IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

5th ASEAN REGIONAL FORUM

INTER-SESSIONAL MEETING on NON PROLIFERATION and DISARMAMENT

Safety, Security and Safeguards

Paul Woodhouse

Department of Nuclear Safety and Security

IAEA

Presentation title - structure

• The beginning

• IAEA Statute

• Nuclear Safety and Nuclear

Security

• IAEA Safeguards

• Science and Technology

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The beginning - Atoms for Peace

• The Agency's genesis was US President

Eisenhower's Atom’s for Peace address to

the General Assembly of the United Nations

on 8 December 1953. These ideas helped to

shape the IAEA Statute, which 81 nations

unanimously approved in October 1956.

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The IAEA Statute

• IAEA statute Article III, A.1 “To encourage and assist research on, and development and practical application of, atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the world; …” • IAEA provides the core engineering, technological and

management support to interested Member States in the field of nuclear power

• IAEA statute Article III, A.6, “To establish or adopt, in consultation …, standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property …and to provide for the application of these standards ”

• The Agency is authorized to […] 3. to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on the peaceful uses of atomic energy,

4. to encourage the exchange of training of scientists and experts in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy

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Nuclear Safety and Nuclear Security

• Nuclear safety and nuclear security have the

same ultimate goal of protecting people,

society and the environment.

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Safety History: Chernobyl

• Nuclear Safety lessons learned

from the accident focused on

identifying the weaknesses in and

improving the design safety of

VVER and RBMK reactors

• Acceleration in development of

safety standards, guidelines and

services to assist countries affected

• Department of Nuclear Safety was

created a decade later

• 25 years later: Fukushima

“…Radioactivity does not respect

national boundaries, or national

sovereignties. Rules ensuring the safe

use of large-scale nuclear activities

should therefore be worked out

internationally and accepted to apply

everywhere….”

Hans Blix,

former IAEA Director General

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Security History: 9/11

• September 11, 2001 aftermath of terrorist attack:

• Security risks from outside groups or insider threats

became of paramount concern surrounding nuclear power

plant critical infrastructure

• Questionable whether reactors would withstand such

attacks

• Apart from radioactive sources, reactors and other parts

of the nuclear fuel cycle vulnerable to attack, e.g.,

reprocessing facilities and transport between sites

• 2003 Office of Security

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Global Nuclear Safety and Security Framework

IAEA Safety Standards

& Security Guidance

IAEA Safety & Security

Peer Reviews &

Advisory Services

Regulations & enforcements

Operation & use

Research, Education & Training

Conventions: NSC,JC, CPPNM, UNSCR 1540…etc

CoCs: RRs & S&S of RSs

International Instruments

National & Regional Nuclear Safety & Security Infrastructure

Global Knowledge

Network

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Safety Standards Categories

IAEA Safety Standards

Fundamental

Safety Principles

Safety Fundamentals

f or protec ting people and t he env i ronm ent

IAEA Safety Standards

Regulations for the

Safe Transport of

Radioactive Material2005 Edit ion

Safety Requirements

No. TS-R-1

f or protec ting people and t he env i ronm ent

IAEA Safety Standards

Design of the

Reactor Core for

Nuclear Power Plants

Safety Guide

No. NS-G-1.12

f or protec ting people and t he env i ronm ent

Fundamental safety

objective and principles

for protecting people

and environment

Requirements that

must be met to ensure

protection of people

and environment –

’shall’

Safety Guides

Recommended ways

of meeting the

requirements

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IAEA Security Guidance Documents

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The Nuclear Security Guidance

Committee, open to all Member

States, makes recommendations on

the development and review of the

Nuclear Security Series.

The Nuclear Security Series,

developed in close consultation with

Member States’ experts, are

consistent with and complement

international nuclear security

instruments, and bring together best

practices acceptable to the

international community for broad

implementation.

Nuclear Security Fundamentals

approved in September 2012

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Nuclear Safety and Nuclear Security

Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR)

Safety of Nuclear Installations

Radiation and Transport Safety

Management of Radioactive Waste

Nuclear Safety Action Plan

Nuclear Security

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Incident and Emergency Centre

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IAEA’s Role in Preparedness

• Developing IAEA’s EPR related safety standards,

guides and tools

• Assisting MSs in establishing or enhancing their

EPR systems

• Capacity Building in EPR

• Providing appraisal services

• Maintaining inter-agency response preparedness

• Maintaining IAEA’s in-house preparedness

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IAEA’s Role in Response

• Notification and official information exchange

• Assessment of potential emergency

consequences and prognosis of possible

emergency progression

• Provision of public information

• Provision of assistance on request

• Coordination of inter-agency response

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Safety of Nuclear Installations

Missions and services

• Integrated Regulatory Review Services (IRRS) • Emergency Preparedness Reviews (EPREV) • Operational Safety Review Team (OSART)

• Building capacity for emerging, embarking, expanding Nuclear Power Programmes

• Assessing safety issues with ageing of nuclear power plants and research reactors

• Harmonizing national and international regulatory practices

• Assist Member States in external hazard assessment

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Seismic Centre

• Provides Site and External Event

Design Review Services for new and

existing NPP sites

• Provides Safety Review of SSC’s

against external and internal hazards

• Develops guidance for the

implementation of IAEA site safety

ISSC created as a global focal point

for assimilation and dissemination

of NPP safety against external

hazards

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• Peer review missions as requested

• Wider use of radioactive sources and ionizing

radiation globally

• Increased annual per capita dose due to

increasing medical exposure

• Denials and delays of shipment of radioactive

materials continue to occur in all parts of the

world

Radiation and Transport Safety

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Management of Radioactive Waste

• Peer review services as requested

• Assessing and managing radioactive discharges to

the environment

• Assessing radiation protection measures in work

involving minerals and raw materials

• Supporting safe and cost effective decommissioning

• Rapid re-development of the uranium production

cycle industry, and current remediation of legacy

sites

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Safety Post Fukushima

• March 2011, accident at TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant

• June 2011, adoption of the Ministerial Declaration at the Vienna Conference on

nuclear safety

• September 2011, the IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety was adopted by the

IAEA's Board of Governors and subsequently unanimously endorsed by the

IAEA General Conference. This is the first time in the life of the Agency that all

Member States gather, in a comprehensive program, all nuclear safety tools to

strengthen the global nuclear safety framework

“…It is essential that all of us - Member States, the

IAEA and other key stakeholders - maintain our

sense of urgency and our commitment to

implementing the Action Plan in full. ….”

Yukiya Amano,

IAEA Director General

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IAEA

Actions for:

IAEA Secretariat Member States

Other Relevant Stakeholders

IAEA Action Plan on Nuclear Safety

12 Point Plan

1. Safety Vulnerabilities

2. Peer Reviews

3. Emergency Preparedness and

Response

4. Regulatory Bodies,

5. Operating Organisations

6. IAEA Safety Standards

7. Legal Framework

8. Embarking countries

9. Capacity Building

10. Protection of People and

Environment

11. Communication

12. Research and Development

Strengthen Enhance Effectiveness

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Nuclear Security

Prevention Detection Response

… to theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or

other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive

substances or their associated facilities.

Measures taken to control and protect nuclear and other radioactive material

& associated facilities from falling into the wrong hands

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The Role of the IAEA

Nuclear security is a national responsibility.

The IAEA:

• Supports States, upon request, in their

efforts to establish and maintain

effective nuclear security through assistance

in capacity building, guidance or standards,

human resource development and risk reduction

• Facilitates adherence to and implementation

of international legal instruments related to

nuclear security

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The Vision of the IAEA’s

Office of Nuclear Security

Achieving worldwide, effective security wherever nuclear or other

radioactive material is in use, storage and/or transport, and of

associated facilities

A global threat demands a global response

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International Instruments

• Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material , and 2005

Amendment – Not yet entered into force

• Nuclear Terrorism Convention and other counter terrorism conventions

• UNSC Resolutions 1373, 1540, 1977

• INFCIRC/225/Rev 5 published as IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 13

• Code of Conduct for the Safety & Security of Radioactive Sources

Platform of international legal instruments, binding and non-

binding

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IAEA Assistance

• Encouraging and facilitating adherence to international legal

instruments

• Development of Nuclear Security guidance

• Peer Reviews / Advisory Services:

• International Nuclear Security Advisory Service (INSServ)

• International Physical Protection Advisory Service (IPPAS)

• Training and technical assistance

• Major Public Events

• Information management and co-ordination

• Co-ordinated research projects

• Risk Reduction

• Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plans (INSSPs)

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Nuclear Security Conference 2013

• 1-5 July 2013 in Vienna

• A global forum for ministers, policymakers,

senior officials, managers and experts from

all areas of nuclear security to…

(1) Review experience and achievements to date

(2) Enhance understanding of current

approaches and identify trends & issues

(3) Discuss policy, technical and regulatory

developments and issues

(4) Formulate views on the future directions and

priorities for nuclear security

(5) Provide input to the IAEA’s Nuclear Security

Plan for 2014-2017

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IAEA Safeguards

• Purpose - To provide credible assurance

about the exclusively peaceful

use of nuclear material and

facilities

• Goal - Timely detection of diversion

and deterrence through risk of

early detection

• Task - To verify the correctness and

completeness of declarations

made by States

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Safeguards Legal Instruments

• Comprehensive safeguards agreements concluded by Non

Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS) in connection with the

NPT and nuclear weapon free zone treaties

• Small quantities protocol available to NNWS with minimal

or no nuclear activities

• Voluntary offer agreements concluded by the NPT Nuclear

Weapon States

• Item-specific safeguards agreements concluded mainly by

non-NPT States

• Additional protocol available to all States with a safeguards

agreement and concluded on a voluntary basis

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Safeguards Objectives under a

Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement

• IAEA ensures that safeguards are applied on all source or

special fissionable material … to verify that such material is

not diverted to nuclear weapons …

• Safeguards objectives:

− Detect any diversion of declared nuclear material in

declared facilities or Locations Outside Facility (LOF)

− Detect any undeclared production or processing of

nuclear material in declared facilities or LOFs

− Detect any undeclared nuclear material or activities in

the State as a whole

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Safeguards and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle-

with an AP

Safeguards coverage under a Comprehensive

Safeguards Agreement Waste Storage

Waste Storage

Expanded coverage with an Additional Protocol 30

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Analysis of all Safeguards–Relevant Information

News reports

Remote monitoring data

NDA equipment

COBRA seal

Inspection Activity

Metal seals evaluation

Nuclear Material

Accountancy

Satellite imagery

Environmental samples

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“The Agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the

contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity

throughout the world. It shall ensure, so far as it is able, that

assistance provided by it or at its request or under its

supervision or control is

not used in such a way

as to further any military

purpose.”

IAEA Mandate

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The IAEA technical cooperation programme

Technical cooperation

projects

• Supports sustainable

socioeconomic development

in Member States

• Builds Member State

capacities in the peaceful use

of nuclear technology

• Primary mechanism for

delivering IAEA services

Training courses & workshops

Expert assistance

Training fellowships &

scientific visits

Conferences, symposia & seminars

Equipment & materials

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Technical cooperation 2012: overview

80% non-

nuclear power

National

projects

Regional

projects

Interregional

projects

31 Least Developed

Countries

125 participating

countries/

territories

€68.8 million in

assistance to

Member States

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TC in 2012 Food and

Agriculture, 14.8%

Health and Nutrition,

26.2%

Industrial Applications/

Radiation Technology,

8.0%

Nuclear knowledge

development and

management, 14.3%

Safety and Security, 22.6%

Sustainable Energy, 9.5%

Water and the Environment,

4.5%

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Science and Technology

Promoting food security and sustainable economic

development

Improving the diagnosis and treatment of

disease

Understanding and protecting the environment

Making more, and cleaner water

available to more people

Fighting the global cancer epidemic

Providing knowledge & expertise for science & industry

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Supporting agricultural water management

Developing mutant varieties

Reducing risk of transboundary

animal disease

Controlling insect pests

Promoting traceability for food

safety and quality

Food and Agriculture

Working towards global food security

in partnership with FAO

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Improving diagnosis and treatment of cancer

and chronic diseases

Building capacities in radiation medicine

through education and training

programmes

Contributing to better

nutrition

Human Health

Improving health care

using nuclear techniques

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Providing national cancer control assessment as

a service to Member States (imPACT)

Promoting the integration of radiation medicine

into public health system

Enhancing the Joint WHO/ IAEA Programme

on Cancer Control

Facilitating the creation

of training networks

Cancer Control

Mobilizing partners

to address the global cancer crisis

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Enhancing capabilities in using non-HEU

technologies for production of radioisotopes

Facilitating availability of

radiopharmaceuticals for cancer patients

Supporting capacity to apply

radiation technology for health care,

food safety, and industry

Radioisotope Production and Radiation

Technology

Enabling Member States to safely produce and use

radioisotopes and deploy radiation technology

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Building Member States capacity for sustainable

and self-reliant use of isotope hydrology

Mapping of groundwater using radioisotopes

Assessing surface and

groundwater via the

IAEA Water Availability

Enhancement (IWAVE) project IWAVE

Member

States

IAEA Partners/

Donors

Water Resources

Enhancing sustainable management of

water resources by the Member States

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Establishing approaches, protocols and

standards for environmental assessments

Assessing the impacts of climate change,

ocean acidification and other contaminants

on seafood, biodiversity and the marine

environment

Providing reliable environmental

radioactivity concentration data

Environment

Responding to the impact of environmental changes

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Peace Prize for 2005

“The… Committee has decided that the Nobel Peace

Prize for 2005 is to be shared… between the IAEA and

its Director General…

• for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from

being used for military purposes, and

• to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful

purposes is used in the safest possible way.”

“ At a time …when there is a danger that nuclear arms will spread both to states and to terrorists groups, and when nuclear power again appears to be playing an increasingly significant role, IAEA’s work is of incalculable importance.”

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IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

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…Thank you for your attention