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A Glimpse on Plant Sciences
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A GLIMPSE ON
PLANT SCIENCES (Useful for ICAR-JRF Plant Sciences and other Agriculture
Competitive Examinations)
S. SANDEEP
Ph. D Scholar, Genetics & Plant Breeding,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana
State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030
P. JALENDER Ph. D Scholar, Plant Pathology,
Professor Jayashankar Telangana
State Agricultural University
Hyderabad - 500030
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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ABOUT THE BOOK
“A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES” is designed to cater the need of
agricultural graduates and post graduates by providing sufficient
supplemental information for competitive examinations such as JRF,
SRF AND ICAR –ASRB NET Examinations. The book covers all the
areas of plant sciences viz., Genetics and Plant Breeding, Biotechnology,
Seed science and technology, Plant Pathology and Agricultural
Microbiology. It provides an understanding of the subject covering
important areas of the topics for students preparing various competitive
examinations. To fulfill the asaid aims an attempt was made to present
the subjects in detail as per the requirements of students of all the
universities. For convenience the book is furnished in various sections.
The book deals with the fundamental facts in the field of plant sciences
briefing introduction of various cell organelles and their functions, cell
division, Mendelian genetics, Cytogenetics, plant breeding methods,
breeding of field crops, seed science and molecular genetics aspects.
Plant pathology dealing with various crop diseases, their casual
organisms, epidemiology, diagnosis and detection and management of
plant diseases were dealt. The basics of agricultural microbiology were
also covered briefly keeping JRF and other competitive examinations in
view. Scientists and their contributions have been thoroughly covered in
various sections of plant sciences. We hope that the book will fulfil the
desires of the students preparing various competitive examinations. We
are thankful to everyone for the support in bringing out this book. Your
suggestions are highly welcome for further improvement of the book.
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vi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
The author Mr. S. SANDEEP has completed his
M.Sc (Ag) from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
Univeristy and presently pursuing Ph.D (Ag),
Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding in Prof.
Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural
University. The author was ASRB – NET
QUALIFIED and awarded wtih UGC (RGNF)
Fellowship. He had published Research Papers in
various NAAS rated international peer reviewed
journals, he had presented papers and posters in various seminars and
conferences and received various awards. The Author had published
books, book chapters and popular articles in various areas related to plant
sciences and Genetics and plant breeding.
The author Mr. P. JALENDER has completed his
M.Sc (Ag) from Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural
Univeristy and presently pursuing Ph.D (Ag),
Department of Plant Pathology in Prof. Jayashankar
Telangana State Agricultural University. The author
was ASRB – NET QUALIFIED and awarded wtih
NFST-UGC Fellowship. He had published Research
Papers in various NAAS rated international peer
reviewed journals, he had presented papers and posters in various
seminars and conferences and received various awards. The Author had
published books, book chapters and popular articles in various areas
related to plant sciences and Plant pathology.
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vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, we offer obeisance to the „Almighty‟ for his
boundless blessing, which accompanied us in all the endeavours. With
immense delight and deep respect, we express our profound etiquette
sense of gratitude and thanks to our respected teachers. Words are not
enough to express whole-hearted and affectionate gratitude to our
beloved parents for their constant support, love, and motivation. The
authors are grateful to educreation publishers for their efforts in bringing
out this book into a reality. We also acknowledge Professor Jayashankar
Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU) for providing us
healthy environment to explore knowledge and share through this book.
Finally we thank everyone who directly or indirectly lent us their helping
hands for completion of this book.
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DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED PARENTS
(Mr. & Mrs. Siluveru Komuraiah – Parijatham)
And
(Mr. & Mrs. Porika Jayapal –Jhansi)
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ix
SYLLABUS FOR JRF PLANT SCIENCES
SUBJECTS: 1. Plant Breeding & Genetics, 2. Plant Pathology, 3.
Agricultural Microbiology/Microbiology, 4. Seed Science &
Technology, 5. Plant Genetic Resources.
UNIT-I: Importance of Agriculture in national economy; basic principles
of crop production; cultivation of rice, wheat, chickpea, pigeon-pea,
sugarcane, groundnut, tomato, potato and mango. Major soils of India,
role of NPK and their deficiency symptoms.
UNIT-II: Structure and function of cell organelles; mitosis and meiosis;
Mendelian genetics; elementary knowledge of photosynthesis;
respiration, and transpiration; structure and functions of carbohydrates,
proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes and vitamins. Major pests and diseases
of rice, wheat, cotton, chickpea, sugarcane and their management.
UNIT-III: Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms,
differences between fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses; physical
and chemical basis of heredity; chromosome structure; genes/operon
concept; protein biosynthesis; transformation, recombination, Heterosis;
Elements of economic botany; integrated diseases management;
sterilization, disinfection and pasteurization; Koch‟s postulates;
etiological agents of rusts, smuts, powdery/downy mildews, wilts,
yellows, mosaic, necrosis, enations, blights and witches- broom; pH,
buffer, vitamins, role of plant hormones in seed germination and
dormancy; pollination/ fertilization in flowering plants; methods of seed
testing; breeders, foundation and certified seeds; seed production in self
and cross pollinated crops, nitrate assimilation; biological nitrogen
fixation and other uses of microorganisms in agriculture.
UNIT-IV: Food and industry; composting and biogas production.
Important rural development programmes in India; organizational set up
of agricultural research, education and extension in India.
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CONTENTS
S.NO TOPICS PAGE NO
1.
GENETICS
1
2. PLANT BREEDING 36
3. SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 64
4. PLANT PATHOLOGY 68
5. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY 98
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A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES
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GENETICS
Multiple choice questions
1. An exception to Mendel‟s law of independent assortment
a) Linkage
b)Paramutations
c) Mutation
d) Epistasis
2. The diploid chromosome number of rice is 24. The number of
linkage groups in this plant will be
a) 6
b) 12
c) 24
d) 48
3. Plants with a genomic formula 2n-1-1 are
a) Monosomics
b) Monoploid
c)Double monosomic
d) Nullisomic
4. DNA synthesis takes place during
a) G1 phase of interphase
b) G2 phase of interphase
c) S phase of interphase
d) Mitosis
5. Linkage was first reported in sweet pea in 1906 by
a) Morgan
b) Bridge
c) Bateson & Punnet
d) Levine
6. The maximum percent of recombination between two genes will
be
a) 25
b) 50
c) 75
d) 100
7. Nilsson – Ehle worked on
a) Qualitative inheritance
b) Maternal inheritance
c) Quantitative inheritance
d) Cytoplasmic inheritance
8. When a bit of a chromosome gets attached to the end of a non
homologous chromosomes, it is called on
a) Crossing over
b) Translocation
c) Inversion
d) Deletion
9. The F2 phenotypic ratio of Additive factor is
a) 9:7
b) 15:1
c) 9:6:1
d) 12:3:4
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10. The expression of recessive gene in the following condition is
termed as pseudo dominance
a) Homozygous
b) Heterozygous
c) Hemizygous
d) Homogeneous
11. The sex determination mechanism in Birds including the
domestic fowl and butterflies
a) XX- XO
b) XX – XY
c) ZZ – ZW
d) X/A
12. Genes present in Y chromosome and transmitted from father to
son are known as
a) Diagenic
b) Holandric
c) Sex linked
d) Hologenic
13. An individual which lacks a single pair of homologous
chromosome complement is known as
a) Monosomic
b) Trisomic
c) Nullisomic
d) Tetrasomic
14. The power house of cell
a) Ribosome
b) Chloroplast
c) Mitochondria
d) Golgicomplex
15. Male sterility is exploited to produce
a) inbred lines
b) Synthetics
c) Composites
d) Hybrids
16. Geitinogamy is equal to
a) Self pollination
b) Cross pollination
c) Often cross pollination
d) None of these
17. The progeny of an open pollinated variety is
a) Homozygous and
homogeneous
b) Heterozygous and
Heterogeneous
c) Homozygous and
heterogeneous
d) Heterozygous and
homogeneous
18. The condition in which male and female flowers situated in
different plants of same species is called as
a) Heterostyly
c) Dioecy
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A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES
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b) Monoecy d) Protandry
19. In gametophytic system of incompatibility, the fully compatible
mating is between
a) S1S3 x S1S3
b) S1S2 x S1S3
c) S1S2 x S1S2
d) S1S2 x S3S4
20. Spontaneous mutations occur in the natural populations at a
frequency of
a) 10-4
b) 10-6
c) 10-8
d) 10-10
21. Natural selection plays an important role in the method of
breeding
a) Pedigree
b) Bulk
c) Back cross
d) Pure line
22. In crop plants, clonal selection is used in
a) Non flowering species
b) Low seed setting species
c) Apomictic species
d) All of the above
23. Bald head in human beings is a
a) Sex linked character
b) Sex limited character
c) Secondary sex character
d) Sex influenced character
24. In human beings, the type of sex determination is
a) XX-XO
b) ZP-ZZ
c) XX-XY
d) ZW-ZZ
25. The histones (H1 H2a, H2b, H3& H4) in chromosome organization
are present in the molar ratio of
a) 3 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2
b) 2 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2
c) 2 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
d) 1 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2
26. Supernumerary chromosomes are also known as
a) Autosomes
b) A chromosomes
c) B chromosomes d) Allosomes
27. The histone octamer in nucleosome core is composed of two
molecules each of histones.
a) H1, H2a, H3; H4
b) H1, H2b, H3; H5
c) H1a, H2b, H3; H4
d) H2a, H3a, H3b; H4
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28. The Melandrium album, plant with two „X‟ and on „Y‟
chromosomes will be
a) Female
b) Super female
c) Inter sex
d) Male
29. The colorblindness in human beings is a
a) Sex limited character
b) Sex linked character
c) Sex influenced character
d) All of these
30. Milking ability is cattle is an example of
a) Sex linked character
b) Sex limited character
c) Sex influenced character
d) None of the above
31. A chromosome which have no relationship with sex but contain
genes which determine the somatic characters of the individual
are known as
a) Allosomes
b) Autosomes
c) Lysosomes
d) Polysomes
32. The colour blind mother and normal father can give birth of
colour blind
a) Daughter
b) Son
c) Daughter and Son
d) None of the above
33. In three point test cross, the least frequency progeny is
a) Parental types
b) Single cross overs – I c) Double cross overs d) Single cross overs – II
34. If the map distance between A and B genes is 5, B and C is 12
and A and C is 7 the gene order is
a) A B C
b) B A C
c) A C B
d) B C A
35. If 60% crossing over occurs in meiotic mother cells the number
of recombinant gametes out of total 1000 gametes will be
a) 400
b) 200
c) 300
d) 600
36. Tendency of one cross over to reduce the chance of another cross
over in its adjacent region is referred to as
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A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES
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a) Coincidence
b) Positive interference
c) Negative interference
d) Coupling
37. The map units of a linkage map are expressed in
a) Muller units
b) Morganunits
c) Roentgen units
d) Stadler units
38. The chromatids of a homologous chromosome pair are
considered as
a) Non sister chromatids
b) Sister Chromatids
c) Homologous chromatids
d) Heterologous chromatids
39. When three are no recombinats in the test cross progeny the
linkage is said to be
a) Coupling
b) Repulsion
c) Complete d) Incomplete
40. The chromosome number of human being is 46. The number of
linkage groups formed in males are
a) 21
b) 22
c) 23
d) 24
41. The maximum percent of recombination between two genes will
be
a) 25
b) 50
c) 75
d) 100
42. In balanced lethal system, the lethal genes are linked in
a) Coupling phase
b) Repulsion phase
c) Either a or b
d) Both a & b
43. Crossing over takes place between
a) Non sister chromatid of non
homologous chromosomes
b) Sister chromatids of non
homologous chromosomes
c) Sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes
d) Non sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes
44. The genotype Ab / ab produced 15% each of the cross over
gametes AB and ab, the distance between A and B is estimated to
be
a) 15 map units
b) 60 map units c) 30 map units d) 7.5 map units
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45. Tendency of one cross over to enhance the chance of another
cross over in its adjacent region is referred to as
a) Positive interference
b) Negative interference
c) Coincidence
d) Coupling
46. Which is related to three-point test cross
a) Highest progeny is double
cross over types
b) Lowest progeny is parental
types
c) Three marker genes are
present
d) Above all
47. Para mutation is an exception of Mendel‟s law of
a) Purity of gametes
b) Independent assortment
c) Dominance
d) Unit characters
48. An example of a spontaneous mutant variety is
a) Aruna in castor
b) GEB – 24 in rice
c) Jagannadh in rice
d) Sharbati sonara in wheat
49. The wave length of soft X-rays.
a) 0.1 – 0.01
b) 0.1-0 .001
c) 1-10
d)1-100
50. The acridine dyes cause mutations through the reaction of
a) Alkalysation
b) Oxidation
c) Intercalation
d) Ionization
51. For the mutation of pollen grains, the type of mutagen used is
a) Thermal neutrons
b) X-rays
c) Gama rays
d) UV rays
52. In the CIB stock or Drosophila for the detection of sed linked
lethals, the „C‟ represents
a) Recessive lethal genes
b) Pericentric inversion
c) Dominant lethal gene
d) None of the above
53. Bald head in human beings is a
a) Sex linked character
b) Sex limited character
c) Secondary sex character
d) Sex influenced character
54. When a translocation heterozygote is selfed the progeny
segregates in the ratio of
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a) 1 Normal : 2 Trans.
Heterozygotes : 1 Trans.
Homozygote
b) 1 Trans. Heterozygote : 2
Normal : 1 Trans.
Homozygote
c) 1 Normal : 2 Trans.
Homozygotes : 1 Trans.
Heterozygote
d) 2 Trans. Heterozygotes : 2
Normal.
55. Pseudo dominance is associated with
a) Translocations
b) Deletions
c) Duplications
d) Inversions
56. An example for Duplication (chromosomal aberration)
a) Philadelphia 22
b) Bar eye of Drosophila
c) None of these
d) CIB stock of Drosophila
57. Number of possible monosomics in hexaploid wheat / bread
wheat is
a) 7
b) 14
c) 21
d) 42
58 An autotetraploid with „1‟ dominant and „3‟ recessive alleles is
termed as
a) Simplex b) Nulliplex
c) Singleplex
d) Triplex
59. In cultivated hexaploid wheat D genome is obtained from
a) Aegilops squarrosa
(Triticum tauschii)
b) Aegilops speltoides
c) Triticum aegilopoides
d) Triticum dicoccoides
60. In secondary trisomy condition, the extrachromosome is a
a) Homologous chromosome
b) B-chromosome
c) Acessary chromosome
d) Isochromosome
61. The number of chromosomes present in tetraploid cotton is
a) 13
b) 26
c) 39
d) 52
62. The chromosome number of nullisomic of rice (2n = 24) is
a) 22 b) 23
c) 25
d) 26
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63. The F1 progeny mated to any one of their parents is called
a) Back cross
b) Test cross
c) Top cross
d) Multiple cross
64. Plant cells with more than one nucleus are called
a) Leucocytes
b) Erithrocytes
c) Coenocytes
d) Syncytia
65. In a cell, the packaging of food material is related to
a) Plastids
b) Ribosomes
c) Motochondria
d) Golgibodies
66. Middle lamella is composed of
a) Cellulose
b) Hemi cellulose
c) Lignin
d) Ca & Mg pectates
67. Animal cells with more than one nucleus are called
a) Leucocytes
b) Erithrocytes
c) Coenocytes
d) Syncytia
68. Following cells do not have nucleus / related material.
a) Bacteria
b) Bacteriophage
c) RBC of human beings
d) Blue green algae
69. Cilia are formed from
a) Nucleus membrane
b) Basal bodies
c) Plasma membrane
d) Mitochondria
70. Cytoplasm that surrounds a vacuole is called
a) Ectoplasm
b) Endoplasm
c) Tonoplasm
d) Hyaloplasm
71. The formation of nucleolus is associated with
a) Centromere
b) Chromomere
c) Primary constriction
d) Secondary constriction
72. The number of DNA double helix present in metaphase
chromosome based on multistranded model.
a) 64
b) 32
c) 16
d) 8
73. The number of microfibrils present in a basal granule
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A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES
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a) 9
b) 6
c) 12
d) 27
74. Which of the following structures in not found in a prokaryotic
cell?
a) Plasma membrane
b)Nuclear envelope
c) Ribosome
d) Cell wall
75. Bacteria are examples of
a) Prokaryotic cells
b) Eukaryotic cells
c) organelles
d) Plastids
76. In a eukaryotic cell, the region between the nucleus and the
plasma membrane is called the
a) Junction
b) Nucleoplasm c)Cytoplasm d) Lumen
77. The resolving power of an electron microscope is how much
greater than the resolving power of a light microscope?
a) Ten times
b) One hundred times
c) One thousand times
d) One million times
78. How many membranes comprise the nuclear envelope?
a) None;
b) One; c) Two; d) Three
79. Which of the following molecules moves regularly from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm?
a) Glycogen;
b) RNA;
c) DNA;
d) Cholesterol
80. Which of the following molecules moves regularly from the
nucleus to the cytoplasm?
a) Nuclear envelope
b) Nucleoplasm
c) Chromosomes
d) Nucleolus
e) Nucleus
81. 23. Which of the following cellular organelles extracts energy
fromcarbohydrates and from ATP molecules?
a) Lysosome;
b) Chloroplast; c) Mitochondrion; d) Chromoplast
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82. Which of the following cellular organelles breaks down complex
macromolecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins?
a) Golgi complex;
b) Lysosome;
c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
d) Mitochondrion
83. Which of the following is not the correct pairing of structure with
function?
a) Golgi complex:
breakdown of complex
molecules;
b) Mitochondrion: production
of ATP;
c) Endoplasmic reticulum:
synthesis of proteins
d) Chloroplast: photosynthesis
84. Proteins that are to be used outside the cell are synthesized
a) In the mitochondria
b) on the rough endoplasmic
reticulum
c) on the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
d) on free ribosomes
85. Lysosomes contain enzymes capable of
a) Aerobic cellular respiration
b) Digesting part of the cell
c) Synthesizing proteins
d) Synthesizing lipids
86. Mitochondria are found
a) in all cells
b) only in plant cells
c) only in animal cells
d) in all eukaryotic cells
87. Green pigments capable of capturing the energy of sunlight are
located within the
a) Golgi complex
b) Endoplasmic reticulum c) Chloroplasts d) Cell wall
88. The two types of cellular organelles that transform energy are
a)Chromoplasts and
leucoplasts
b) Mitochondria and
chloroplasts
c) Mitochondria and
chromoplasts
d) Chloroplasts and leucoplasts
89. The plastids that give fruits and flowers their orange and yellow
colors are the
a) Leucoplasts
b) Chloroplasts
c) Proplasts
d) Chromoplasts
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A GLIMPSE ON PLANT SCIENCES
11
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