Salvete, discipuli!

Chapter VII: Subjunctive I

Verbal Aspects

Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Infinitive Participle

Active Passive

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

1st 2nd 3rd

Singular Plural

The Subjunctive

• The basic idea that the Subjunctive is used to communicate is “unreality” and potentiality.i.e., the woulda, coulda, shoulda of Latin.

• The Subjunctive consists of 4 tenses:Present

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

• The Subjunctive has no future tenses because potential/unreal actions are by nature in the future. Therefore, no future is necessary.

The Subjunctive

• There are two basic types of Subjunctive: Independent and Dependent

• The Independent Subjunctive is really where the potential nature of the Subjunctive is apparent.

• The Dependent Subjunctive is used mainly to denote potentiality in a subordinate clause, and is rarely translated differently than a normal, indicative main verb.

Forming the Subjunctive

• The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings)

• The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned.

• In the present tense, the subjunctive is indicated by a change in the stem vowel of the verb.

Conjugation Review

• The stem vowel of the verb is the one that occurs before the “re”

• 1st conjugation: amō, amāre• 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre• 3rd conjugation: agō, agere (actually i)• 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

Present Subjunctive

The changes in the present subjunctive are the following:

• 1st conjugation: ā --> e• 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea• 3rd conjugation: i --> a• 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia

Present Subjunctive

• 1st conjugation: ā --> e• 2nd conjugation: ē --> ea• 3rd conjugation: i --> a• 4th conjugation (including 3 -io): ī --> ia

Therefore, we can use the phrase “we fear a liar”

to help remember the changes.

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the present active subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -re.• amā

3. Change the stem vowel• ā --> e

4. Add the personal ending to the stem.• ame + -t = amet (he/she/it loves)

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the present passive subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -re.• amā

3. Change the stem vowel• ā --> e

4. Add the personal ending to the stem.• ame + -tur = ametur (he/she/it is loved)

Practice

1. 3rd sing., pres., passive, subjunctive of maneō, manēre maneatur

2. 2nd plural pres., active, subjunctive of līberō, līberāre līberetis

3. 1st plural pres., passive, subjunctive of ducō, ducere ducamur

4. 1st singular pres., active subjunctive of fugiō, fugere fugiam

5. 3rd plural pres., passive, subjunctive of audiō, audīre audiantur

Forming the Subjunctive

• The Subjunctive can be identified by a change in the stem of verbs. (cf. to infixes and endings)

• The Subjunctive Tenses, however, still employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned.

• In the imperfect tense, the subjunctive is indicated by adding the endings directly to the present active infinitive of the verb.

Infinitive Review

Below are the present, active, infinitives of the different conjugations:

• 1st conjugation: amō, amāre• 2nd conjugation: habeō, habēre• 3rd conjugation: agō, agere• 4th conjugation: audiō, audīre

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the imperfect active subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive.• amāre + -t = amāret (he/she/it was loving)

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the imperfect passive subjunctive:

1. Find the present active infinitive (the 2nd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the personal ending directly to the infinitive.• amāre + -tur = amāretur (he/she/it was being loved)

Practice

1. 3rd sing., imperf., passive, subj. of maneō, manēre manēretur

2. 2nd plural, imperf., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre līberāretis

3. 1st plural, imperf., passive, subj. of ducō, ducere duceremur

4. 1st sing., imperf., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere fugerem

5. 3rd plural, imperf., passive, subj. of audiō, audīre audīrentur

Subjunctive Review

Present Subjunctive

“we fear a liar”

Perfect Subjunctive

????

Pluperfect Subjunctive

????

Imperfect Subjunctive

2nd pp + pers. endings

The Perfect and Present Systems

A Latin verb has four principle parts:

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

1st, sing., present, active

present, active, infinitive

1st, sing., perfect, active

perfect, passive, participle

The Perfect and Present Systems

A Latin verb has four principle parts:

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

Present System

Active/Passive Active Passive

Perfect System

Forming the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned:

Therefore, in the active voice, the 3rd principle part will be used.

• In the perfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -eri.

• In the pluperfect active, the subjunctive is indicated by the infix -isse.

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the perfect active subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect active stem (the 3rd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -ī.• amāv

3. Add the infix “-eri”• amāveri

4. Add the personal ending to the stem.• amāveri + -t = amāverit (he/she/it loved)

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the pluperfect active subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect active stem (the 3rd principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Take off the -ī.• amāv

3. Add the infix “-isse”• amāvisse

4. Add the active personal endings to the stem.• amāvisse + -t = amāvisset (he/she/it had loved)

Practice1. 3rd sing., perfect, active, subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī,

mansus manserit

2. 2nd plural, plup., active, subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus

līberāvissetis

3. 1st plural, perfect, active, subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus duxerimus

4. 1st singular, plup., active, subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus fugissem

5. 3rd plural, perfect, active, subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus

audīverint

The Perfect and Present Systems

A Latin verb has four principle parts:

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

Present System

Active/Passive Active Passive

Perfect System

Forming the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned:

Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used.

• In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse.

• In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

Present Tense of ‘sum, esse’

Indicative

sumesest

sumusestissunt

Subjunctive

simsissit

simussitissint

Imperfect Tense of ‘sum, esse’

Indicative

eramerāserat

erāmuserātiserant

Subjunctive

essemessesesset

essemusessetisessent

Forming the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive Tenses employ the same Present and Perfect Stems we have already learned:

Therefore, in the passive voice, the 4th principle part will be used.

• In the perfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the present subjunctive of sum, esse.

• In the pluperfect passive, the subjunctive is indicated by the imperfect subjunctive of sum, esse.

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the perfect passive subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect passive stem (the 4th principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the present subjunctive of “sum, esse”• amātus + sit = amātus, a, um sit (he/she/it was loved)

3. Remember to show all the possibilities for genders• amātus, a, um sit

Perfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus”

Indicative

amātus, a, um sumamātus, a, um esamātus, a, um estamātī, ae, a sumusamātī, ae, a estisamātī, ae, a sunt

Subjunctive

amātus, a, um simamātus, a, um sisamātus, a, um sitamātī, ae, a simusamātī, ae, a sitisamātī, ae, a sint

Creating the Subjunctive

Steps to create the pluperfect passive subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect passive stem (the 4th principle part).• amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus

2. Add the imperfect subjunctive of “sum, esse”• amātus + esset = amātus, a, um esset (he/she/it was loved)

3. Remember to show all the possibilities for genders• amātus, a, um esset

Pluperfect Passive of “amō, amāre amāvī, amātus”

Indicative

amātus, a, um eramamātus, a, um erāsamātus, a, um eratamātī, ae, a erāmusamātī, ae, a erātisamātī, ae, a erant

Subjunctive

amātus, a, um essemamātus, a, um essesamātus, a, um essetamātī, ae, a essemusamātī, ae, a essetisamātī, ae, a essent

Practice1. 3rd sing., perfect, pass., subj. of maneō, manēre, mansī,

mansus mansus, a, um sit

2. 2nd plural, plup., pass., subj. of līberō, līberāre, liberāvī, liberātus

līberātī,ae, a essetis

3. 1st plural, perfect, pass., subj. of ducō, ducere, duxī, ductus ductī, ae, a simus

4. 1st singular, plup., pass., subj. of fugiō, fugere, fugī, fugitūrus fugitūrus, a, um essem

5. 3rd plural, perfect, pass., subj. of audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus

audītī, ae, a sint

Subjunctive Review

Present Subjunctive

“we fear a liar”

Perfect Subjunctive

Pluperfect SubjunctiveImperfect Subjunctive

2nd pp + pers. endings

Active3rd pp + eri

Passive4th pp +

sim, sis, sit

Active3rd pp + isse

Passive4th pp + essem,

esses, esset

Homework?

Remember!

1. Homework 39