinion of the
Agency, in respect of the undertaking, an environmental impact assessment containing such information
within such period as shall be specified in the notice.”
Section 28 of the Act deals with Regulations. It provides under subsection 2(b) that regulations may be made to
provide for:
“... the category of undertakings, enterprises, constructions or developments in respect of which
environmental impact assessment or environmental management plan is required by the Agency.”
In order to meet the immediate demand imposed by section 2 (i) of Act 490, the Ghana EIA Procedures were
developed, published and launched in 1995. The procedures formed the basis for the Environmental Assessment
Regulations, 1999 (LI 1652).
LI 1652 follows in broad terms, the procedures for the preparation of an environmental assessment report. It
provides a graduated system for determining what will be demanded from a proponent on the basis of the size and
likely impacts of a particular project. On receipt of an application, including such information as may be required;
the Agency will carry out an initial assessment taking into consideration factors such as:
Location, size, and likely output of the undertaking;
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 63 -
Technology intended to be used;
Concerns of the general public, if any, and in particular concerns of immediate residents if any; and
Land use, and other factors of relevance to the particular, undertaking to which the application relates.
To enable the Agency make a determination as to the level of environmental assessment of any undertaking, the
applicant must submit to the Agency a report on the undertaking and indicate in the report:
The environmental, health and safety impact of the undertaking;
A clear commitment to avoid any adverse environmental effects which can be avoided on the
implementation of the undertaking;
A clear commitment to address unavoidable environmental and health impacts and steps where necessary
for their reduction; and
Alternatives to the establishment of the undertaking.
Where the Agency is satisfied with an initial screening, it registers the activity which is the subject of the
application and issues an environmental permit.
Since the coming into force of LI 1652, the EIA procedures have been applied fully and effectively to both
privately and publicly funded undertakings. The Agency is responsible for the implementation of the Regulations.
SCHEDULE 2 OF LI 1652
The Regulations prohibit the commencement of various undertakings listed in a schedule without prior
registration with the EPA and the issuance of a permit. The activities listed in Schedule 2 of the Regulations, fall
within the ambit of the activities for which an environmental impact assessment is mandatory. Among the
activities listed in schedule 2 under waste treatment and disposal are the following:
Construction of incineration plant;
Construction of recovery plant (off-site);
Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-plant);
Construction of secure landfills facility; and
Construction of storage facility.
The undertakings under municipal solid waste that are subject to full EIA are:
Construction of incineration plant;
Construction of composting plant;
Construction of recovery/recycling plant;
Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility; and
Construction of waste depots.
REPORTING UNDER L.I. 1652
The Regulations provide for a number of reports. These are:
Screening report;
Preliminary environmental report;
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 64 -
Scoping report;
Environmental Impact Statement; and
Annual environmental report.
SCREENING REPORT
The screening report is prepared at the earliest stages of the EIA process and allows a determination to be made
by the Agency about the level of environmental assessment of a particular undertaking.
PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
In some instances, the Agency may come to the conclusion that an activity requires a preliminary environmental
report (PER). Where such a decision is arrived at, the applicant would be required to submit a PER. The PER will
contain details extending beyond that contained in the initial application. The new application must state
specifically the detailed effects of the proposed undertaking on the environment. Where a PER is approved, it is
registered and an environmental permit is issued.
In the event that on receipt of a PER the Agency is satisfied that there will be a significant and adverse impact on
the environment, the applicant will be expected to submit an environmental impact statement (EIS) on the
undertaking for assessment of the environmental impact of the proposed undertaking.
SCOPING REPORT
The Regulations require that the EIS shall be outlined in a scoping report. The scoping report sets out the scope or
extent of the EIA to be carried out by the applicant and includes draft terms of reference (TOR) which must
indicate the essential issues to be addressed in the EIS.
Among the issues that the draft TOR must address are the following:
Identification of existing environmental conditions;
Information on potential, positive and negative impacts from the environmental, social, economic and
cultural aspects in relation to the different phases of development of the undertaking;
Potential impact on health of people;
Proposals to mitigate any potential negative socio-economic, cultural and public health impacts of on the
environment;
Proposals for monitoring predictable environmental impact and proposed mitigating measures;
Contingency plans;
Consultation with members of the public likely to be affected by the operations of the undertaking;
Provisional environmental management plan; and
Proposals for payment of compensation for possible damage to land or property arising from the
operation of the undertaking.
On the acceptance of a scoping report by the Agency, the applicant is informed to submit an EIS based on the
scoping report
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 65 -
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
The EIS must address potential direct and indirect impact of the undertaking on the environment at the pre-
construction, construction, operation, decommissioning and post-decommissioning phases. Among the items to be
addressed are the following:
Concentration of pollutants in environmental media including air, water and land from mobile or fixed
sources;
Alteration in ecological processes such as transfer of energy through food chains, decomposition and
bioaccumulation which could affect any community, habitat or species of flora and fauna;
Ecological consequences of direct destruction of existing habitats from activities such as dumping of
waste and vegetation clearance and fillings;
Noise and vibration levels;
Odour; and
Additionally, changes in social, cultural and economic patterns must be dealt with in relation to the following:
Decline in existing or potential use arising out of matters referred to above;
Direct or indirect employment generation;
Immigration and resultant demographic changes;
Provision of infrastructure such as water and sanitation facilities;
Local economy;
Cultural changes including possible conflict arising from immigration and
ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
A person granted an environmental permit under the Regulations is required to submit an annual environmental
report in respect to his undertaking after 18 months from the date of commencement of his operations and
thereafter on a 12 monthly basis to the Agency. The EPA is required to define the form and content of the Annual
Environmental Report.
PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Public participation is provided for in the Regulations. These provisions are secured through advertisement of the
scoping notice for comments and public hearings.
There is a Technical Review Committee that reviews Environment Impact Statements (EISs) prior to permitting
of all undertakings for which EIAs are required. The membership of this committee is constituted on the
discretion of the Agency through the use of administrative procedures.
Based on screening results, the appropriate environmental category for the GAMA proposed activity will initially
be determined by the Planner in the screening form, the rating and screening form will be reviewed by the
MMPCU and confirmed by the Statutory Planning Committee. After determining the correct environmental
category, he/she will determine the extent of environmental work required.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 66 -
The distribution of appropriate environmental categories draws on provisions contained in the document OP 4.01
of World Bank on environmental assessment as well as Ghana EPA EA Procedures. The determination of
environmental categories of subprojects GAMA will be as follows:
If the screening form contains only the entries 'No or Not Applicable (NA) in the entries then' environmental
category C applies which indicates that environmental impacts and social issues are considered minor and do not
require mitigation. For example, some rehabilitation activities (minor repairs, etc.) could be classified as C;
The distinction between categories will be determined based on the implications of the Safeguard Policies as
stated in the instructions below. Table 8.2 summarizes the environmental work to be performed by classification
category of activity.
Table 8-2: Category of Environmental Studies
Sub-project Category Environmental work to be implemented
Category A Project
Projects in this category will require full EIA
Project Category B requiring an environmental and /
or social assessment
- Identify and assess potential environmental impacts of the
subproject;
- Prepare the ToR for the EIA (Cat. B);
-EIA prepared by a consultant
- To the EIA by service providers;
- Review and approve the EIA.
Implement all mitigation, institutional and monitoring
measures during implementation and operation of
achievements to eliminate, reduce or mitigate
environmental and social impacts
Project Category C
No environmental assessment is required
Step 3: Implementation of environmental and social work
The results of the determination of step 2 for both cases in (b), the following environmental work will be
performed:
Sub-projects of Category B – Separate Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
The planning and implementation of environmental work including the EIA are described in the box below. The
MMA prepares the Terms of Reference for the EIA, the recruitment of consultants for EIA will be conducted by
the MMAs.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 67 -
To determine mitigation measures for inclusion in the sub-project TOR, the elements of the mitigation measures
section below (the impacts and associated mitigation measures) organized as a checklist will serve as the basis. In
addition, TOR must verify that the contents of ESMP sub-projects comply. To facilitate the formulation of TOR,
a TOR-type has been prepared and placed in the appendix.
The EIA will identify and evaluate potential environmental impacts for the proposed activities, evaluate
alternatives, and design mitigation measures. The preparation of the EIA will be done in consultation with
stakeholders, including people who may be affected. Public consultations are critical in preparing a proposal for
the activities of the GAMA likely to have impacts on the environment and population. The public consultations
should identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be addressed in the EIA. When an
EIA is necessary, the administrative process enacted by the EPA will be followed and executed.
Table 8-3: Procedures for EIA
Procedures for sub-projects requiring an EIA
First step: Preparation of Terms of Reference
The results of identification, and extent of the EIA (scoping), the terms of reference will be prepared
by the MMA in collaboration ESO at MLGRD.
Second step: Selection of consultant
Third stage: Preparation of the EIA with public consultation
The report will follow the following format:
Description of the study area
Description of the subproject
Discussion and evaluation of alternatives
Environment description
Legal and regulatory
Identifying potential impacts of proposed sub-projects
Process of public consultations
Development of mitigation measures and a monitoring plan, including estimates of costs and
responsibility for implementation of surveillance and monitoring
Step Four: Review and approval of the EIA for the sub-project; Publication / Dissemination of EIA
Step 4: Review and approval of EIA
The proponent submits the final draft EIA to EPA. The report is reviewed by the MMA and by the EPA.
Copies of the EIA are placed at vantage points including the EPA Library, relevant MMA, EPA Regional Offices.
EPA serves a 21-day public notice in the national and local newspapers about the EIA publication and its
availability for public comments.
Step 5: Public Hearing and Environmental Permitting Decision (EPD)
Public Hearing
Regulation 17 of the LI 1652 specifies three conditions that must trigger the holding of a public hearing on a
project by the Agency. These are:
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 68 -
Where a notice issued under regulation 16 results in great public reaction to the commencement of the
proposed undertaking;
Where the undertaking will involve the dislocation, relocation or resettlement of communities and
Where the Agency considers that, the undertaking could have extensive and far -reaching effects on the
environment.
Where a public hearing is held, the processing of an application may extend beyond the prescribed timelines
required for EPA’s actions and decision-making.
Environmental Permitting Decision (EPD)
Where the draft EIA is found acceptable, the proponent is notified to finalise the report and submit eight hard
copies and an electronic copy. Following submission to EPA, the proponent shall be issued an Environmental
Permit within 15 working days and issue gazette notices.
Where the undertaking is approved, the proponent shall pay processing and permitting fees prior to collection of
the permit. The fees are determined based on the Environmental Assessment Fees Regulations, 2002, LI 1703.
Step 6: Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring aims to ensure compliance with: (i) the measures proposed in the ESMP and the EIA
of a sub-project, including mitigation measures, (ii) the commitments of Contractor in connection with the
permissions required, (iv) requirements relating to laws and regulations.
Environmental monitoring involves both the construction phase and the operation phase. The monitoring program
may allow, if necessary, to reorient the work and possibly improve the course of the construction and
implementation of different project components. Monitoring goes hand in hand with the establishment of impacts
and proposed measures for prevention, mitigation.
Monitoring is essential to ensure that: (i) the impact predictions are accurate (monitoring effect), (ii) prevention /
mitigation can achieve the desired objectives (monitoring effect), (iii) regulations and standards are met
(compliance monitoring), (iv) the criteria for use of the environment are respected (inspection and monitoring).
Environmental monitoring of GAMA activities will be conducted under the project general system of monitoring.
It will be done at two levels:
Performance monitoring at central level:
At central level, the GAMA will involve MLGRD.
Implementation of monitoring at local level /MMAs:
At the MMAs level, monitoring will be conducted by the MMPCU and Regional EPAs.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 69 -
The tracking system relies on a set of sheets to prepare and submit to ensure that all recommendations regarding
environmental and social issues, mitigation and strengthening measures are applied. For monitoring, these reports
can be:
- A verification form: on the basis of individual project impacts and measures laid down a plan for
verification of their implementation is adopted.
- A control form: it is used to detect non-compliance with environmental requirements, potential
environmental risks unreported among impacts. This leads to demands for compliance and
implementation of preventive action.
Step 7: Development of Monitoring Indicators
Monitoring measures will focus on key indicators to be defined considering both the positive and negative
impacts of the projects. The monitoring indicators will be parameters which will provide quantitative and / or
qualitative information on the direct and indirect impacts of the GAMA environmental and social benefits. The
choice of indicators will be guided by the characteristics of relevance, reliability, usefulness and measurability.
To evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation measures of GAMA activities impacts, we propose to use the
indicators listed in the table below. Environmental guidelines for firms serve as indicators.
Oversight for the environmental and social management process of the sub-projects will be assured by the
MMPCUs.. The environmental monitoring and supervision program for the implementation of the GAMA will
serve as an integral part of the operational activities of MLGRD and will generate the requisite information for
environmental management and environmental information dissemination and public disclosure.
The following monitoring indicators are proposed for assessing the efficiency of the mitigation measures:
Safe waste management related to construction works
Compliance with the MWRWH/EPA Environmental Guidelines for Contractors
Best practice in the implementation of project activities.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 70 -
Table 8-4: Process Monitoring Indicators of ESMP Measures
Measures Intervention field Indicators
Technical
measures
(studies)
-Conducting Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA and ESMP)
-Develop a health and safety plan
-Develop the TOR
-Number of ESIAs/ESMPs/ Health Safety Plans submitted
for each sub-project in a MMDA
-Number of study elaborated
Measures for
monitoring and
evaluating
projects
Perform monitoring and evaluation
ESMP (continuous monitoring, mid-
term and annual assessment)
-List of indicators identified for all sub-projects as may
stipulated under the environmental permitting conditions
-Number of monitoring missions for all sub-projects
-Number of monitoring reports submitted for all sub-
projects
Institutional
measures
Engage existing Environmental Units in
the MMAs
-Develop a TOR for the Environmental unit
-Environmental Units are functional in MMAs
Awareness and structured Training for
staff of MLGRD and MMAs working
on the GAMA
-Number of EA trainings conducted for staffs in MMAs
-number of attendance (male/female) at EA trainings
-Number of awareness trainings conducted before, during
and after project implementation in each MMA
-Number of staff tin attendance at the awareness trainings
(Male/Female)
Awareness
Awareness about HIV / AIDS
Communication campaign and
awareness before, during and after
construction
-Number of sub-project sites with adequate posters
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 71 -
Table 8-5: Indicators and Monitoring Mechanism of Environmental and Social Issues
Elements of
monitoring and
indicator
Methods and devices for monitoring Responsible Period
Water
Pollution
- Follow up of procedures and facilities for the
disposal of liquid wastes
- Monitoring of groundwater and surface water
around project site
- Monitoring surface water using activities
MMPCUsand Regional
EPAs
Start, mid-term and end
of
Rehabilitation /
construction activities
operating infrastructure
Soils
Erosion / gulling
Pollution /
degradation
- Visual assessment for soil erosion
- Availability of approved applications to open
career
- Availability of career opening statements
- Verification of suitable measures for the
management of lubricants / Diesel/ used oils
MMPCUs and Regional
EPAs
Start, mid-term and end
of activities
Vegetation /
Wildlife
Degradation rate of
reforestation
- Visual assessment of reforestation / plantation
measures
- Controls on clearing
- Control and monitoring of sensitive areas
- Control of attacks on wildlife
Forest
Commission/Parks and
Gardens
Start, mid-term and end
of activities
Human
environment
Hygiene and health
Pollution and
nuisances
Safety in
construction sites
- Hiring local labor priority
- Respect the heritage and sacred sites
- Monitoring the level of noise at construction
site
- Follow-up measures to reduce dust
- Verification of the use of landfill sites licensed
for construction waste
- Truck noise
MMPCUs and Regional
EPAs
Start, mid-term and end
of activities
Verification:
- Of disease vectors presence and the onset of
diseases related to work
- Diseases associated with various projects (HIV
/ AIDS, etc..)
- Respect of hygiene measures on the site
- Monitoring management practices of liquid
and solid waste (whole chain)
- Existence of liquid and solid waste
management plan and necessary equipment
- Existence of health and safety plan
MMPCUs and Regional
EPAs
Start, mid-term and end
of activities
operating infrastructure
Verification:
- Availability of safety guides in case of
accident
- Availability of appropriate signage
- Compliance with traffic regulation
- Respect the speed limit
- Appropriate protective equipment wearing
Works Department of
MMPCUs/Regional
EPAs
Monthly
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 72 -
8.1.2 Responsibilities for the Implementation of the Screening Process
The ESMF will be implemented by MLGRD. MLGRD will collaborate with the EPA and the World Bank to
ensure effective execution. Table 8.6 provides a summary of the stages and institutional responsibilities for the
screening, preparation, assessment, approval and implementation of the GAMA activities.
The extent of environmental assessment that might be required prior to the commencement of the sub-projects
will depend on the outcome of the screening process. The key stages of the environmental and social screening
process leading to the review and approval of the GAMA activities to be implemented are described below:
Table 8-6: Summarized Environmental Screening Process and Responsibilities
Stage Management
responsibility
Implementation responsibility
1. Screening Environmental and Social Sanitation and
Water Project: Selection including public consultation
MLGRD/MMAs MMPCU Planning Officer2
2. Determination of appropriate environmental
categories
2.1 Selection validation
MMPCU, Planning Officer
2.2 Classification of Project
Determination of Environmental Work
Review of screening
MLGRD/MMAs
EPA, MMPCU and Planning
Officer
3. Implementation of environmental work MLGRD/MMAs MMPCU and Planning Officer
in the MMAs,
3-1. If EIA is necessary MMPCU
3.1.a Preparation of terms of reference MLGRD/MMA
MMPCU
3.1 b Selection of Consultant MLGRD MMA
3.1 c
Realization of the EIA, Public Consultation
Integration of environmental and social management
plan issues in the tendering and project implementation,
MMPCU/MLGRD
Procurement and
Works Department
Units of MMAs/
MLGRD
Environmental Consultant
MMPCU and Planning Officer
4 Review and Approval
4.1 EIA Approval EPA EPA, , World Bank
5. Public Consultation and disclosure MLGRD/EPA
MMPCU and Planning Officer
6. monitoring /MMAs/EPA
MMPCU and Planning Officer
7 Development of monitoring indicators for EIA as
may be stipulated under tbe environmental
permitting conditions.
MLGRD MMPCU and Planning Officer
2 If necessary, the MPCU can assign a designated, capable officer to carry out the screening process if MPCU sees that need.
However, the planning officer will still be the final signatory to the screening format.
DRAFT ESMF of Water & Sanitation Project for GAMA, MLGRD, Ghana,, December, 2012 - 73 -
8.2 MITIGATION MEASURES
8.2.1 General mitigation measures
Environmental mitigation consists of measures that can reduce the negative environmental impacts associated
with implementation (construction, expansion, rehabilitation etc) of the project. Mitigation measures have been
identified that would reduce both existing and potential impacts associated with GAMA activities. Potential
impacts and the mitigation measures are identified in Table 8.7.
Tables 8.7 and 8.8 below indicate the areas to which the potential impact applies. In addition, mitigation measures
are identified as either social or physical measures. Social mitigation includes the measures used to mitigate
effects such as noise and other effects to the human environment. Physical mitigation includes measures that
address impacts to the physical environment, such as vegetation, air quality, and others. The measures serve as
the basis for the cost estimates.
Design Measures
The quantities, specifications and estimated costs of design measures to avoid or mitigate negative impacts will be
assessed by the civil design contractor and incorporated into the bidding documents. The contractor will execute
all required works and will be reimbursed through pay items in the bill of quantities, which will be financed by
the project.
Table 8-7: General Mitigation Measures
Measures Proposed actions
Technical measures
- ESIA / ESMP Studies
Construction and
operational measures
- Conduct a communication campaign and advocacy before construction work
- Ensure compliance with hygiene and security in facilities sites
- Undertake the marking of site under construction site
- Use the local workforce as a priority
- Ensure adherence to safety rules at work
- Ensure the collection and disposal of waste arising from work
- Provide the project accompanying measures (connection to water networks, electricity and
sanitation, equipment, program management and maintenance)
- Conduct awareness campaigns on HIV / AIDS
- Engage closely MLGRD services in monitoring the implementation
- Rehabilitate quarries and other sites for loans
- Respect of protected species including trees
- Management of Environmental and Health Hazards.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December, 2012 - 74 -
8.2.2 Specific construction impacts mitigation measures
Table 8-8: Summary of Environmental Mitigation Measures
Potential Impacts Recommended Mitigation Measures
Physical
Land Use
Noise
Employees and communities exposed to high noise level
Disturbance of during construction works
Installation of sound insulation.
Schedule work periods to avoid peak hours
Air Quality
Emission of pollutants from mobile (vehicles) and stationary (mixers, etc)
sources.
Air pollution from burning of demolition wastes e.g. wood, paper etc
Introduction of dust reduction measures in construction sites
Safety measures put in place
Soil
Point source contamination from diesel, lubricants etc around workshop
areas.
Increased soil erosion due to vegetation clearing , soil trampling and
compaction
Increased rapid runoff due to vegetation clearing and soil compaction
diminishing infiltration capacity
Deterioration of soil characteristics due to increased erosion
Appropriate containment measures for all operational areas and proper
disposal of used lubricants.
Soil erosion control measures (e.g. reforestation, reseeding of grasses,
land preparation, terracing etc)
Water Quality
Potential pollution of surface and ground water though runoff of
pollutants e.g. lubricating oil, diesel fuel etc from workshop areas etc
Water pollution due to seepage from tanks (diesel, sanitary wastes etc)
Lack of water for sanitation or toilet facilities
Heavy water usage resulting in reduction of surface and groundwater
sources
Appropriate containment measures for all operational areas and proper
disposal of used lubrication oil.
Work sites Installed far from waterways
Regular collection of work sites wastes for proper disposal
Liquid waste discharged at designated outfalls after effluent treatment to
protect water resources
Regular emptying of on-site latrines and toilets
Biological Resources
Vegetation
Vegetation clearing resulting in loss of valuable habitat, species diversity
and population levels.
No siting and excavations in sensitive habitat
Careful planning and selection of sites
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December, 2012 - 75 -
Impacts on protected areas; critical habitats for rare species or of ecologic
or domestic importance.
Forests and cultural heritage sites protection enforced.
Wetlands
Expansion and new construction encroaching on the wetland and directly
impact wetland plant communities.
Preservation, restoration, and enhancement of existing wetland.
Sensitive and critical habitats avoided
Solid/Hazardous Waste Management
Solid waste generated from demolition and construction activities
containing potentially hazardous materials (e.g. asbestos).
Waste generation during construction works
Quick sorting, collection and disposal of waste removed from the sites in
accordance with applicable regulations.
Social
Health and Safety
Risks of road accidents during work
Contamination risk by HIV from the labour force.
Conduct an awareness raising campaign for the work sites staff and the
users of Sanitation and Water Facilities or services under
construction/rehabilitation
Conduct awareness raising campaigns on HIV/AIDS
Land Use
Involuntary displacement of populations or economic activities
Changes of existing uses within affected communities.
Acquisition and relocation should occur in accordance with World Bank
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement.
Avoid facilities in areas that will need resettlement, the displacement; or
the encroachment on historic, cultural or traditional use areas
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 76 -
8.3 MONITORING PLAN
The objective of the monitoring plan is to establish appropriate criteria to verify the predicted impact of the
project, and to ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an
early stage. It is expected that the proposed water and sanitation project will lead to Increased affordability of safe
water for the population, increased access to safe water, Reduced rate of water related diseases, Improved Health
and social development and POVERTY REDUCTION.
The plan will ensure that mitigating measures are implemented during rehabilitation, upgrading and maintenance.
Specific objectives of the monitoring plan are to:
Check the effectiveness of recommended mitigation measures;
Demonstrate that sub-project activities are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures
and existing regulatory procedures; and
Provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level.
Oversight for the environmental and social management process of the sub-projects will be assured by the
Planning Officers (POs) and the Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) in collaboration with the MLGRD.
Monitoring will be conducted during all phases of the project.
The MMA Planning Officer will prepare a long term monitoring strategy that will encompass clear and definitive
parameters to be monitored for each sub-project. The monitoring plan will take into consideration the scope of
development, the environmental and social sensitivity and the financial and technical means available for
monitoring. The plan will identify and describe the indicators to be used, the frequency of monitoring and the
standard (baseline) against which the indicators will be measured for compliance with the ESMP.
A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the impact of the sanitation and water project with
respect to increased employment, improved use of water and sanitation, greater equity in allocation of water and
increased affordability of water and sanitation, reduction in waterborne deseases etc. Key monitoring indicators to
measure these outcomes or results are presented in the table 8.9.
Other considerations to determine the status of the affected environment are as follows:
- Has the pre-project human and natural environmental state been maintained or improved through the
provision of the sanitation and water facilities and;
- Has the effectiveness of the ESMF technical assistance, review, approval and monitoring process been
adequate to pre-empt and correct negative impacts inherent in certain types of Sanitation and Water
Sanitation and Water Facilities projects?
- Environmental Indicators: Loss of vegetation; Land degradation; Compliance with Legislations.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 77 -
Table 8-9: Results and Indicators for the Sanitation and Water Sector
Result/Outcome Indicators
1. Availability of water
- Change in water levels for lakes, rivers and water table
2. Preservation of water
- Area of protected wetlands, lakes and rivers
3. Irrigation requirements
- Amount of water needed to produce xm² of x food
4. Water leakages
- % of water lost through water systems due to leakages
5. Recycling of water
- Amount of sanitation water that is recycled
- Amount of water used in industry that is recycled
6. Employment resulting from water and
sanitation construction and maintenance
- Number of people directly and indirectly employed in water and
sanitation construction and maintenance projects
7. Pollution of water and soil
- Levels of chemicals, minerals, metals, pesticides etc in soil and water
(surface and ground water).
8. Treatment of waste water
- Proportion of domestic, agricultural and industrial waste water that is
treated before being discharged
9. Equity in domestic water and sanitation
allocation
- Rate of connection to water/sanitation network for slums/shanty towns
compared to national average
- Level of rural poor connection to water/sanitation network compared to
national average
10. Equity in allocation of water between
sectors
- Implementation of transparent public or public/private mechanisms to
allocate water
11. Household expenditure on water and
sanitation
- x% of household expenditure on water and sanitation by each income
group in society
12. Cost of water for businesses
- Water as a x% cost of agricultural value
- Water as a x% cost of industrial value
SPECIFIC IMPACTS INDICATORS
13. water and sanitation hygiene awareness - Improved collection and storage of drinking water
- Proportion of people hand washing
- Use of hygienic sanitation facilities
14. Domestic access to safe water (inc. time
savings)
- Number of households connected to water network for x months of year
- Number of households within 1km of safe water for x months of year
- Number of households who receive more than 20 litres of water
per day
15. Business access to water
- x% of agricultural water needs meet for x months of the year
- x% of industrial water needs meet for x months of the year
16. Access to basic sanitation
- Number of people with access to basic sanitation
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 78 -
8.4 RESPONSIBILITY AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
8.4.1 Institutions responsible for implementation
The institutions responsible for implementation of ESMP activities are described below:
Table 8-10: Institutions Responsible for Implementation of ESMP
Measures Areas of intervention
Structures Responsible
Execution Supervisi
on
Oversight
Mitigation
measures
Mitigation of negative impacts of
construction and rehabilitation
(environmental monitoring)
Firms and
MMAs
MMA
ESO, MLGRD
and MPCU
Technical
measures
Conducting Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA and ESMP)
Consultant MPCUs ESO, MLGRD
Elaboration of health and safety plan Firms MMAs ESO
ESMP implementation assessment
(permanent, at mid-term and final)
Consultants
and ESO ESO
MLGRD
Training
Subprojects environmental and social
assessment,
Monitoring and enforcement of
environmental measures
Local NGOs ESO
MLGRD
SPECIFIC/INTERMEDIATE IMPACT INDICATOR
17. Business productivity
- x% change in food production/yield and processing costs
x% change in industrial production costs
INTERMEDIATE IMPACT INDICATORS
18. Sustainable extraction of water
- Annual extraction of from surface and ground water, in relation to its
minimum annual recharge (i.e. water balance sheet)
19. Rate of water borne diseases
- Inflection rates for diseases such as diarrhoea, intestinal worms,
parasitic infections etc.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 79 -
Measures Areas of intervention
Structures Responsible
Execution Supervisi
on
Oversight
Awareness
Communication campaign and awareness
before, during and after construction
(HIV) (optional)
Execution Supervisi
on
Oversight
8.4.2 Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
As part of the institutional arrangements, MLGRD will recruit an ESO that will be responsible for following up
safeguards issues during project implementation. MLGRD will be responsible for (i) preparing TORs for the
ESIA/EMP and RAP/ARAP if needed (ii) supporting MMAs in ensuring the contractors comply with the
recommendations of these studies and environmental and social management clauses (inserted into the contract)
during construction phase. The Bank will provide guidance on the elaboration of the TORs and the Ghana
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will be responsible for providing overall quality control through the
review and clearance of the ESIAs , and validating the Environmental Audit reports to be prepared at the
completion of works by the contractors. EPA will also assist in enforcing compliance with Bank safeguards
policies and monitor the implementation of the EMPs. The EPA will also support the MMAs in coordinating
safeguards activities. Specific capacity building on environmental management and environmental assessment
will be provided to the MMAs in addition to key staff of MLGRD, and other implementing focal points. In
accordance with World Bank guidelines, all EIAs/EMPs will need to be reviewed and cleared by the Bank prior
to the commencement of the civil works.
Particular attention will be given to the development of the ARAPs/RAPs and their implementation given the
relatively strong focus of the EPA on environmental rather than social and resettlement issues. Where necessary,
other institutions like traditional authorities, the Lands Commission and the Land Valuation Board will be
requested to support the monitoring of agreed action plans.
The civil society and NGOs will be involved in the project implementation as part of the institutional
arrangements.. This intervention will improve transparency and accountability bythe MMAs.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 80 -
8.4.2.1 Institutional arrangements for implementation of ESMP
Management of safeguards under GAMA is anchored under MLGRD as the lead implementing agency wth
responsibility for management and ensuring compliance with ESMF, with the MMAs playing a key role in
screening, reviewing and monitoring projects at the MMA level. Below are summarized the tasks assigned to
different institutions in the screening process, monitoring and evaluation of mitigating measures implementation.
Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for:
review and approve the environmental classification of subprojectsand also approval EIAs.
monitoring at national level implementation of environmental measures.
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
MLGRD will be the lead implementing agency for the GAMA on the whole. The Planning, Budgeting,
Monitoring and Evaluation (PBME) Department is the entity designated by MLGRD to manage the project.
PBME will also supervise the implementation of the ESMF by the MMAs. The Planning and Development Unit
(PDU) of the MMAs will execute the provisions of the ESMF on the ground.
MLGRD is responsible for training in environmental and social assessment, and monitoring and evaluation of
compliance with social and environmental safeguards in all sub projects. MLGRD will recruit an Environmental
and Social Officer3 (ESO). The ESO’s main task is to analyze screening documents for sub projects triggering
RAP/ESMP and ARAP, participation in EIA review, monitoring of MMA compliance with ESMF, monitoring
activities of mitigation measures implementation and act as the interlocutor of the GAMA MLGRD and MMAs
(Planning Officers and Environmental Health Officers)..
Taking into account environmental and social aspects in the ESMP and the effective monitoring of environmental
and social performance indicators should ensure that subprojects implemented under the GAMA's objectives do
not result in effects that could negate any benefits. To this end, it is appropriate to establish an efficient
mechanism for the management of environmental and social aspects of the sub-projects to be executed.
MLGRD will provide staff to achieve the following objectives:
propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while
implementing the project
promote awareness by its personnel and the general public regarding environmental protection,
Key recommendations for GAMA institutional strengthening to meet the needs of the ESMF are as presented in
the summary of institutional responsibilities of the table 8.10 and are presented in the following table:
:
3 The Environmental and Social Officer will the responsible for the monitoring of compliance with the ESMF and RPF
provisions at MMA level.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 81 -
Table 8-11: Institutional Arrangements for ESMP Implementation
INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES
Proposed actions Responsible Means and schedule
Environmental and Social
Officer’s Recruitment
Head of the Planning,
Budgeting, Monitoring and
Evaluation Department of
MLGRD
At the start of project implementation
Orientation of MPCUs within
the MMAs
MLGRD/MMAs As part of GAMA and safeguards
orientation
The recruitment of an ESO meets the need to provide the ESMP &RPF of GAMA coordination mechanisms more
effective to ensure the inclusion of environmental and social aspects in the implementation of activities under the
GAMA. This position will be for an environmental/civil engineer or a person with environment and natural
resources management background and familiar with the environmental and social assessment procedures of
Ghana and World Bank Safeguard policies.
The ESO at MLGRD will be responsible for the implementation of the ESMP & RPF in close collaboration with
the EPA and MMAs. The ESO will also will be responsible for the implementation of the environmental
monitoring and the ESMP & RPF as illustrated in Figure 8.2 below. His/her responsibilities shall include:
Supervision of MMA compliance with ESMF
Coordination with MMAs PCUs (and where relevant, EMCs) liaison with and monitoring of the contractors;
Compilation and preparation of periodic environmental and social impacts reports from MMAs for
submission to the World Bank;
Review of ESIA reports from consultants in collaboration with EPA and MLGRD;
Facilitating the disclosure of ESIAs and RAPs/ARAPs in-country and with the World Bank infoshop
Data Management; and
Sub-project inspections and monitoring on a sample basis.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 82 -
Figure 8-1: ESMP Implementation Arrangement
MLGRD has the overall responsibility to ensure that the World Bank Safeguards Polices is complied with. In
addition, MLGRD is responsible for the final review and clearance of the ESMPs (or ESIAs); as well as for the
review and approval of TORs for the ESIA and EMPs in consultation with EPA.
The MPCU will be overall responsible for monitoring of environmental and social safeguards compliance.
8.5 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING FOR ESMP IMPLEMENTATION
In order for the MMAs to effectively carry out the environmental and social management responsibilities for sub-
project implementation, institutional strengthening will be required. Capacity building will encompass MLGRD,
and MMA staff.MLGRD should therefore ensure that the following concerns and needs are addressed:
Institutional structuring within the relevant departments to ensure that required professional and other
technical staff are available;
To successfully implement this ESMF, training programmes for MLGRD and MMAs is necessary. The World
Bank, MLGRD and EPA can take up the responsibility for the training. Proposed capacity building training needs
are as follows:
- Environmental and Social Management Process.
- Use of Screening form and Checklist
- Preparation of terms of reference for carrying out EA
- Design of appropriate mitigation measures.
- Review and approval of EA reports
- Public consultations in the ESMF/ESIA process.
- Monitoring mitigation measures implementation.
WB/EPA
MLGRD
MMAs
Reorganized Env Mgt
Committees in MMAs
- Coordinate Project Team
ESO in GAMA of MLGRD
ESO in GAMA of MLGRD
-
- Review monitoring reports to
ensure regulatory compliance
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 83 -
- Integrating ESMP into sub-projects implementation.
The proposed capacity building program will be carried out annually during the project.
8.5.1 Capacity Building Program and Awareness
The effectiveness of environmental and social issues consideration in the implementation of activities goes
particularly through training of MLGRD key actors on validation, monitoring, implementation of identified
mitigation measures. The training activities target: MLGRD Staff working on the GAMA, MMA Environmental
Management Committees, construction companies, operating agents.
Training programmes will be determined and prepared the World Bank in collaboration with the Ministry and the
EPA in environmental and social impact assessment . Topics will be centred around: (i) environmental and social
issues of Sanitation and Water projects and environmental assessment procedures, (ii) hygiene and safety,
requirements of national legislation, World Bank safeguards requirements, environmental monitoring of
construction sites.
The training aims to enhance their competence in environmental assessment, environmental control of work and
environmental monitoring so they can play their roles more effectively in the implementation of subprojects. The
training schedule is shown in the table 8.11 below.
Table 8-12: Training Schedule
Participants Duration Period
- MLGRD Staff,, MPCUs, companies,
3 days training workshop
1st quarter First
Project Year
8.5.2 Technical strengthen measures
The technical measures include:
- A provision for conducting any Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
EIAs would be required for activities categorized as A or B to ensure they are sustainable environmentally and
socially. If the environmental classification of activities indicates the need to conduct EIA and specific
resettlement action plans where involuntary resettlement is triggeredthe MMAs will be required to fund these out
of the GAMA project funding,
- Inclusion of environmental and social guidelines in the Operational Manual
A environmental and social procedure manual with social and environmental provisions will be included in the
Operational Manual of the GAMA.
- GAMA Monitoring and evaluation activities
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 84 -
The monitoring program will focus on continuous monitoring, supervision, mid-term and annual evaluation.
Support provided in the budget is needed for local monitoring to be conducted by ESO.
8.6 ESMF IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Timetable for implementation and monitoring of GAMA environmental activities will be as presented in table
8.12.
Table 8-13: Time Table for Implementation and Monitoring of Environmental Activities
Measures Proposed actions Implementation period in the project
cycle
Mitigation
measures View list of mitigation measures During subprojects implementation
Institutional
measures
ESO’s Recruitment
Before subprojects implementation
Technical
measures
Development of EIA for certain projects and
RAPs for projects that may cause displacement
After screening of specific activities at
a site
Development health and safety plan (construction
companies)
After signing the contract by company
Training Training of ESMF implementing actors in environmental
and social assessment
1st quarter First project year
Follow-up Action
Project Environmental Monitoring
Close monitoring
During the implementation of the
GAMA
Supervision Every month
ESMP Evaluation At mid-term
End of GAMA
8.7 ESTIMATED BUDGET
The budget needed for ESMP / GAMA environmental and social management is the recapitulation of the
following:
- Institutional development activities
- Training program, awareness
- Allowances for the preparation / implementation of sub-projects EIA / EMP/RAPs. (The costs of
implementing such plans measures are included in the budgets of sub-projects.)
- Annual assessments.
The costs of environmental measures as well as training and awareness are summarized in tables 8.13, 8.14 and
8.15 below. Under the GAMA Category A and B project will require the preparation of of EIAs.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 85 -
Table 8-14: Estimated Costs of Technical Measures
Activity Quantity Unit cost
($US)
Total cost
($US)
EIA / RAP development at MMA level and to be integrated
into projects budget
To be
determined
later at
MMA
To be
determined
later at
MMA
To be
determined
later at MMA
Supervision and permanent monitoring at MMAs level by
MPCUs, Planning officers Quarterly
Normal
MMA
Budget
Normal
MMA
Budget
Table 8-15: Training and Awareness Measures Costs
Actors involved Topics Quantity Unit cost
($US)
Total cost
($US)
Training
MMAs
(Training of
members of
MMPCU at
MMA level,
including
planning officer,
and other
designated
officers
(This training
will be done by
the World Bank
in collaboration
with MLGRD
and EPA)
- Training on Environmental and Social
Assessment (screening and
classification of activities,
identification of impacts, mitigation
options and indicators)
- Involuntary Resettlement Issues
- Drafting ToR for EIA
- Selection of mitigation measures in the
checklists
- Legislation and national environmental
procedures
- Safeguard Policy World Bank
- Impact of sub-projects and mitigation
measures
- Environmental measures monitoring
- health and safety standards monitoring
Safety and hygiene at work and operation
2
workshops
per year
Y1-Y5 of
the project
covering all
11 MMAs
7,000 70,000
Awareness
- Commuities
- Local
associations
and NGOs
- Reps of
construction
companies
- Public awareness and advocacy on
projects environmental and social
issues, good environmental practices,
good conduct in the yards, respect for
hygiene and safety, compliance with
development standards
- Awareness Campaign HIV / AIDS
2
Normal
MMA
Budget
Normal
MMA
Budget
TOTAL 70,000
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 86 -
Table 8-16: Summarized Estimated Budget for Environmental and Social Impact Management
Measures Actions Responsible Costs USD
Institutional
measures
Recruitment of ESO at MLGRD Level
MLGRD
Technical
measures
Perform ESMP monitoring and evaluation (continuous
monitoring, mid-term and annual assessment)
EIAs / RAP development
Health and safety Plans development
Supervision and Monitoring
MMA
MLGRD
Covered by
normal MMA
Budgets
Covered by
ESO
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Budget
Training
Training of MMA staff in projects environmental and social
management and monitoring and enforcement of
environmental measures
MLGRD
Covered under
training above
Awareness - Information and awareness campaigns on the nature of
work, environmental and social issues
- Awareness on HIV / AIDS
MMA
Normal MMA
Budget
TOTAL
8.8 ESMF/ ESMP DISSEMINATION AND PUBLIC DISCLOSURE
Under the approach advocated by the World Bank, environmental assessments are not only an expert analysis, but
part of a participatory process involving all stakeholders in the project.
The various stakeholders must be :(i) viewed as sources of information and points of view and different interests;
(ii) systematically informed of the findings and progress of the project (through a communication plan), and iii)
loans at any time to make their voices heard by decision makers.
To do this, an information system and public communication must be established early of subproject assessment.
The system also includes a provision of formal public reports, once the assessments are completed. The OP 4.01
outlines the requirements for consultation and dissemination of environmental assessments in accordance with the
policy of dissemination of the World Bank (BP 17.50).
The ESMF document has been disclosed in-country by advertising it in two newspapers and stating the locations
where the copies could be found for review for 21 working days and at the World Bank Infoshop for 60 days
according to the Public Disclosure Policy (OP 17.50). The ESIA of sub-projects will also be disclosed in country
and at the Infoshop.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 87 -
Table 8-17: Environmental and Social Management Plan
Potential Impact Mitigation
Measures
Implementation
Schedule
Monitoring
Indicators Monitoring
Responsibility
Frequenc
y
Cost
Estim
ate
(US$)
Implementation Supervisio
n
Soil
Possible increase in
soil erosion as a
result of the
construction
activities (clearing
of vegetation and
soil excavation)
Loss of productive
topsoil resulting
from soil
excavation
Soil contamination
resulting from the
release of chemicals
(lubricant, fuel,
paint) from the
equipments
Re-vegetate the
construction site by
planting rapidly
growing
vegetation/plants
Use excavated soil
for construction work
Ensure immediate
clean up of the area
by removing the
contaminated topsoil
and disposing
properly in a
designated place
During and after
the construction
activities
During
construction
During
construction
Erosion
Soil
Monitor erosion
occurrence within
and around the
construction site
Ensure that all the
excavated soil are
used for
construction
Monitor and
document the
contaminated soil
disposal
procedure
Contractor/super
vising consultant
MMPCUs
Weekly
$
Water
Run-off erosion
may occur from
unprotected
excavated areas
during heavy rain
resulting to
sedimentation of
nearby water-
Attend to any
excavation area as
quick as possible or
create an
embankment to avoid
run off
During
excavation
activities
Sediments
Monitor BOD,
Nitrate, pH,
Heavy metals of
the nearby water
bodies before the
construction and
thereafter weekly
during the
Contractor/super
vising consultant
Works
Department
of
MMPCUs
Weekly
$
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 88 -
Potential Impact Mitigation
Measures
Implementation
Schedule
Monitoring
Indicators Monitoring
Responsibility
Frequenc
y
Cost
Estim
ate
(US$)
Implementation Supervisio
n
bodies
Run-off erosion
may occur from
heaps of excavated
soils during heavy
rain resulting to
sedimentation of
nearby water-
bodies
Potential water
pollution through
run off of
hazardous
construction waste
(lubricants, paint)
Create barrier for
appropriate
containment
measures
Proper disposal of
construction waste
During
construction
During
construction
Sediments
Heavy metals
construction
activities
Air
Particulate matters
emission from
excavation and
construction
activities
Potential emission
of pollutants from
the construction
machineries (NOx,
SOx, CO, THC)
Spray water
periodically to
control dust
Limit the vehicles
allowed into the site
and use efficient
machineries
During
excavation and
construction
activities
During
construction
activities
PM
NOx, SOx,
THC and CO
Monitor PM,
NOx, SOx, THC
and CO in the
surrounding air
before the
construction and
thereafter hourly
during the
construction
Contractor/super
vising consultant
MMPCUs
Weekly
$
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 89 -
Potential Impact Mitigation
Measures
Implementation
Schedule
Monitoring
Indicators Monitoring
Responsibility
Frequenc
y
Cost
Estim
ate
(US$)
Implementation Supervisio
n
Noise
Noise resulting
from the
construction works
Equipment (e.g.
cement-sand mixer
machine) to be placed
as far as possible
from the sensitive
area/ human
settlement
Construction should
not be done during
peak work hours
Construction staff to
wear ear muffs
During
construction
activities
Noise
Monitor staff
compliance to the
use of ear
muffs/plugs
Contractor/super
vising consultant
MMPCUs
Daily
$
Ecosystem
Destruction of
vegetation, loss of
habitat and
biodiversity
Possible loss of
endangered and rare
specie
Change in land use
and disturbance of
ecosystem
Re-vegetate the
construction site by
planting rapidly
growing
vegetation/plants
During and after
construction
Vegetation
Monitor the re-
vegetation process
Contractor/super
vising consultant
Works
Department
of
MMPCUs
Monthly
$
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 90 -
Potential Impact Mitigation
Measures
Implementation
Schedule
Monitoring
Indicators Monitoring
Responsibility
Frequenc
y
Cost
Estim
ate
(US$)
Implementation Supervisio
n
Social
Possible loss of
access to assets or
resource.
Provide alternative
route for access to
resource.
Before
construction
begins
Complaints
from the
affected
people
Document
relocation
procedures
Monitor the road
traffic before
and during
construction
activities
Contractor/super
vising consultant
MMPCUs
Soil
Contamination of
soil as a result of
waste (reagent,
solid waste)
disposal
Pre-treat waste before
disposal (through
neutralization,
thermal pretreatment,
oxidation, etc)
Before disposal
pH,
BOD,COD,
Nitrate etc
(based on the
type of
chemical
waste
generated)
Monitor the
surrounding soil
pH, BOD,COD,
Nitrate etc (based
on the type of
chemical waste
generated).
Monitoring to be
before
construction and
monthly during
the construction
Contractor/super
vising consultant
Monthly
$350
Water
Depletion of water
resources
Contamination of
surrounding water
bodies through
Reuse and recycle
water, also minimize
water usage
Install water flow
meter
During operation
Before waste
water disposal
Increase in
water utility
payment.
Increase in
water flow
meter reading
Monitoring the
water flow meter
Monitor the
surrounding water
bodies pH,
Monthly
$300
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 91 -
Potential Impact Mitigation
Measures
Implementation
Schedule
Monitoring
Indicators Monitoring
Responsibility
Frequenc
y
Cost
Estim
ate
(US$)
Implementation Supervisio
n
improper disposal
of waste water
Possible run off
from the temporary
solid waste storage
site into the
drainage system
Pre-treat waste water
before disposal
(through
neutralization,
thermal pretreatment,
oxidation, etc)
Avoid siting
temporary solid waste
storage close to
drainage system or
water ways.
Dispose waste as
soon as possible to
avoid leachate
generation
Ensure proper
containment of the
temporary waste
storage site
During site
selection
Implement
mitigation
measures through
the operation
phase
pH,
BOD,COD,
Nitrate etc
(based on the
type of
chemical
waste
generated)
BOD,COD,
Nitrate etc (based
on the type of
chemical waste
generated).
Monitoring to be
before
construction and
monthly during
the construction
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 92 -
9.0 REFERENCES
Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda(GSGDA) (2010-2013)
Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (GPRS I & II)
Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for GAMA
Republic of Ghana (2003): Labour Act, 2003 (Act 651)
Republic of Ghana (1994): Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1994 (Act 490)
Republic of Ghana (1999): Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999 (LI 1652)
Republic of Ghana (2002): Environmental Assessment (Amendment) Regulations, 2002 (LI 1703)
Environmental and Social Analysis for the Second Urban Environmental Sanitation Project (UESP II),
Ghana, 2003
Handbook for Preparing a Resettlement Action Plan, International Finance Corporation
Ghana: GAMA Preparation Mission, Aide Memoire
State Land Act 1963
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 93 -
10.0 ANNEXES
ANNEX 1A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING (ESS) OF SUB-PROJECTS
This stage marks the beginning of the ESIA or ESMP process, which should be initiated as early as possible along
with the sub-project planning process after the sub-project is conceived. During this stage, the important functions
that need to be performed are:
i. Establish the likely study area by identifying broad boundaries for the sub-project;
ii. Make a preliminary assessment of the significance of potential environmental impacts, and likely
mitigating measures;
iii. Identify possible alternatives and the major potential environmental impacts associated with each, as well
as the likely corresponding mitigation measures;
iv. Estimate the extent and scope of ESIA to be performed, and offer an initial recommendation as to whether
a full ESIA is required;
v. Estimate the time frame of the ESIA study;
vi. Identify the expertise and human resources needed for the ESIA study; and
vii. Prepare the terms of reference for the conduct of an initial environmental examination.
The value of conducting environmental and social screening at the early conception and planning phase of a
development project is to provide useful technical input to the project team for their planning and budgeting,
thereby eliminating the possibility of costly remedial environmental work and delays caused by problems with
adverse environmental damage. Such early input on environmental considerations also provides useful
information that helps the project team to gain government approval and win public acceptance.
The environmental and social screening process considers the following aspects in the recommendation: project
type, environmental and social setting, and magnitude and significance of potential environmental and social
impacts. Some of the typical questions asked in the environmental and social screening process are outlined in the
figure in the next page below.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 94 -
Figure 10.1: Typical Environmental Screening Procedure
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 95 -
ANNEX 1B: STANDARD FORMAT FOR SCREENING REPORT
1.0 Description of Sub-Project
1.1 Nature of Sub-Project and Duration
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………… 1.2 Scope of Sub-Project [Size of labour force, area covered or length &width of road, type of raw materials (quantities
and sources), types of equipment, implements, machinery, etc.]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.3 Waste Generation
i. Types: Solid □ Liquid □ Gaseous □ Other ………………………………..
ii. Quantity: …………………………………………………………………………………..
iii. Means/Place of Disposal: ………………………………………………………………….
2.0 Proposed Site for Sub-Project
2.1 Location [attach a site plan or a map (if available)]
i. Location or Area (and nearest Town(s)): …..……………………….……………………
ii. Land take (total area for sub-project and related activities): …………………………………
2.2 Land Use of the Area for the Sub-Project:
Agriculture □ Residential □ Existing Dugout □ Existing Road □ Reservation □ Park/Recreation □ Industrial □ Other (specify) □
2.3 Site Description [Attach photographs and sketches showing distances]
i. Distance from nearest water body or drainage channel (minimum distance measured from the edge of
proposed site to the bank of the water body or drain).
More than 100 meters □ 100 meters □ Less than 100 meters □
ii. Number of water bodies and/or drainage channels/depressions crossed by the route/road corridor:
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii. Distance to nearest community (house) and/or other existing structures from the proposed site:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. Number of communities (structures) along the entire stretch of the Sub-project road:
…………………………………………………………………….……………………………
2.4 Land Cover and Topography
i. Land cover of the site consists (completely or partly or noticeably) of:
Vegetation □ Sparse Vegetation □ Physical Structure(s) □ Flood Plane □ Agriculture (Animals) □ Cultural Resource □ Water □ Agriculture (Crops) □ Other specify………
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 96 -
ii. Elevation and topography of the area for the Sub-Project:
Flat □ Valley □ Slope □ Undulating □ Hill □ Mountain □ Depression □
iii. Elevation and topography of the adjoining areas (within 500 meters radius of the site):
Flat □ Valley □ Slope □ Undulating □ Hill □ Mountain □ Depression □
3.0 Infrastructure
i. The Sub-project would be developed in/on:
Undeveloped site □
Partly developed site □ Existing route □ Other (specify)
………………………
ii. The Sub-project would involve excavation Yes □ No □
iii. Estimated number and depth of the excavations, etc): ………………………………………………
vi. Are any of the following located on-site or within 50 metres from the edge of the proposed site?
Water supply source Yes □ No □
Pipeline Yes □ No □
Power supply source (electric pylon) Yes □ No □
Drainage Yes □ No □
Other(s) specify: …………………………………………….
4.0 Environmental and Social Impacts
4.1 Air Quality - Would the proposed Sub-project:
i. Emit during construction
Dust □ Smoke □ VOCs □ ii Expose workers or the public to substantial emissions? Yes □ No □
iii. Result in cumulatively increased emissions in the area? Yes □ No □
vi. Create objectionable odour affecting people? Yes □ No □
4.2 Biological Resources - Would the proposed Sub-project:
i. Have adverse effect on any reserved area? Yes □ No □
ii. Have adverse effect on wetland areas through removal, filling, hydrological
interruption or other means?
Yes □ No □
iii. Interfere substantially with the movement of any wildlife species or organisms? Yes □ No □
vi. Be located within 100m from an Environmentally Sensitive Area? Yes □ No □
4.3 Cultural Resources - Would the proposed Sub-project:
i. Disturb any burial grounds or cemeteries? Yes □ No □
ii. Cause substantial adverse effect on any archeological or historic site? Yes □ No □
iii. Alter the existing visual character of the area and surroundings, including trees and rock
outcrops?
Yes □ No □
4.4 Water Quality and Hydrology - Would the proposed Sub-project:
i. Generate and discharge during construction:
Liquid waste □ Liquid with oily substance □ Liquid with human or animal waste □ Liquid with chemical substance □ Liquid with pH outside 6-9 range □ Liquid with odour/smell □
ii. Lead to changes in the drainage pattern of the area, resulting in erosion or siltation? Yes □ No □ iii. Lead to increase in surface run-off, which could result in flooding on or off-site? Yes □ No □
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 97 -
iv. Increase runoff, which could exceed the capacity of existing storm water drainage? Yes □ No □
4.5 Noise Nuisance - Would the proposed Undertaking:
i. Generate noise in excess of established permissible noise level? Yes □ No □
ii. Expose persons to excessive vibration and noise? Yes □ No □
4.6 Other Environmental and Social Impacts
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………
………………………………………………….………………….……………………
5.0 Management of (Environmental and Social) Impacts
5.1 Air Quality
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.2 Biological Resources
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
5.3 Cultural Resources
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.4 Water Quality and Hydrology
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5.5 Noise …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………
……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5.6 Any Other
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
ATTACHMENTS
1.1. Maps
1.2. Photos
1.3. Location and Administrative Maps
1.4. Environmental and Social Checklist
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 98 -
ANNEX 1C: SCREENING REPORT-ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHECKLIST
Table 10-1: Environmental and Social Checklist
MMA: District: Date:
GAMA Facility Name: Location:
Issue Degree* Comment
Land Resources
Worksite/Campsite Areas
Excavation Areas
Disposal Areas
Others
Water Resources & Hydrology
Sources of Water for Construction
Drainage Issues
Others
Biological Resources
Special Trees/Vegetation around
Protected Areas directly affected
Others
Air Quality & Noise
Special issues (e.g. quiet zone for working)
Residential Areas
Socio-Economic & Cultural
Involuntary Resettlement**
Graveyards and Sacred Areas affected
Cultural Resources
Population affected/provided access
Others
*Degree: N = Negligible or Not Applicable
L = Low
M = Moderate
H = High
**If yes, indicate # of persons likely to be affected and nature of the effect
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 99 -
ANNEX 2: STANDARD FORMAT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1. Overview of the MMA where the GAMA Facility is located
1.2. List of GAMA Facilities
1.3. Environmental Screening Category
2. POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
3. MMAs -SPECIFIC ESMPs
3.1. Location
3.2. Proposed Works
3.3. Estimated Cost
3.4. Baseline Data
3.4.1. Land Resources
3.4.2. Hydrology and Water Resources
3.4.3. Air and Noise
3.4.4. Biological Resources
3.4.5. Socio-Economic and Cultural
3.5. Potential Impacts
3.5.1. Land Resources
3.5.1.1. Construction Phase
3.5.1.2. Post Construction Phase
3.5.2. Hydrology and Water Resources
3.5.2.1. Construction Phase
3.5.2.2. Post Construction Phase
3.5.3. Air Quality and Noise
3.5.3.1. Construction Phase
3.5.3.2. Post Construction Phase
3.5.4. Biological Resources
3.5.4.1. Construction Phase
3.5.4.2. Post Construction Phase
3.5.5. Socio-Economic and Cultural
3.5.5.1. Construction Phase
3.5.5.2. Post Construction Phase
3.6. Analysis of Alternatives
3.7. Mitigation Measures
3.7.1. Construction Phase
3.7.2. Post Construction Phase
3.8. Monitoring and Supervision Arrangements
3.9. Summary ESMP Table
4. ATTACHMENTS
4.1. Photos
4.2. Summary of Consultations and Disclosure
4.3. Other
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 100 -
ANNEX 3: GUIDANCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN BY PROJECT PHASES
Table 10-2: Guidance on ESMP by Project Phases
Phases Issue/Potential Impact Mitigation Measure(s) Implementing
Responsibility
Monitoring
Responsibility
Cost
Design Phase
Impacts on physical
environment: air quality,
hydrology, waste, soils, noise
Consider the impact of the construction activities on
the physical environment for the design of civil works
Design Consultant MPCU To be
determined
Impact on Air Quality:
Emission of dust and other
pollutants
Bid document will include requirement to ensure:
- Adequate watering for dust control
- Prohibition of open burning
- Ensure stockpile of materials are properly secured
- Proper unloading/storage of construction
materials
- On-site mixing of materials in shielded area
- Equipment and materials to be properly covered
during transportation.
Design Consultant MPCU To be
determined
Noise impact Bid document to include requirement to ensure:
- Noise silencers be installed on all exhaust
system
- Use of ear plugs for construction workers
- Equipment placed as far as possible from
sensitive land users.
Design Consultant ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Impact on hydrology:
Degradation of surface water
quality
The contract document should specify:
- use of good engineering practice during
construction, including adequate supervision
- Minimal water usage in construction area
- Minimal soil exposure time during construction
- Minimal chemical usage (lubricants, solvents,
petroleum products.
Design Consultant ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Alteration of surface drainage Contract document to include requirement to ensure:
- installation of adequately sized drainage
channels
- stabilization of slopes to avoid erosion
Design Consultant ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Waste generation and disposal
(solid/ oily/hazardous)
Contract document to include requirement to ensure:
- Provision of waste management plan.
- Proper handling and disposal /recycling of oily
Design Consultant ESO/MPCU To be
determined
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 101 -
waste
Impact on Soil:
Increased soil erosion
Contract document to include requirement to ensure:
- Use of less erodable materials,
- Lined down-drains to prevent erosion
Design Consultant ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Socioeconomic Impact:
Disruption during work- demand
for local Sanitation and Water
services increase
- Avoid the creation of congested and unsafe road
conditions at intersections and in villages or
cities.
Design Consultant ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Disruption to traditional
lifestyles and other services
- Ensures access to homes, businesses, other key
services
Design Consultant ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Construction
Impact on Air Quality:
Emission of dust and other
pollutants
- Periodically use water to spray areas under
construction
- Construction workers to wear face masks and
gloves
- Ensure that all equipment and materials loaded
on trucks are covered during transportation
Contractor,
Supervising
consultant
ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Noise Impact - Noise standards to be enforced to protect
construction workers
- Ensure that silencers are installed on all exhaust
systems.
- Ear plugs to be worn by construction workers
- Turn off construction equipment when not in use
Contractor,
Supervising
consultant
ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Impact on hydrology:
Degradation of surface water
quality
- Use good engineering practice during
construction
- Ensure wastewater from cleaning of equipment
is not disposed of in water course.
- Wastewater should be collected and treated
suitably before being disposed of in water
courses.
- Ensure minimal use of water in construction area
- Minimal soil exposure time during construction
Contractor,
Supervising
consultant
ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Alteration of surface drainage - Install adequately sized drainage channels
- Ensure stabilization of slopes to avoid erosion
Contractor,
Supervising
consultant
ESO/MPCU To be
determined
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 102 -
Solid waste generation and
disposal
- Ensure all waste earth and materials associated
with construction activities are disposed land
without prior consent of PPT.
- Daily life rubbish and waste materials associated
with construction activities should be daily
collected and disposed of in suitable approved
dumpsites.
- Ensure that solid wastes are not disposed of in
water courses.
Contractor,
Supervising
consultant
ESO/MPCU To be
determined
Poor Sanitation at construction
camp and site
- Provide adequately located and maintained
latrines
Contractor ESO/PPT
Accidental spill of toxic
material/oil
- Design and implement safety measures
- Provide an emergency plan to contain accidental
spill
Contractor ESO/PPT
Impact on Soil:
Increased soil erosion
- Avoid erosion of cuts and fills by providing
proper drainage,
- Lined down-drains to prevent erosion
Contractor,
Supervising
Consultant
ESO/MPCU
Impact on vegetation - Replanting of land within project area. Contractor,
Supervising
Consultant
ESO/MPCU
Health and Safety Impact
- Enure adequate health facility systems are in
place on-site to deal with influx of temporary
workers.
- Ensure use of nets, insect repellent and other
malaria preventive measure for workers on site.
- Health education about STDs should be
introduced.
- Training of construction crew and supervisors on
health and safety guidelines
- Personal protective equipment to be worn by all
workers
Contractor,
Supervising
Consultant
ESO/MPCU
Socioeconomic Impact:
Loss of property
- Avoid or reduce loss of property
- Avoid land where farmers will be displaced.
Contractor Supervising
Consultant/ESO
To be
determined
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 103 -
ANNEX 4: DRAFT TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR SUB-PROJECT REQUIRING AN ESIA
Based on the screening and scoping results. ESIA terms of reference will be prepared. A local consultant will
conduct the ESIA and the report should have the following format:
Introduction and Context
This part will be completed at a time and will include necessary information related to the context and
methodology to carry out the study.
Objectives of the Study
This section will indicate (i) the objectives and the project activities; (ii) the activities that may cause
environmental and social negative impacts and needing adequate mitigation measures.
Mission/Tasks
The Consultant should realize the following:
Describe the biophysical characteristics of the environment where the project activities will be realized;
and underline the main constraints that need to be taken into account at the field preparation, during the
implementation and exploitation/maintenance of equipments.
Assess the potential environmental and social impacts related to project activities and recommend
adequate mitigation measures, including costs estimates;
Assess the need of solid and liquid waste management and suggest recommendation for their safe
disposal;
Review political, legal and institutional framework, at national and international level, related to
environmental, identity constraints and suggest recommendations for reinforcement;
Identify responsibilities and actors for the implementation of proposed mitigation measures;
Access the capacity available to implement the proposed mitigation measures, and suggest
recommendation in terms of training and capacity building, and estimate their costs;
Develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project. The EMP should underline (i) the
potential environmental and social impacts resulting from project activities; (ii) The proposed mitigation
measures; (iii) the institutional responsibilities for implementation; (iv) the monitoring indicators; (v) the
institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation of mitigation measures; (vi) the costs of
activities; and (vii) the schedule of implementation.
Public consultations
The ESIA results and the proposed mitigation measures will be discussed with population, NGOs, local
administration and other organizations mainly involved by the project activities. Recommendations from this
public consultation will be included in the final ESIA report.
Plan of the ESIA Report
Cover page
Table of Contents
List of Acronyms
Executive Summary
Introduction
Description of project activities
Description of Environment in the project area
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 104 -
Description of policy, legal and Institutional Framework
Description of the methodology and techniques used in assessment and analysis of the project impacts
Description of environmental and social impacts for project activities
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project including the proposed mitigation measures;
institutional responsibilities for monitoring and implementation; Summarized table for EMP.
Recommendations
References
List of Persons/Institutions met
Qualification of the Consultant
The Consultant will be agreed upon by the EPA in carrying out the ESIA studies
Duration of Study
The Duration of study will be determined according to the type of activity
Production of final Report
The Consultant will produce the final report one (1) week after receiving comments from EPA and GAMA
Secretariat. The final report will include comments from these institutions.
Supervision of Study
The consultancy will be supervised by the Environmental and Social Management Specialist (ESMS) of the
GAMA Secretariat.
Description of the study area
Description of the sub-project
Legislative and regulatory considerations
Determination of the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects
Environmental Management Plan
Public consultations process
Development of mitigation measures and a monitoring plan, including cost estimates.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 105 -
ANNEX 5: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
General
1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is
responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and
plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the
approved EMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfill his obligation within the
requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by
a third party on account of the Contractor.
2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all
measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore
work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an
EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to:
(a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, vibrating
equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and
communities living in the vicinity dust producing activities.
(b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g.
excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity
of high noise levels and nearby communities.
(c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is
maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out.
(d) Prevent oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering
into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant
water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for
mosquitoes.
(e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary
construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable
lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to
acceptable standards.
(f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or
historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the
appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfillment of the measures aimed at protecting
such historical or archaeological resources.
(g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting,
fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social
and economic welfare of the local communities.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 106 -
(h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc.
(i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps.
(j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and
long distance transportation.
(k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents.
3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of
civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately
addressed.
4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan /
strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact
management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions.
5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SE for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications,
the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any
proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all
cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement
measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment
and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works.
Worksite/Campsite Waste Management
6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/construction materials and other hazardous
chemicals shall be bunded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste
generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with
applicable government waste management regulations.
7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before
being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control
regulations.
8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used
or sold for re-use locally.
9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as
banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution.
10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a
daily basis.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 107 -
11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land
use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever
possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with
species indigenous to the locality.
Material Excavation and Deposit
12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or
borrow areas.
13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national
authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional
land.
14. New extraction sites:
a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem
component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km
from such areas.
b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where
they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites.
c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great
care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection.
d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be
obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted.
e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas
covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred.
f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing.
15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation
clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.
16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter
drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage
exits from workings.
17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions,
and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 108 -
18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by
the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing,
approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites.
Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention
19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of
rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction.
20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet
as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.
21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended.
22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of
beneficial soil microbes.
23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities.
24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired.
25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or
overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil.
26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins.
27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired
long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation.
28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape.
29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement.
30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise.
31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession,
contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation
with local research institutions, forest department and the local people.
Water Resources Management
32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities.
33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local
community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 109 -
34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from
relevant authorities.
35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to
communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system.
36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow
into natural water drainage courses.
37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains.
38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall
be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion.
Traffic Management
39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in
important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas.
40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated.
41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in
unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions.
Blasting
42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without
the permission of the SE.
43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the
proposed blasting times.
44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels.
Disposal of Unusable Elements
45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and
demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with
the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and
which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites.
46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment
for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed
upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 110 -
47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified
above.
48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport.
Health and Safety
49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign.
Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS.
50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be
provided at appropriate points.
51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour.
Repair of Private Property
52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the
owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a
certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from
subsequent claims.
53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of assets etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client
has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the
responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative
entities of the Client will take care of compensation.
Contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management Plan (HSE-MP)
54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate
management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation
of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The
Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes:
For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE
management, and as an operational manual for his staff.
For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the
adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s
HSE performance.
55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least:
a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management
conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;
a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse
impacts;
a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the
reporting thereof; and
the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 111 -
56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review
should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined
appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts.
HSE Reporting
57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general
conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is
given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on:
HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities;
Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a
result thereof);
Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;
Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and
Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site
meetings.
58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident
reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on
health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as
copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification
and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s
reports to the Client.
Training of Contractor’s Personnel
59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the
relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfill
their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have
particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be:
HSE in general (working procedures);
emergency procedures; and
social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues).
Cost of Compliance
60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of
art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management
Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor
for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact.
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 112 -
Example Format: HSE Report
Contract:
Period of reporting:
HSE management actions/measures:
Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and
management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken,
etc.
HSE incidents:
Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and
corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports.
HSE compliance:
Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance.
Changes:
Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects.
Concerns and observations:
Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site
meetings and visits.
Signature (Name, Title Date):
Contractor Representative
Example Format: HSE Incident Notification
Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer
Originators Reference No:
Date of Incident: Time:
Location of incident:
Name of Person(s) involved:
Employing Company:
Type of Incident:
Description of Incident:
Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)
Immediate Action:
Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation
Signature (Name, Title, Date):
Contractor Representative
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 113 -
ANNEX 6: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES AND HOW THEY WILL APPLY TO THE FUTURE
PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment
of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to
determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to major
Sanitation and Water rehabilitation projects under GAMA.
Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and
enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support
projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the
project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project
substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would
significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the
Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat
retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar
protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified.
Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the
proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under
the project.
Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest
management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of
the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and
environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to GAMA sub-projects.
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result
from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i)
relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of
livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary
restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the
livelihoods of the displaced persons. The GAMA project may entail taking of land for new development and
there are aspects of the project that may cause displacement.
Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit
from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects
on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the
informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts
on indigenous people will not be funded under the GAMA.
Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a)
projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights
and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim
to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether
they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion,
would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a
project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the
Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project
FINAL DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, January, 2011 - 114 -
and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially
outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate
mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under
GAMA.
Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archeological (prehistoric),
paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural
property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i)
normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will
assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the
protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving
that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the
government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural
property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or MLGRD should be
consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey
should be undertaken in the field by a specialist.
Safety of Dams (OP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate
measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding
sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are
normally less than 15 m in height; this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams,
and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers
are usually adequate. This policy does not apply to GAMA since the policy is not triggered under the project.
Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of
riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great
importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part
thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage,
water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international
waterways. This policy will not apply to GAMA.
Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its member
countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area
in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank
attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments
concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without
prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 115 -
ANNEX 7: LIST OF INDIVIDUALS/INSTITUTIONS CONTACTED
MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
SANITATION AND WATER PROJECT FOR THE GREATER ACCRA METRPOLITAN AREA (GAMA)
Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Accra Date: 17/11/2012
Name of Respondent(s) Designation Contacts
1 Metropolitan Development Planning Officer
Consultation Issues Responses
Formulation/Preparation of DMTDPs
1 How is the MTDP formulated? - Process begins at the grassroots, involving all relevant stakeholders including NGOs.
- The process is an open participatory process where all views and concern are collated through a series of community meetings and public forums.
2 How does the MMA select projects/communities
for inclusion into the MTDP? Are beneficiaries
consulted?)
- Projects are selected based on their priority within the community.
- The consultations involved are extensive and all beneficiaries are consulted.
3 What MTDP is currently being implemented and
what environmental and social problems are
often associated with the execution of the MTDP
projects?
- Upcoming projects are the Millenium City Projects (50 3-storey 18 classroom blocks, library with sanitary facilities.), Modernisation of Markets, Road projects, street lighting, Sanitation projects etc.
- Funding sources for these projects are USAID, SIF, GETFUND, Common Fund, Privates Companies etc .
- These activities often results in dust, construction wastes generation, noise nuisance and interruption of access ways.
EA Compliance in Implementing the MTDP Projects
4 Do the MMAs comply with the EA requirements
in implementing the MTDP projects?
Most major development Projects of the Assembly are subjected
to the relevant environmental assessment requirements.
However, ESIAs are not done some other Sanitation and
Water projects.
5 Are environmental permits obtained for the
projects prior to execution? Why not? Do the
MAs pay permit fees?
Yes, Environmental permits are obtained prior to the execution
of some projects.
Yes permit fees are paid. For some externally funded projects,
(eg SIF) environmental permitting fees are always incorporated
into the project cost..
6 How is the lack of capacity a factor in EA non-
compliance (no environmental and social
safeguards for projects)?
The AMA lacks an in-house capacity for environmental
assessment and management. The AMA therefore depends on
private consultancy services. The lack of the EA capacity affects
the monitoring and compliance enforcement of environmental
and social safeguards for projects.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 116 -
7 Are planning approvals obtained prior to the
execution of the MTDP projects? Why? Are fees
paid? By & to whom?
Yes
Environmental & Natural Disasters
8
What types of environmental & natural disasters
have been plaguing the Metro/Municipality and
how often?
Flooding is a common occurrence during the raining season,
when there is a heavy down pour.
9 How do these disasters affect the livelihood of
the people – the most vulnerable and what
emergency response plans are available?
It affects many households, and interrupts commercial
activities, destroys assets of people and affects the livelihood of
the people. There are no proper emergency response plans readily
available but NADMO assist victims in such circumstances.
GAMA (Sanitation Water Facilities)
10 Is the second Urban Environmental Sanitation
Project (UESP II) being implemented in the
Metropolis/Municipality and how successful are
these?
Yes, the Metropolis has been benefiting mmensely from the
UESP II. There are ongoing UESP II project covering
sewerage improvement.
11 Any lessons for the GAMA (which is also has
urban Sanitation and Water facilities provisions)?
Technical and administrative structures and expertise in place
will be useful to the GAMA
12 What are the likely environmental and social
impacts that could result from the GAMA
investments?
The GAMA will generate employment opportunities and
improve Sanitation and Water services of the metropolis. Major
environmental and social impacts are not anticipated from the
GAMA. The potential environmental and social impacts may
relate to normal construction impacts, which could be addressed
through effective EA compliance and monitoring. Land
acquisition impacts and encroachment are potential social
concerns that may arise.
13 Are there any institutional needs and capacities
you may require to participate in the GAMA?
Particularly capacities for implementing and
monitoring the environmental and social
management framework to achieve its objectives.
Capacity strengthening for environmental assessment and
management within the AMA is very necessary.
14 Are there personnel in the MMA who can be
trained to meet the needs of the GAMA?
Yes
15 What challenges can we foresee & how can we
overcome them?
The success of the GAMA will depend on the MCEs so there is
the need for the MCEs to understand and accept the project for
good success. The MCEs need to be fully involved in the project.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 117 -
ANNEX 8: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR GAMA ESMF
MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Sanitation and Water Project for the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR PREPARATION OF AN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The assignment for which these Terms of Reference have been prepared involves the preparation of an
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) to ensure that all investments envisaged under the
proposed Sanitation and Water Supply Project for GAMA are adequately screened for their potential
environmental and social impacts and that correct procedures to be followed to mitigate and minimize any
potential negative impacts arising from these investments.
The ESMF will be specific on the nature of mitigation measures but generic on the location and scope of
interventions as these will not be known during project preparation. The ESMF will provide clear guidance for the
preparation of site-specific EIAs and EMPs during project implementation. At this stage, specific environmental
and social issues will be investigated in detail and a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
undertaken.
Though a full EIA will be carried out for some specific investments with known locations such as the septic
sludge treatment facilities (anaerobic digesters), the potential environmental and social impacts of several other
investments are not presently determinable as some of the proposed project interventions will be identified
following a community consultative, participatory and to some extent demand-driven approach.
In such cases, communities will be selected to participate in project activities based on prevailing needs among
other factors and selected communities will be assisted to determine the specific nature and location of water and
environmental sanitation improvements. The nature of the interventions under the proposed project are directed
towards improving environmental conditions in communities as well as some city-wide enhancements in
management of waste and therefore it is anticipated that when fully implemented, the project will contribute
positively to overall environmental conditions within the project areas.
1.1 Project Development Objective(s)
The objective of the project would be to increase access to safe water and improved sanitation to people in the
GAMA, with emphasis on low income communities, and to improve operation and management of wastewater
facilities. In order to achieve this objective, the project would support the expansion and improvement of the
water distribution network, the expansion of community water points and private water connections, the
development of on-site and sewered sanitation facilities and the improved collection and treatment of wastewater
and faecal sludge. Behaviour Change Campaign on hygiene, sanitation and safe water will also be promoted
through social mobilization activities, as well as social accountability to ensure the sustainability of the facilities
and services.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 118 -
Preliminary studies and assessment recognize the positive social and economic impact that the project can
generate. These assessments also highlight the potential negative social impacts and therefore the need for
mitigation measures. These concerns will trigger the World Bank’s safeguards policy on Involuntary
Resettlement, O.P 4.12. This implies that this project is likely to have social impacts on land access, restriction of
access to assets, displacement and loss of livelihood among others.
1.2 Project Description
The proposed project is structured as a two-phase Adaptable Program Loan (APL) given the long term
engagement required to increase access to sanitation and water in low income areas of GAMA and to attain an
efficient and sustainable operation and management of the services. The latter will require the development of a
satisfactory institutional arrangement for the integrated planning and management of water and sanitation services
that will constitute the main trigger to move to the second phase.
The proposed APL would be executed over the 2013-2020 period, with the two phases overlapping. The first
phase (APL-1) would extend from 2013 to 2016 for a credit amount of USD130 million. The second phase (APL-
2) would extend from 2016 to 2020 for a credit amount of USD170 million, but could begin earlier, as soon as the
trigger is met.
The proposed APL-1 would have the following four components:
Component 1 - Provision of water and environmental sanitation services to priority low income areas of the
GAMA (USD20 million). The MMAs will propose the priority low income communities to benefit from the
project based upon selection criteria to be agreed during project preparation. The type of water supply and
sanitation facilities will be thoroughly consulted and agreed with each community as to best suit their needs,
while taking into consideration particular conditions such as: soil characteristics, topography, space availability,
etc.
In addition to facilities for households, this component will support the construction of institutional facilities in
schools, health centers and in public areas such as markets. This component will also provide support for
advocacy and other measures to help enforce current laws and regulations, such as the obligation of landlords to
provide sanitation facilities. Additionally, specific measures will be introduced to effectively engage communities
and particularly women in decisions relating to the delivery and oversight of water and sanitation services such as
Water and Sanitation Development Boards (WSDBs). This component will also support the establishment and
strengthening of social accountability mechanisms so citizens can report on the provision of services.
Component 2 – Improvement and expansion of the water distribution network in the GAMA (USD50 million).
This component will support investments required to improve and expand the existing network in order to provide
piped water to the target people living in low income communities in the GAMA. These investments include the
installation of transmission mains, booster pumps and any other facilities required to ensure that a share of the
additional water production reach the targeted low income areas. Therefore this component will be coordinated
with current and incoming projects supported by other development partners and private investors in the GAMA.
The priority of the interventions will be determined with the assistance of a hydraulic model for the GAMA to be
developed during project preparation. This component would also support the acquisition and installation of
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 119 -
meters and other equipment, as well as the provision of services, aimed at improving water demand management
and reducing non-revenue water.
Component 3 – Improvement and expansion of wastewater and fecal sludge collection, transportation and
treatment in the GAMA (USD50 million) This component will finance collection and/or treatment of wastewater
and fecal sudge to be generated from the low income communities and rest of GAMA. However, these facilities
will be seized to take care of the entire wastewater flows and sludge volumes generated in the GAMA, which
currently end up discharged untreated into drains and eventually into the sea. This component will also support
the development of solutions to improve the safe collection, transport and treatment of fecal sludge.
Component 4 – Institutional Strengthening (USD 10 million). This component will provide technical assistance
(TA) to municipal, metropolitan and national institutions, including the promotion of private sector initiatives for
water and sanitation. The subcomponents would be further developed during preparation but initially may
include:
a) TA to the MMAs, particularly to their Waste Management Departments for:
i. Strengthening capacity for the planning of sanitation services with active community participation;
ii. Capacity strengthening in oversight and enforcement of sanitation regulations and by-laws;
iii. Facilitating interface between households and private sector actors in the expansion of access to on-
site sanitation;
iv. Hygienic removal and transportation of decal sludge; and
v. Management of wastewater disposal and treatment sites, including delegation to private sector
operators.
b) TA to the MLGRD and the RCC of Greater Accra to:
v. strengthen the planning and coordination capacity of the RPCU in the short term; and
vi. support the development of a metropolitan institutional arrangement for integrated planning,
implementation, operation and management of sanitation facilities in the long term. The
discussion of this integrated institutional arrangement has already begun and will continue during
project preparation by means of a series of workshops and consultations with key stakeholders.
c) TA to GWCL for the establishment of a pro-poor unit to promote the access of water services to low income
areas and the sustainability of those services. This will include strengthening coordination and collaboration with
MMAs, NGOs, CBOs, WSDBs add local private sector.
d) TA to the MWRWH to support the institutional restructuring and/or adoption of management options to
improve the provision of water supply services in GAMA and other urban areas.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 120 -
e) Support for the development and training of local private sector to provide sanitation services, especially latrine
construction and sludge removal/transport.
f) Carrying out of surveys to establish baselines and evaluate the impact of project supported activities in the low-
income communities and other GAMA areas.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
In World Bank-Financed projects, a key goal is to enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social
outcomes of the project by minimizing and/avoiding negative environmental and social impacts. Where avoidance
is not possible, an Environmental and Social Framework is developed which provides the framework within
which to address the issues. The objective of the assignment is to prepare an ESMF which will:
i. Establish the legal framework, procedures, and methods for the environmental and social planning,
review, approval and implementation investments to be financed under the project;
ii. Identify roles and responsibilities, including reporting procedures and monitoring and evaluation;
iii. Identify capacity/or training needs for different stakeholders to ensure better implementation of the
provisions in the ESMF and;
iv. Identify funding requirements and resources to ensure effective implementation of the framework.
3.0 SCOPE OF WORK
The Consultant shall undertake the following tasks:
i. Description of Project: Provide a brief description of the GAMA project to place the ESMF in the
relevant context. This would include a summary of the background to the project, the different
components and most importantly, the consultant shall identify the possible environmental and social
issues that each component and subcomponents are likely to generate and for which reason this
ESMF is being developed.
ii. Legislative, Regulative and Administrative Regime: The Consultant shall describe the legislative,
regulatory and administrative regime regarding the triggered Safeguards Policies that the project will
be operating. In addition the consultant shall include the requirements and approval
processes/procedures for specific environmental issues. The Consultant shall clearly identify and
highlight any significant changes in regulations/legislation and develop a stakeholders’ consultation
process that ensures that all key stakeholders, including potentially affected persons, are aware of the
objectives and potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project and their views are
incorporated into the projects’ design as appropriate.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 121 -
iii. Description of Baseline The consultant shall describe the baseline which will include the biophysical
and socio-economic environment for the participating Assemblies.
iv. Determination of Potential Impacts and Screening: The Consultant shall determine the types of
environmental and social impacts that could result from the likely investments. The consultant shall
also develop a simple environmental and social screening form to assist in the evaluation and future
reviews and assessments of investments. The form shall be attached to the main report as annex.
v. Environmental and Social Checklist: The consultant shall develop an environmental and social
checklist. The checklist shall outline simple mitigation measures for the identified potential negative
environmental and social impacts. The implementation of these will be guided by an Environmental
and Social Management Plan. The Management Plan shall consist of mitigation measures and
monitoring indicators.
vi. Institutional Needs and Capacity Building: The Consultant shall identify the existing institutional
needs and the capacity of all participating institutions from the national through to the local level.
This is to help assess what needs and capacities will be required for implementing and monitoring the
ESMF to achieve the intended objectives. Based on this analysis, the consultant shall develop a
training and capacity building programme on environmental and social safeguards for the identified
institutions. Any other technical support considered important may also be outlined by the consultant.
vii. Budget: The Consultant shall develop appropriate budget for the implementation of the entire ESMF.
viii. Public Consultations and Disclosure: The Consultant will undertake public consultations with the
relevant stakeholders including the different categories of project participants and other affected
people like the elderly, the youth, women and the disabled. The Consultant shall prepare in close
liaison with the Client, a Consultation Programme for the entire process, which:
a. Defines the terminology and methodology. The following terms should be defined and distinguished from
each other: consultation, information sharing, information dissemination, workshops, meetings, and
public hearings.
b. Identifies all stakeholders likely to be involved in the consultation process. The stakeholders will
encompass and will include organizations, state authorities (Water Resources Commission, EPA, Ghana
Water Company and relevant municipal/district assemblies),
c. Specifies the roles of the Client, the Consultant and the key stakeholders during the consultation process.
d. Presents an organization plan and schedule for the consultation of stakeholders.The program will define
the form of consultations (focus group meetings, community meetings, workshops, etc.), the category of
stakeholders to be included, and the schedule for consultation.
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 122 -
e. Includes a schedule for information dissemination to the public.
f. The Consultant shall plan: (i) informal and formal meetings for information sharing,(ii) public
dissemination of reports and studies, and (iii) public consultations as required by the Ghanaian EA
Regulation 1999, art. 17 and 18 (public hearings). The location and schedule of which will be discussed and
decided upon with key stakeholders.
g. Is in compliance with the Ghana Environmental Assessment regulation, 1999 (in particular art.15 “scoping
notice” and art. 17 “public hearing”) and with the World Bank policies, in a way which meets Bank and
Ghanaian requirements.
The consultation programme shall be designed very early during the studies and submitted to the Client. The
Consultant shall (i) lead the consultation process on behalf of the Client, (ii) participate in planning and
implementing the consultation process (iii) arrange workshops including relevant stakeholders (EPA, WRC,
GWC), and shall participate in public hearings and other activities defined in the Ghanaian regulation and World
Bank safeguard policies. Details of the consultations shall be attached to this report as an annex. The ESMF shall
be disclosed in the country by the client.
ix. The Outline for the ESMF Report: The minimum content of the ESMF Report should include an
Executive summary and all sections outlined under the scope of works of this TOR. There shall also be
technical annexes attached to the main report.
4.0 CONSULTANT QUALIFICATIONS
The assignment will be carried out by an Individual Consultant with 10 years post qualification experience
(postgraduate preferable) and at least five (5) years relevant working experience dealing with Environmental
Safeguards, Environmental Assessments and related issues. S/he should have proven experience with World Bank
Safeguard Policies and requirements as well as Government of Ghana environmental and social policies on
safeguards. In particular, experience in preparation of Environmental and Social Assessments, Environmental and
Social Management Frameworks, Environmental Management Plans is essential.
The Consultant’s familiarity with the workings of international development institutions like the World Bank,
IFC, African Development Bank among others will be an advantage.
5.0 ESTIMATED LEVEL OF EFFORT
It is anticipated that about two (2) staff-months will be required for the assignment. The duration of the
assignment will be for 10 weeks.
6.0 SCHEDULE AND DELIVERABLES
a. Inception Report: This report will have detailed work plan with output indicators of performance. This
will be discussed by the consultant, client and other experts to ensure quality of final outcome. Three (3)
DRAFT ESMF of GAMA for MLGRD, Ghana, December 2012 - 123 -
copies shall be submitted to the client in addition to an electronic version. This will be delivered one (1)
week after signing of contract;
b. First Draft Report: This report will be circulated for comments and relevant issues raised incorporated
into revised version. Three copies shall be submitted to the client. In addition the consultant will provide
an electronic version. This will be delivered four (4) weeks after signing of contract.
b. Final Draft Report: This will be circulated for comments and relevant issues raised shall be incorporated
into the revised version. Three copies shall be submitted to the client. In addition the consultant will
provide an electronic version. This will be delivered three (3) weeks after submission of first draft.
d. Final Report: The final report should include a concise Executive Summary and should have all annexes
and bibliography and the dissemination/disclosure plan. This will be delivered one (1) week after receipt
of comments from the Client.
7.0 PAYMENT SCHEDULE
The payment schedule is outlined as follows and based on the stipulated deliverables:
20% of Contract Sum upon Submission of Inception Report
30% of Contract Sum upon Submission of First Draft Report
30% of Contract Sum upon Submission of Final Draft Report
20% of Contract Sum upon Submission and Acceptance of Final Report
8.0 ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
The Project Coordinating Unit (PCU) at MLGRD will supervise this assignment. MLGRD will provide
the necessary administrative support and make available necessary documents, reports, data and contacts.
In addition, MLGRD will convey copies of the draft and final reports from the consultant to the World
Bank for comments prior to acceptance of the report and making final payments to the consultant.