saltwater ecosystem
TRANSCRIPT
SALTWATERECOSYSTEM
Pomar, Princess Joyce P.
Oceanography-deals with the study of the sea in all its
aspects- physical, geological, and biological. -one who studies the discipline is called
oceanographer.
The term marine comes from the Latin mare, meaning sea or ocean.Marine
HABITAT Marine Habitat
Marine Habitat Zonation
Horizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
Vertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic HabitatB
A
Marine Habitat Zonation
IntertidalSandy ShoreRocky Sh0re
MudflatSalt MarshMangrove
EstuaryKelp Forest
Seagrass MeadowCoral Reef
Horizontal Zonation Vertical Zonation
Coastal Habitat Open Ocean Habitat Benthic Habitat Pelagic Habitat
Surface WaterHydrothermal Vents
TrenchesSeamounts
Littoral ZoneBathyal ZoneAbyssal ZoneHadal Zone
Epipelagic ZoneMesopelagic ZoneBathypelagic Zone
Abyssopelagic Zone
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
A.
Coastal Habitat/Neritic: found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline out to the edge of the continental shelf.
Open Ocean Habitat: found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf.
1.2.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
A.
Coastal Open Ocean
Most marine life is found in coastal habitats, even though the shelf area occupies only seven percent of the total ocean area.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
Coastal habitats are mainly distinguished based by their inhabitants like corals, kelp, mangroves and seagrasses.
These organisms reshape the marine environment to the point where they create further habitat for other organisms.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1a. Intertidal Zone
Area close to shore; where land and sea meet; covered with water at high tide, and exposed to air at low tide
Organisms are scavengers. They bore and grind exposed rock through the process of BIOEROSION.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1b. Sandy Shore
Also called beach; coastal shoreline where sand accumulates; harsh and constantly changing environment
Habitat: birds (gulls, loons, sandpipers, terns and pelicans), clams, periwinkles, crabs, shrimp, starfish, sea urchins, diatoms, bacteria and other microscopic creaturesSpawn eggs: Some fish and turtlesRecover from illness: sea lions
1c. Rocky Shore
Has relative solidity; permanent nature compared to the shifting nature of sandy shores
Plants and animals can anchor themselves to the rocks. Examples are barnacles on rock spaces and mussels on rock crevices.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1d. Mudflats
Coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers; results from deposition of estuarine silts, clays and marine animal detritus
Are of particular importance to migratory birds
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1e. Salt marsh
Upper part of the mud, which the sea reaches only when the tide is high; start their life as mudflats
Habitat in temperate areas; flat low growing salt tolerant vegetation
1f. Mangrove
Habitat of a number of halophytic (salt-tolerant) plant species (more than 12 families and 50 species worldwide)
Habitat in tropical areas; dominated by mangrove trees of the genus Rhizophora (known as walking trees)
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1g.Estuary
Partly enclosed coastal body of water; transition zone between river environments and ocean environments
Most productive natural habitats in the world (from inflow of both seawater and freshwater that provide high levels of nutrients).
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1h.Kelp Forest
Underwater areas with a high density of kelp. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds. Kelps are large, leafy brown algae.
Forms some of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth.
Occurs worldwide throughout temperate and polar coastal oceans.
The kelp forest exhibit at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Monterey, California
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1i.Seagrass Meadow
Seagrasses are flowering plants; grow in large meadows which look like grassland; submerged in the photic zone, where there is enough sunlight
Seagrass beds make highly diverse and productive ecosystems.
Habitat: juvenile and adult fish, epiphytic and free-living macroalgae and microalgae, mollusks, bristle worms, and nematodesFeed directly on seagrass leaves: green turtles, dugongs, manatees, fish, geese, swans, sea urchins and crabs
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
1.Coastal Habitat:
A.
1j.Coral Reef
Built up by corals and other calcium-depositing animals, usually on top of a rocky outcrop on the ocean floor.
Comprises some of the densest and most diverse habitats in the world
Support a huge community of life, including the corals themselves, their symbiotic zooxanthellae, tropical fish and many other organisms
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
A.
2.Open Ocean Habitat: 2a.Surface Water
Sunlit; usually low in nutrients as organic debris sink to the depths and are lost to the upper zone
Allows photosynthesis by phytoplankton due to light, upwelling of nutrients from the ocean depth, land runoff, storms or ocean currents; extreme multiplication of phytoplankton results to ALGAL BLOOM.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
A.
2.Open Ocean Habitat:
2b.Hydrothermal Vents
Mid-ocean ridge; act as oases
Such places support unique biomes and many new microbes and other life forms have been discovered at these locations.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
A.
2.Open Ocean Habitat: 2c.TrenchesAt such depths, water pressure is extreme and there is no sunlight, but some life still exists. The deepest recorded oceanic trenches measure to date is the Mariana Trench, near the Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean at 10,924 m (35,838 ft). A white flatfish, a shrimp and a jellyfish were seen by the American crew of the bathyscaphe Trieste when it dove to the bottom in 1960.
Marine Habitat ZonationHorizontal Zonation: Coastal Habitat versus Open Ocean Habitat
A.
2.Open Ocean Habitat:
2c.Seamounts
Seamounts are undersea mountains (usually of volcanic origin) rising from the seafloor and peaking below sea level.
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
B.
Benthic Zone or Habitat: sea bottom; the region defined by the surface of the earth beneath the sea
Pelagic Zone or Habitat: Limnetic zone; open sea; the region that encompasses all the watery parts of the sea
1.2.
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
B.
Benthic
Pelagic
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
1.Benthic Zone:
B.
1a.Littoral Zone
Also known as intertidal zone
Includes the continental shelf, which extends to about 100 m deep
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
1.Benthic Zone: 1b.Bathyal Zone
Region of continental slope and rise which extends 2,000 meters
May be “geologically active” with trenches and canyons subject to underwater erosion and avalanches
B.
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
1.Benthic Zone:
1c.Abyssal Zone
Area of the ocean “deeps” that may lie anywhere from 2,000 to 5,000 meters down
1d.Hadal Zone
Very deep areas; trenches may drop below from 4,000 to 10,000 meters
B.
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
2.Pelagic Zone:
B.
It is also called Limnetic Zone. It has two primary zones:
Neritic Zone: ”Near shore” zone; shallow water zone on the continental shelf
Oceanic Zone: Region of the open ocean beyond the continental shelf; particularly divided into different zones which are mainly determined by light penetration
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
B.
2a.Epipelagic ZoneAlso known as euphotic zone or “producing region”; upper ocean region which sunlight generally penetrates at about 200 meters
Nutrient levels low; dissolved O2 high; photosynthetic activity
2b.Mesopelagic ZoneAlso known as disphotic zone or twilight zone; from 200 to 1000 meters; light is very dim
2.Pelagic Zone:
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
B.
2c.Bathypelagic Zone
Part of aphotic zone; from 1,000 to 4,000 meters; dimly lit middle layer
No photosynthetic activity, zooplankton and fish live there and migrate to euphotic zone to feed at night.
2.Pelagic Zone:
Marine Habitat ZonationVertical Zonation: Benthic Habitat versus Pelagic Habitat
B.
2d. Abyssopelagic Zone
Part of aphotic zone; 4,000 meters below; dark bottom layer
Very cold; little dissolved O2
2.Pelagic Zone:
Marine Habitat Zonation
IntertidalSandy ShoreRocky Sh0re
MudflatSalt MarshMangrove
EstuaryKelp Forest
Seagrass MeadowCoral Reef
Horizontal Zonation Vertical Zonation
Coastal Habitat Open Ocean Habitat Benthic Habitat Pelagic Habitat
Surface WaterHydrothermal Vents
TrenchesSeamounts
Littoral ZoneBathyal ZoneAbyssal ZoneHadal Zone
Epipelagic ZoneMesopelagic ZoneBathypelagic Zone
Abyssopelagic Zone
Field Sampling Techniques
Types of Data
Physico-chemical Data• information about the
physical and chemical characteristics of the system.
• water depth• soil depth• water flow rate temperature• pH
Biological Data• information specific to
the biota within the system.
• Species diversity• Plant height• number of leaves• Internode length• Root:shoot ratio• Height of the animal• Number of offspring produced
and average life span
Field Sampling techniques• Quadrat Sampling Method– is a method used to intensively sample a subset of a system, so as
to obtain a representative sample. The technique involves randomly selecting square areas (quadrats) of a specific size within a study site and collecting data of interest within these quadrats.
Field Sampling techniques
• Point-quarter Sampling - is more complex than quadrat sampling but expands
on the same concept in an attempt to reduce the amount of intensive labor involved in quadrat sampling.
Field Sampling techniques• Transect Sampling
- is one of the most widespread ecological techniques for sampling both plants and animals. To implement this technique, the investigator establishes a line (i.e. the transect line) between two points.
Field Sampling techniques• Capture Techniques
- Are useful for many species of mobile animals that are elusive or live in an environment that is hard to access (e.g. many marine environments).- It may include nets, traps, snares, or settlement substrates.
> Grab Sampling– Good for bacteriological sampling.– The 250 ml bacteriological sample.
> Composite Sampling• Suspended sediment Sampler
Common Instruments used:
• Dissolved Oxygen Meter
• pH Meter• Conductivity
Meter• Flow Meter• Salinity Meter• Turbidity Meter• Secchi Disk
• Dissolved Oxygen Meter
• pH Meter
• Conductivity Meter
• Turbidity Meter
• Salinity Meter
• Secchi Disk