salivary glands disorders. anatomical considerations two submandibular two parotid two sublingual...
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Salivary Glands Disorders
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Anatomical Considerations
Two submandibular
Two Parotid Two sublingual > 400 minor
salivary glands
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Minor salivary glands These lie just under
mucosa. Distributed over lips,
cheeks, palate, floor of mouth & retro-molar area.
Also appear in upper aerodigestive tract
Contribute 10% of total salivary volume.
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Sublingual Salivary glands
This is the smallest of the major salivary glands.
The almond shaped gland lies just deep to the floor of mouth mucosa between the mandible & Genioglossus muscle.
It is bounded inferiorly by the Mylohyoid muscle
Sublingual gland has no true fascial capsule.
It lacks a single dominant duct. Instead, it is drained by approximately 10 small ducts (the Ducts of Rivinus)
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Submandibular Gland This gland lies in the
submandibular triangle formed by the anterior and posterior bellies of the Digastric muscle and the inferior margin of the mandible.
The gland forms a ‘C’ around the anterior margin of the Mylohyoid muscle, which divides the gland into a superficial and deep lobe.
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Submandibular Gland…… Wharton’s duct empties
into the intraoral cavity lateral to the lingual frenulum on the anterior floor of mouth
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Parotid Gland The parotid gland represents the
largest salivary gland The following lists the
boundaries of the parotid compartment:
•Superior border – Zygoma•Posterior border – External Auditory Canal•Inferior border – Styloid Process, Styloid Process musculature, Internal Carotid Artery, Jugular Veins•Anterior border – a diagonal line drawn from the Zygomatic root to the EAC
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Parotid Gland…… 80% of the gland overlies
the Masseter and mandible. The remaining 20% of the gland (the retromandibular portion
This portion of the gland lies in the Prestyloid Compartment of the Parapharyngeal space
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Parotid Gland…… Stensen’s duct arises from the
anterior border of the Parotid and parallels the Zygomatic arch, 1.5 cm inferior to the inferior margin of the arch.
It runs superficial to the masseter muscle, then turns medially 90 degrees to pierce the Buccinator muscle at the level of the second maxillary molar where it opens onto the oral cavity.
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Parotid Gland……
Cranial Nerve VII divides it into 2 surgical zones (the superficial and deep lobes).
After exiting the foramen, it turns laterally to enter the gland at its posterior margin.
The nerve then branches at the Pes Anserinus (goose’s foot) approximately 1.3 cm from the stylomastoid foramen. The nerve then gives rise to 2 divisions:
1)Temperofacial (upper) 2)Cervicofacial (lower)
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Parotid Gland…… Followed by 5
terminal branches: 1)Temporal 2)Zygomatic 3)Buccal 4)Marginal
Mandibular 5)Cervical
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Functions of saliva include the following: It has a cleansing action on the teeth It moistens and lubricates food during mastication and
swallowing It dissolves certain molecules so that food can be
tasted It begins the chemical digestion of starches through
the action of amylase, which breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides.
The saliva from the parotid gland is a rather thin, watery fluid, but the saliva from the sublingual and the submandibular glands contains mucus and is much thicker.
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Disorders of minor salivary Glands
Extravasation Cysts Follow trauma MSG with in lower
lip Visible painful
swelling Some resolve
spontaneously or require surgery
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Disorders of minor salivary Glands
MSG tumours are rare but 90% are malignant
Common sites include Upper lip Palate Retromolar regions Rare sites are
nose/PNS/Pharynx
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Disorders of minor salivary Glands
Benign tumours present as painless slow growing swellings, overlying ulceration is rare.
Malignant tumours have firmer consistency and have ulceration at later stage
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Disorders of minor salivary Glands
Benign tumors of palate < 1cm in size are removed by excisional biopsy
When size larger than 1 cm prior incisional biopsy is done
Malignant tumors are managed by excision which may involve low-level or total maxillectomy and immediate reconstruction
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Disorders of sublingual salivary Glands
Problems are rare Minor mucous retention cysts Plunging ranula is a retention
cyst that tunnels deep Nearly all tumours are
malignant
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Plunging ranula Rare form of retention cyst May arise from SM/SL SG Mucous collects around
gland Penetrates Mylohyoid
muscle to enter neck Soft painless fluctuant
dumb-bell shaped swelling Surgical excision via neck
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Disorders of sublingual salivary Glands
Tumours are rare 90% are malignant Wide excision and simultaneous neck
dissection
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Disorders of submandibular salivary Glands
Acute sialadenitis Viral (Mumps) Bacterial secondary to infection
More Common Secondary to obstruction Poor capacity to recover Despite control with Abx
chronicity follows and requires surgical excision
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Chronic Sialadenitis Commonly due to obstruction
following stone formation 80% salivary stones occur in SMSG High mucous content Acute painful swelling rapidly
precipitated by eating & resolves within 1-2 hours
Enlarged bimanually palpable SMG Marsuplisation/Excision
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Tumors of Submandibular Salivary Glands
Uncommon, slow growing, painless Only 50% are benign Even malignant tumours can be slow
growing Pain is not a reliable feature Investigations:
CT/MRI FNAC No open biopsy
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Management
Small & encased within capsule intracapsular excision
Large benign tumors– suprahyoid excision
Malignant tumours require concomitant neck dissection
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Disorders of parotid Glands
Common causes of parotid swelling: Mumps Acute bacterial sialadenitis in dehydrated
elderly patients Acute bacterial parotitis Obstructive parotitis: causes swelling at
meal time
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Parotid Tumours Most Common is pleomorphic adenoma
(80-90%) Low grade Tumors like acinic cell carcinoma
are not distinguishable from benign High grade Tumours grow rapidly, are often
painful and have nodal metastasis CT/MRI are useful FNAC better than open biopsy Tx should be excised & not enucleated
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Classification of Parotid Tumours
Adenoma Pleomorphic Monomorphic (Warthin’s Tumour)
Carcinoma Low grade (Acinic cell/Adenoid
cystic) High grade (Adenocarcinoma/SCC)
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Management Superficial
parotidectomy most common procedure
Radical parotidectomy is performed for patients clear histological evidence of high grade malignancy
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Tumour like lesions
Sialadenosis Diabetes Alcoholism Endocrine disorders Pregnancy Bulimia
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Sjogren Syndrome Autoimmune condition causing
progressive degeneration of salivary and lachrymal glands
The oral aspects of primary Sjogren's syndrome consist of mucosal atrophy (80% to 95%), salivary gland enlargement approximately 30 %),
The oral manifestations may include xerostomia with or without salivary gland enlargement, candidiasis, dental caries and taste dysfunction.
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Investigations Sialometry Sialography Scintigraphy a radioactive tracer is given
by vein that is subsequently taken up by the salivary glands and gradually eliminated within the salivary fluid
Sialochemistry Ultrasonogram Labial or minor salivary gland biopsy
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Management Symptomatic From the systemic drug treatment
standpoint, immunosuppressive therapy in the form of corticosteroids or cytotoxic drugs have proven effective, in particular when symptoms are severe. A drug known as Plaquenil has also proven to be helpful in some cases with open questions remaining as to the role of alpha interferon and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.