safety and emc rules and regualtions - microvolt · flow chart notes 1. equipment without...

Regulatory Compliance: An

Introduction to Rules and

Regulations and Best EMC

Practices

Scope and objectives

Date – April, 22 2009

Introduction

This presentation is presented by ;

Chaman Bhardwaj

Sr. Engineer, Global Compliance

SHURE® Incorporated.

Dated: April 22, 2009

Rules & regulations

There are the following types of Rules &

Regulations.

• Mandatory: Laws imposed by the

government are mandatory. For

example, FCC-15, FCC-74, and FCC-

90 etc.

• Recommendatory : Product

Safety rules.

• Contractual Laws: These are agreed

upon between the supplier and buyer

of products.

Terms and Definitions

European Directive

Legal Document adopted by EC (EU Commission) Council of Ministers

Must be adopted into National Law by each EC member state

Does not call out technical standards; refers to private standards-making bodies to draw up product standards

European Norm (EN)

Harmonized Standard: Common Standard used for determining conformity

– Committee process

– ENs based on existing standards (CISPR, IEC)

Must be adopted into National Standards by each EC Member state

CENELEC (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization: responsible for generating European Norms

CE: Communaute Europeenne

CISPR: Comite International Special des Perturbations Radioelectriques or in English the International Special Committee on Radio Interference

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6446635181529136291

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6446635181529136291

New approach directives

Objective: Elimination of Technical Barriers

New Approach calls out Essential Requirements

Technical Details Left to Committees

Harmonization of European Norms (Standards)

CENELEC

Conformity to European Norms demonstrates compliance

Products meeting essential requirements eligible for CE Marking

Scope of New EMC Directive Directive 2004/108/EC

Article 1:

1. This Directive regulates the electromagnetic compatibility

of equipment. It aims to ensure the functioning of the internal

market by requiring equipment to comply with an adequate

level of electromagnetic compatibility. This Directive applies to

equipment as defined in Article 2.

2. This Directive shall not apply to:

(a) equipment covered by Directive 1999/5/EC;

Article 2 of New Approach EMC Directive

Definitions

1. For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions

shall apply:

(a) ‘equipment’ means any apparatus or fixed installation;

(b) ‘apparatus’ means any finished appliance or combination

thereof made commercially available as a single functional

unit, intended for the end user and liable to generate electromagnetic

disturbance, or the performance of which is

liable to be affected by such disturbance;

(c) ‘fixed installation’ means a particular combination of

several types of apparatus and, where applicable, other

Article 2, Continued…

devices, which are assembled, installed and intended to be

used permanently at a predefined location;

(d) ‘electromagnetic compatibility’ means the ability of equipment

to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment

without introducing intolerable electromagnetic

disturbances to other equipment in that environment;

… and so on ..

Essential requirements – Article 5

Apparatus

Electromagnetic disturbances generated do not exceed level to interfere with operation of radio, telecommunications or other equipment

Has a level of immunity to electromagnetic disturbances expected in it’s intended environment

Fixed installations

Use good engineering practices with a view to meeting apparatus requirements. Document those practices with the documentation on file as long as installation is in operation.

10 © Copyright 2006 Shure, Inc Global Compliance: Safety and

EMC Rules and Regulations

Flow Chart Notes

1. Equipment without electrical or electronic parts is except

2. Excluded

R&TTE (covered by 1999/5/EC)

Aeronautical parts, products and appliances

Radio equipment used by radio amateurs

3. Equipment covered by other specific community directives

Motor vehicles (2004/104/EC)

Medical devices (various directives)

Marine equipment (6/98/EC)

Agricultural and forestry tractors (75/332/EEC)

Two or three wheeled motor vehicles (97/24/EC)

Measuring instruments (immunity excluded see 2004/22/EC)

Non-automatic weighing instruments (immunity excluded see 90/334/EEC)

4. Inherently benign equipment

Incapable of generating or contributing to emissions

Operate without degradation in the presence of EMI normally present

5. Apparatus or fixed installation classification (to flowchart 4)

CE MARKING

• There is no such thing as a CE approval or CE

certification!

• CE is not a mark or approval, it’s a marking which is

only a self declaration under the supplier’s own

responsibility.

CE DIRECTIVES

• Directives tell us why we must comply (consumer

safety / EMC) and what may happen if we ignore

laws (withdraw products).

• It’s the European standards that show us how to

comply (design and assessment).

Implementation of CE marking

Implementation of the CE Marking:

Must be affixed to:

– Product

– Packaging

– Instructions for use, OR

– Guarantee certificate

Can be used with other marks providing they do not reduce the visibility and legibility of the mark

The marking may include:

– The identification of a notified body involved in assessment

Europa Web site

• http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:

280:0014:0032:EN:PDF

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:280:0014:0032:EN:PDF





Safety Standards

IEC 60065 7th edition

IEC 60950: 2000

IEC 60065 Standard:

Title: Audio, Video and similar Electronic

Apparatus, Safety Requirements

IEC 60950 Standard:

Title: Safety of Information Technology Equipment

Scope of Safety Standards

Scope of IEC 60065

• International Safety Standard applies to

electronic apparatus designed to be fed

from MAINS, from a SUPPLY APPARATUS,

from Batteries or from REMOTE POWER

FEEDING and intended for reception,

generation or reproduction respectively of

audio, video and associated signals. It also

applies to apparatus designed to be used

exclusively in combination with above

mentioned apparatus.

Scope of IEC 60950

• This standard is applicable to mains-powered

ITE, including electrical business equipment and

associated equipment, with RATED Voltage not

exceeding 600V.

• This standard is also applicable to such ITE

designed and intended to be connected directly

to TELECOMMINICATION NETWORK, regardless

of the source of power

• It is also applicable to such ITE designed to use

the AC mains Supply a telecommunication

transmission medium

Scope of Safety Standards

Principles of Safety

Electric Shock

Excessive Temperatures

Radiation (ionization and Lasers)

Implosion (Picture Tubes)

Mechanical hazards

Fire

Chemical hazard

Energy Efficiency Rules and Regulations

– USA

• California Energy Commission (CEC) regulations for

external Power supplies.

• ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2007.

Also called PUBLIC LAW 110–140—DEC. 19, 2007,

Effective July 2008

– Europe

• Code of Conduct (It’s a voluntary standard at this time).

It is similar to CEC rules.

• Directive 2005/32/EC, ECO Design

Energy Efficiency and Environmental Regulations

Energy Efficiency Requirements continued..

– Australia & New Zeeland

• Per Standard AS/NZS 4665.1:2005 and AS/NZS

4665.2:2005. These are similar to Tier I requirements of

CEC and effective date for these requirements is

October 1st, 2007. Tier II has not been on the horizon as

of today for this market.

– China, Japan and S. Korea

• watch out for updates

Environmental Regulations

RoHS (Restrictions of Hazardous Substances

– USA

• California Proposition 65 and OSHA Regulations

– Europe

• Per ROHS and WEEE directives

• RoHS-Directive 2002/95/EC

• WEEE-Directive 2002/96/EC for consumer

electronics items and there is another directive for

consumer batteries, “Directive 2006/66/EC” dated

September 6, 2006

– China and other Asian countries

• Watch out for upcoming news, for China it will be

in phases I and II etc.

EMI and EMC regulations

EMC issues have been around since radio

– USA: Communications Act of 1934

Regulation of EMC started after WWII.

– Military, aircraft EMC standards

– Automotive EMC standards

– Medical EMC standards

Personal computers spurred emissions rules starting ~ 1979.

EMC Directive required commercial immunity regulations by

1996.


EMC Directive 89/336/EEC

mandatory 1992 (delayed to 1996)

first standards harmonized 1996

EMC Directive 2004/108EEC

mandatory July 20, 2008

R & TTE Directive 1999/5/EC (radio/telecom)

safety, including RF exposure

EMC

protection of spectrum

Immunity Requirements Standards

Electrostatic discharge IEC

61000-4-2

RF radiated immunity IEC 61000-4-3

Fast transient burst (EFT/B) IEC

61000-4-4

Lightning induced surge IEC 61000-4-5

RF conducted immunity IEC 61000-4-6

Harmonics/ interharmonics* IEC

61000-4-7

Radiated magnetic immunity IEC

61000-4-8

Pulsed magnetic immunity IEC 61000-4-9

Damped oscillatory magnetic IEC

61000-4-10

Voltage dips/interrupts IEC

61000-4-11

* a guide, not a standard

EMC Environment

Class

A

Class

B

non-residential

residential

industrial

residential,

commercial,

light industrial

Emissions increase Immunity disturbances increase

EMC Environment

Emissions

radiated

conducted

– low-frequency

– high-frequency

Immunity

compliance criteria

radiated & conducted phenomena

EMC environment - radiated

Important to remember!

Interference from unintentional

radiators does not usually come

from the clock frequency, but from

harmonics of the clock frequency.

EMC- Conducted Emissions

Low frequency ( 0 - 2 kHz)

Harmonics

flicker

high frequency (150 kHz - 30 MHz)

EMC Environment Radiated

Intentional radiators

radio/TV stations

remote controls

paging, cell phones

Wi-Fi hotspots

Unintentional radiators

digital electronics

microwave ovens

appliances

EMC Environment Radiated

Comparison

of maximum

radiated

interference

field strength

at 10 meters

for FCC and

CISPR

specifications.

AC Power- Conducted Emissions

Considered a threat because power cord can be an

effective antenna at low frequencies.

Also, power cord couples radio noise into AC power

network.

Immunity

compliance criteria

phenomena

Immunity compliance criteria

Performance criterion A - The apparatus shall continue

to operate as intended during and after the test.

Performance criterion B - The apparatus shall continue to

operate as intended after the test.

Performance criterion C - Temporary loss of function is

allowed, provided the loss of function is self

recoverable or can be restored by the operation of the

controls.

The design process

Concept the idea

Target specifications the details (include functional

and regulatory - EMC)

System architecture the structure and

details - EMC

Design rules the circuit and layout

constraints- EMC

Initial design build it

Functional evaluation does it work? If not, modify.

Regulatory evaluation is it legal? If not modify - EMC

Release it meets the (modified) specs.

The design process- check

Target specifications the details (include functional

and regulatory - EMC)

- Are all the jurisdictions

specified?

- Have the requirements

changed?

- Is the environment correct?

The design process

System architecture the structure and details –

EMC

-How many layers in PCBs?

-Are reactive circuits located

away from I/O ports?

-Are I/O ports isolated/shielded?

-Are IC families appropriate for

speeds needed?

-Will housing provide shielding?

Design for compliance

Initial Design must consider the following:

design goals

Components

PCB architecture

PCB layout and I/O

Cables

enclosures and shielding

software/firmware

The design process

Design rules the circuit and layout constraints –EMC

- Are RF signal traces short and/ or embedded?

- Are bypass caps located and sized optimally?

- Are ground planes low-Z, and earth bypass

provided?

- Have sensitive designs been modeled?

-Consider use of Signal Integrity and Quiet expert,

EMC Flo simulation tools

Design for compliance: software and firmware

Design for robustness:

- checkpoint routines and watchdog timers.

- checksums, error detection/correction codes.

- “sanity checks” of measured values.

- poll status of ports, sensors, actuators.

- read/write to digital ports to validate.

The design process

To increase the EMC success rate, the design process

must have following checks:

-Be sure the regulatory specifications are correct and

current.

-Take into account the impact of equipment

architecture

on EMC. Assure that purchased modules also comply.

- Consider EMC design rules, manual and/or automatic.

- Include places for EMC compliance modifications.

- Perform pre-compliance testing where possible.

The design process

Regulatory evaluation is it legal? If not modify – EMC

- Were places provided for optional

filtering/bypassing?

- Are ferrites cost-effective?

- Can spring fingers be added to

the enclosure?

- Will a shielded cable help?

- Board re-spin?

Design for compliance: logic families

EMI increases with power consumption

EMI increases with slew rate/clock speed

EMI increases with ground bounce

EMI increases with output loading

Differential drive can reduce EMI (LVDS)

Design for compliance: PCB architecture

Adjacent ground and power planes act as very good decoupling

capacitors.

ground and power planes can shield high-speed or low-level

signal traces between.

separate ground and chassis planes can reduce noise.

16-planes (layers) design is common for back planes

Design for compliance:

Cables

Design for compliance:

Shielding

Design for compliance: enclosure openings

Radiated Signal

Design for compliance: aperture size and shielding effectiveness

Test for Compliance

pre-compliance EMI site

pre-compliance tools

To pre-test for RF immunity:

use licensed transmitters for radiated fields.

use coupling networks and transformers for

conducted disturbances.

To mitigate RF immunity problems:

try ferrites and spring fingers above 50 MHz

try filters below 50 MHz, bypassing anywhere.

Pre-compliance tools

Pre-compliance EMI sites

1 m site

minimizes factory ambient.

good for small EUT, frequencies > 100 MHz.

screened room

inexpensive, OK for regulatory conducted emissions and

conducted immunity tests.

can be used for radiated emissions, with precautions.

Pre-compliance EMI site

Pre-Compliance test setup:

EUT

1 m

analyzer

floor - not a ground plane


Immunity

disturbance generators (ESD, surge…)

radio transmitters

ferrites

filters and filtered connectors


EMI

cable manipulation

– ferrites

– filters and filtered connector

EMI probes

CB radio 27 MHz

Portable phone handset 49 MHz /2500 MHz

Garage door opener 300 MHz

Walkie-talkie 460 MHz

Cell phone, analog/TDMA 900 MHz

Cell phone, PCS 1900 MHz

Wireless LAN 2450 MHz

Pre-compliance testing: radio transmitters

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