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PRACTICE FIGURES IN ANATOMY

Se

cti

on

1D

Section-ID.indd 135Section-ID.indd 135 11/22/2013 3:02:57 PM11/22/2013 3:02:57 PM

PRACTICE FIGURES IN ANATOMY

S e c t i o n 1D

1. Bregma

2. Superior and inferior temporal lines

3. Sagittal suture

4. Lambda

5. Lambdoid suture

6. Coronal suture

7. Parietal foramen

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

F

P P

Fig. 1D.1a Norma verticalis.

1. Coronal suture

2. Parietal bone

3. Temporal bone

4. Occipital bone

5. Mastoid process

6. External auditory meatus

7. Mandible

8. Maxilla

9. Frontal bone

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

Fig. 1D.1b Norma lateralis.


Quick Review Series: BDS 1st Year138

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

1. Sagittal suture

2. Lambda

3. External occipital protuberance

4. Occipital bone

5. Mastoid process

6. Inferior nuchal line

7. Superior nuchal line

8. Parietal bone

9. Lambdoid suture

Fig. 1D.1c Norma occipitalis.

1

1. Dangerous area of face

Fig. 1D.2 Dangerous area of face.

1

2

3

4

5

1. Temporal

2. Zygomatic

3. Buccal

4. Mandibular

5. Cervical

Fig. 1D.3 Facial nerve—branches.


Practice Figures in Anatomy 139

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Common tendinous ring

Optic canal

Optic nerve

Ophthalmic artery

Inferior ophthalmic vein

Lacrimal nerve

Frontal nerve

Superior ophthalmic nerve

Trochlear nerve

Oculomotor nerve (superior inferior division)

Nasociliary nerve

Abducent nerve

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Fig. 1D.4 Superior orbital fissure.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Pterion

Asterion

Parietal bone

Frontal bone

Squamous part of temporal bone

Greater wing of sphenoid

1

2

3

4

5

6

Fig. 1D.5 Skull–lateral view.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Mandibular foramen

Inferior alveolar nerve in mandibular foramen

Lingual nerve

Sublingual fossa

Submandibular fossa

Mylohyoid groove

Condyle

Coronoid

Ramus of mandible

Angle of the mandible

Body of the mandible

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Fig. 1D.6 Ramus of mandible—medial surface.



1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Apical ligament

Alar ligament

ligament of atlas

Scalenus anterior

Levator scapulae

Splenius cervicis

Membrane tectoria

Ligamentum nuchae

Obliquus capitis inferior

Rectus capitis posterior major

Spine

Lamina

Vertebral canal

Foramen transversarium

Superior articular facet

Dens

Transverse

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Fig. 1D.7 Axis.

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Transverse

Rectus capitis anterior

ligament of atlas

Levator scapulae

Oblique capitis superior

Rectus capitis posterior minor

Ligamentum nuchae

Posterior tubercle

Posterior arch

Transverse process

Foramen transversarium

Superior articular facet

Anterior arch

Anterior tubercle

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

9

10

11

12

13

14

Fig.1D.8 Atlas.

Loose sub-aponeurotictissue

Fat

PericraniumDura

Bone

Skin and sub-cutaneous tissue

Galea aponeurotica

Scalp

S

C

LA

P

Fig. 1D.9 The scalp (S: skin, C: connective tissue, A: aponeurosis, L: loose areolar tissue, P: pericranium).



1

2

3

4

5

6

Lateral nasal

Superior labial

Inferior labial

Facial artery

Transverse facial artery

Superficial temporal artery

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Fig. 1D.10 Arteries of the face.

1

2

3

4

5

6

78

9

10

11 Supraorbital

Supratrochlear

Angular vein

Maxillary vein

Deep facial vein

Facial vein

Common facial vein

External jugular vein

Posterior auricular

Retromandibular vein

Superficial temporal vein

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Fig. 1D.11 Veins of the face.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Ophthalmic division (V1)

Supraorbital

Supratrochlear

Infratrochlear

External nasal

Infraorbital

Maxillary division (V2)

Mandibular division (V3)

Mental

Buccal

Third occipital (C3)

Greater occipital (C2)

Lesser occipital (C2)

Auriculo-temporal

Great auricular (C2,3)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

Fig. 1D.12 Cutaneous nerves of face.



1

2

3

Pterygomandibular raphe

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

Buccinator

1.

2.

3.

Fig. 1D.13 Pterygomandibular raphe.

Lacrimal gland

a. Orbital portion

b. Palpebral portion

Lacrimal vessels and nerve

Orbital septum

Lateral horn of levator aponeurosis

1.

2.

3.

4.1

23

4a

b

Fig. 1d.14 Lacrimal gland.

Maxillarysinus

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Lacrimal puncta

Lacrimal canaliculi

Lacrimal sac

Nasolacrimal duct

Middle meatus

Lacrimal fold

Inferior meatus

Lacrimal gland

Lacrimal ducts

Conjunctival sac

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Fig. 1D.15 Lacrimal apparatus.



1

2

3

4

56

7

8Sternomastoid

Upper trunk

Lower trunk

Subclavian artery and vein

Pectoralis major

Deltoid

Delto-pectoral triangle

Middle trunk

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Fig. 1D.16 Subclavian triangle.

Internal carotid artery

External carotid artery

Common carotid artery

Internal jugular vein

Vagus nerve

Sympathetic trunk

Ansa cervicalis

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Fig. 1D.17 Longitudinal and transverse section of carotid sheath.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Occipital artery

Splenius capitis

Sternomastoid

Scalenus medius

Inferior belly of omohyoid


Subclavian artery

Anterior jugular vein

Clavicle

Superior nuchal line

Semi spinalis capitis

Levator scapulae

Lymph node

Transverse cervical artery

Suprascapular nerve

Suprascapular artery and vein

Subclavian vein (behind clavicle)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Fig. 1D.18 The posterior triangle—boundaries and floor.



1

2

34

5

67

8

9

Superficial temporal

Transverse facial

Maxillary

Posterior auricular

Occipital

Ascending pharyngeal

Facial

Lingual

Superior thyroid

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Fig. 1D.19 External carotid artery.

1

2

3

4

5

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Omohyoid

Subclavian triangle

Occipital triangle

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Fig. 1D.20 Triangles of the neck.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Posterior belly of digastric

Anterior belly of digastric

Superior belly of omohyoid

Sternocleidomastoid

Posterior triangle

Inferior belly of omohyoid

Trapezius

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Fig. 1D.21a Posterior triangle—boundaries.



1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Lesser occipital nerve

Greater auricular nerve

Transverse cutaneous nerve of neck

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Posterior triangle

Spinal accessory nerve

Levator scapulae muscle

Trapezius muscle

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Fig. 1D.21b Posterior triangle of the neck–contents.

1

2

3

4

5

Stylopharyngeus muscle

Stylohyoid muscle

Styloglossus muscle

Stylohyoid ligament

Stylomandibular ligament

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Fig. 1D.22 Styloid apparatus.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Intercavernous sinus

Cavernous sinus

Inferior petrosal sinus

Marginal sinus

Right sigmoid sinus

Right transverse sinus

Confluence of sinuses

Left sigmoid sinus

Left transverse sinus

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Fig. 1D.23 Dural venous sinuses.



1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Cavernous sinus

Pituitary gland


III Nerve

IV Nerve

Ophthalmic nerve (V1)

VI Nerve

Maxillary nerve (V2)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Fig. 1D.24a Cavernous sinus.

Anterior intercavernous sinus

Posterior intercavernous sinus

Superficial middle cerebral vein

Inferior cerebral vein

Hole for stalk of pituitary body

Ophthalmic veins

Sphenoparietal sinus

Middle meningeal sinus

Cavernous sinus

Emissary sphenoidal foramen

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Superior petrosal sinus

Inferior petrosal sinus

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

m.

n.

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

ij

k

l

mn

Fig. 1D.24b Cavernous sinus—extent and connections.

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Free margin of tentorium

Tentorial notch

Tentorium cerebelli

Left transverse sinus

Straight sinus

Midbrain cut

Right transverse sinus

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

Fig. 1D.25 Tentorium cerebelli—superior view.



Anterior communicating artery


Anterior cerebral artery

Middle cerebral artery

Posterior communicating artery

Posterior cerebral artery

Basilar artery

Vertebral artery

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1

2

3

45

6

7

8

Fig. 1D.26 Circle of Willis.

a

b

c

d

e

Superior sagittal sinus

Falx cerebri

Inferior sagittal sinus

Diaphragma sellae

Straight sinus

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Fig. 1D.27a Falx cerebri.

Superior sagittal sinus

Falx cerebri

Inferior sagittal sinus

1.

2.

3.

1

2

3

Fig. 1D.27b Falx cerebri.



(A)

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

(B)

B1

B2

B3

B4

(C)

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

Branches of maxillary artery (first part)

Deep auricle artery

Anterior tympanic artery

Middle meningeal artery

Accessory meningeal artery

Inferior alveolar artery

Branch of maxillary artery

Deep temporal artery

Pterygoid artery

Masseteric artery

Buccal artery

Branch of maxillary artery (third part)

Posterior superior alveolar artery

Infraorbital artery

Sphenopalatine (terminal part)

Pharyngeal artery

Artery of pterygoid canal

A2

A1

A3 and A4

A5

B1

B2B3

B4

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

Fig. 1D.28 Branches of maxillary artery.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Submandibular triangle

Anterior belly of digastric muscle

Carotid triangle

Superior belly of omohyoid muscle

Muscular triangle

Posterior belly of digastric muscle

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Clavicle

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Fig. 1D.29 Contents of carotid triangle.

1

2

3

4

5Inferior labial artery

Superior labial artery

Lateral nasal artery

Angular vessels

Dorsal nasal artery

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Fig. 1D.30 Facial artery.



Facial artery


Lingual artery

Vena comitans of lingual artery

Geniohyoid

Position of sublingual gland

Genioglossus

Dorsalis linguae artery

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1

2 3

4

5

6

7

8

Fig. 1D.31 Lingual artery.

A

A1

A2

A3

A4

B

B1

B2

B3

C

Superior roots of ansa cervicalis

To superior belly of omohyoid

To sternohyoid

To sternothyroid

To inferior belly of omohyoid

Hypoglossal nerve

Ventral ramus of C1

Ventral ramus of C2

Ventral ramus of C3

Inferior root of ansa cervicalis (descending cervicalis)

A

A1

A2

A3

A4

B

B1

B2

B3

C

Fig. 1D.32 Ansa cervicalis.

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

I.

j.

k.

Supraorbital vein

Supratrochlear vein

Angular vein

Superficial temporal vein

Maxillary vein


Deep facial vein

Facial vein

Common facial vein

Posterior auricular vein


Fig. 1D.33 External jugular vein.



1

2

3

41.

2.

3.

4.

Cervical

Buccal

Mandibular

Temporal

Fig. 1D.34 Branches of facial nerve on face.

1

2

3

T

Z

B

M

C

1.

2.

3.

T.

Z.

B.

M.

C.

Facial nerve (VII)



Temporal branch

Zygomatic branch

Buccal branch

Mandibular branch

Cervical branch

Branches of facial nerve:

Fig. 1D.35 Structures within parotid gland.

12

3 1.

2.

3.

Parotid duct

Masseter muscle

Parotid gland

Fig. 1D.36 Parotid duct—relations.



1. Masseter muscle

1

Fig. 1D.37 Masseter muscle.

1

23

4

5

6

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Condyloid process

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Coronoid process

Temporalis

Inferior temporal line

Superior temporal line

Fig. 1D.38 Temporalis muscle.

1

2

34

5

6

7

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Deep head of medial pterygoid

Insertion of lateral pterygoid into pterygoid fovea

Articular disc

Fibrous capsule

Superficial head of medial pterygoid

Pterygomaxillary fissure

Upper and lower head of lateral pterygoid

Fig. 1D.39 Lateral pterygoid muscles.



2

3

4

5

6

7 8

9

10

11

1

Submental lymph nodes

Anterior belly of digastric

Mylohyoid

Hyoglossus

Posterior belly of diagastric

Pulley

Facial artery

Nerve to mylohyoid

Submental artery

Masseter

Hyoid bone

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Fig. 1D.40 Relations of mylohyoid muscle.

1

2

3

4

5

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mandible (lower border)

Anterior belly of digastric muscle

(from digastric fossa of mandible)

Intermediate tendon held by

fibrous pulley to hyoid bone

Hyoid bone

Posterior belly of digastric muscle

(mastoid notch of temporal bone)

Fig. 1D.41 Digastric muscle.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Styloglossus muscle

Submandibular gland

Hyoglossus muscles

Geniohyoid muscle

Mandible

Submandibular duct

1

2

3

4

5

6

Fig. 1D.42 Submandibular gland.



1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Semilunar ganglion

Minor petrosal nerve

Otic ganglion

Auriculotemporal nerve

Tympanic nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Parotid gland

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Fig. 1D.43 Otic ganglion.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Semilunar ganglion

Lingual nerve

Facial nerve

Chorda tympani

Submandibular ganglion

Submandibular gland

Sublingual gland

Lingual nerve

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Fig. 1D.44 Submandibular ganglion.

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

11

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Oesophagus

Prevertebral fascia

Carotid sheath

Thyroid gland

Trachea

Omohyoid

Sternocleidomastoid

Sternohyoid

Sternothyroid

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Parathyroid gland

Fig. 1D.45 Thyroid gland and its relations.



1

2

3

4

5

6

1. Tensor aponeurosis

2. Pterygoid hamulus

3. Palatopharyngeus

4. Palatoglossus

5. Musculus uvulae

6. Levator veli palatini

Fig. 1D.46 Muscles of the soft palate.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1. Mylohyoid2. Hyoglossus3. Thyrohyoid4. Trachea5. Oesophagus6. Superior constrictor pharynx7. Middle constrictor pharynx8. Inferior constrictor pharynx

Fig. 1D.47 Constrictor muscles of pharynx.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Orbital plate of frontal bone

Orbital plate of ethmoidal labyrinth

Perpendicular plate

Nasal cavities

Palate

Nasal septum

Inferior concha

Ostium

Middle concha

Ethmoidal sinuses

Superior concha

Crista galli

Cranial cavity, cribriform plate

1

2

3

4

5 6 7

8

9

1011

1213

Orbit

Maxillarysinus

Orbit

Maxillarysinus

Fig. 1D.48 Coronal section through skull.



1 2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Opening of posterior ethmoidal cells

Opening of sphenoidal sinus

Bulla ethmoidalis

Opening of maxillary sinus

Hiatus semilunaris

Opening of nasolacrimal duct

Opening of frontal sinus as infundibulum

Opening of middle ethmoidal cells

Vestibule

Opening of anterior ethmoidal cells

Fig. 1D.49 Openings in the meatuses.

1

2

3

4

5

6

9

8

7 1. Olfactory bulb

2. Posterior superior lateral nasal nerve

3. Pterygopalatine ganglion

4. Pharyngeal nerve

5. Lesser palatine nerve

6. Greater palatine nerve

7. Anterior ethmoidal nerve

8. Internal and external nasal nerve

9. Posterior inferior lateral nasal nerves

Fig. 1D.50 Nerve supply of nasal cavity.

1. Posterior ethmoidal artery

2. Sphenopalatine artery

3. Greater palatine artery

4. Anterior ethmoidal artery

5. Twigs from facial artery

1

2

3

4

5

Fig. 1D.51 Arterial supply of nasal cavity.



1. Ethmoidal sinusesNasal septum

Middle ethmoidal sinus

Maxillary sinus

Floor of nose

Palate forming roof of mouth

Floor of anterior cranial fossa

Orbit

Superior concha

Middle concha

Maxillary hiatus

Inferior concha

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

7

1

2

3

4

5

89

10

11

12

6

Fig. 1D.52 Maxillary sinuses.

Meningeal layer of dura mater

Oculomotor nerve

Trochlear nerve

Cavernous sinus

Maxillary nerve

Mandibular nerve

Abducent nerve


Sphenoidal sinus

Hypophysis cerebri

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 8

9

Fig. 1D.53 Sphenoidal air sinuses.

1

2

4

5

6

7

89

10

11

12

13

14

3

Vallecula

Epiglottis

Median glossoepiglottic fold

Lingual follicles

Foramen caecum

Vallate papillae

Foliate papillae

Fungiform papillae

Filiform papillae

Area for internal laryngeal nerve (X)

Lateral glossoepiglottic fold

Palatine tonsil

Area for glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Area for lingual nerve (V3) with chorda tympani (VII)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Fig. 1D.54 Tongue—external features.



12

3

4

5

10

9

8

7

6

Palatoglossus

Hyoglossus

Genioglossus

Geniohyoid and mylohyoid

Hyoglossus

Styloglossus

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

Stylopharyngeus

Stylohyoid ligament

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Fig. 1D.55 Musculature of the tongue.

12

3

4

5

Anterior malleolar fold

Pars flaccida

Posterior malleolar fold

Position of handle of malleus

Pars tensa (outer surface)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1

2

3

4

Short process and body of incus

Head, anterior process and handle of malleus

Pars tensa

Chorda tympani

1.

2.

3.

4.

Fig. 1D.56 Tympanic membrane.



1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Levator palpebrae

Superior rectus

Optic nerve

Inferior oblique

Inferior rectus

Optic nerve

Superior rectus

Levator palpebrae

Lateral rectus

Superior oblique

Medial rectus

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Fig. 1D.57 Muscles of the eyeball.


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