safe use of cockpit automation prepared by: michael g. gaffney, mcfi, mgi march 29, 2010

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Safe Use of Cockpit Automation

Prepared by: Michael G. Gaffney, MCFI, MGI

March 29, 2010

Prepared for: Sun N Fun

FAA Safety ForumFAA Production Studio


Michael G. GaffneyFlightlogics Aviation Consulting

Melbourne, FL2007 National Flight Instructor of the Year

Four (4) time Master CFI Two (2)time Master Ground Instructor

How do we safely take advantage of all this great technology?


Evolution of General Aviation is Underway


Panel Configurations


Many of us were taught to fly in these…

1969 Citabria 1976 Cessna C172

OR


Now we are flying in this…

Cirrus with Avidyne Entegra


Or this…

Cirrus with Avidyne Release 9


Or This…

Cirrus with Garmin Perspective


Or even a simple LSA…

The Cessna Skycatcher


Tale of the GA Training Cockpit

Cockpit Safety starts with the fundamentals of how we train


Speed Relativity – Base 60 cockpit math

Diamond 138 Knots

Cirrus 170 Knots

Mooney 170 Knots

Cessna Corvalis 400 225 Knots

Diamond DJet 325 knots

Cessna 122 knots Can you keep up with the speed and technology of your mission platform?

Airc

raft

Tra

nsi

tion

Pa

th f

rom

Tra

inin

g to

Mis

sio

n P

latf

orm

Fly the aircraft first always, regardless of the mission

Quest Kodiak 155 Knots


Instructional emphasis in the limited number of hours an instructor has with a student

OR

OR


The answer is that instructors and students must master all 3!

But How?


Pilot and instructor skills must evolve with technology

Master Automation Operation

Disciplined SchoolingUnderstand Digital

AppliancesNew TechniquesConstant evaluation of

options available


The Technologies

We Must Master


The GNS 430 – The Cockpit Automation Genesis


Glass PFD


The Global Positioning System

A pilot must have at least 5 of the 24 satellites tuned in to fly an instrument approachGPS Constellation is designed so there are at least 4 satellites visible anywhere on earth


NAV System Course Widths

ApproachPhase

Destination

TerminalPhase

EnroutePhase

7 nm

30 nm

.3 nm

1.0 nm

5.0nm

Localizer

VOR

2.5 °10 °


Knobology

The GNS 430 and the G1000 use the same “Super-knob” style FMS


Navigation on GNS 430


GNS 430: How to use more than one?


The G1000 – How to Step up


G1000 MFD Menu Navigation

Map WPT FPLAUX NRST

Traffic

Terrain

Stormscope

Weather

TripPlanning

SystemSetup

Utility

GPSStatus

Airport

VOR

Intersect

NDB

Current FPL

Catalog

VNAV

Airport

VOR

Intersect

NDB

UserDefined

UserDefined

LRUStatus

XMSubscribe

“Bump” theInside knob

“Scroll” the Outside knob

“Twist the inside knob”

This turns cursor function

on and off

This highlights selections in a menu or tabs field to field

This pops down selection menus – then press ENT to

confirm!

Scroll with Outer Knob

Tw

ist

wit

h I

nn

er K

no

b

Tells you what page You are on


Conventional and Glass Flight Instruments


Importance of Color Coding

Green = Active

White = StandbyMagenta = GPS Derived

Yellow = Caution

RED = Warning

CYAN = Reference


How the Pieces of the System Play Together


The Avidyne Entegra – Schematic of an Analog System


Generation 2 -G1000 System Digital ComponentsWith GFC 700Autopilot


GRS 77 AHRS Unit- Attitude Heading Reference Unit Processing

Air Data Computer #1

Magnetometer #1Magnetometer #2

GPS #1 GPS #2

AHRS #1 AHRS #2

GIA 63 #1 GIA 63 #2


Ethernet Data Bus


GDC 74 Air Data Computer Unit(s)

AirframeStaticPort

AirframePitotTube

OutsideAirTemp (OAT)Probe

OutsideAirTemp (OAT)Probe



GIA 63 #1 GIA 63 #2


Three Autopilots found in GA Aircraft•S-TEC 55

•Bendix-King-Honeywell•KAP140

•Garmin GFC 700Integrated Digital Autopilot


Keys to Understanding and Keeping up with Technology Know your equipment- blindfolded Diligent training using realistic

scenarios Develop Aeronautical Decision

Making (ADM) skills Approach every operation with Risk

Management in mind Single Pilot Resources Management

(SRM) Maintain an inclusive Scanflow Use all available tools to maintain

situational awareness


Putting itAll Together


Single Pilot Resources Management

•Without a crewmember, a pilot is forced to rely on their own ability to manage the aircraft and any emergency situations that arise during flight


Personal Minimums Decision Making


The Art of Managing a Busy Cockpit

Planningand Contingent

Planning

Situational Awareness

Aeronautical Decision Making

“What will Happen?”

“What is Happening?”

“What do I do about it?”

“Go back and modify the plan”


Scanflow cockpit management to stay ahead of the aircraft

Primary Flight Display(PFD)

(Flight Parameter Adherence)

Outside the Aircraft(Traffic and Terrain Avoidance

Chores(Checklist, engine monitor,

Chart management, passenger briefings, baby sit autopilot)

Multi Function Display(MFD)

(Electronic Situational AwarenessNEXRAD, Stormscope, Traffic,

Terrain, cabin entertainment)


Examples of Cockpit Distractions

Multi Function Display(MFD)

(Electronic Situational AwarenessNEXRAD, Stormscope, Traffic,

Terrain, cabin entertainment)

Examples of Heads Down Times for Various Tasks

Task

Distraction Time for FITS Trained Pilot

Distraction Time for Inefficiently Trained Pilot

Build Initial Flightplan :45 seconds :60 seconds

Amend that Flightplan :30 seconds :45 secondsDelete a Flightplan waypoint :06 seconds :35 secondsLoad an Approach :08 seconds :15 seconds

Activate an approach :08 seconds :15 secondsRespond to Traffic Alert :15 seconds :25 secondsLookup Weather :10 seconds :25 secondsAnalyze Fuel impact to a clearance diversion or reroute :15 seconds :60 secondsProcess Missed Approach and Configure MFD and Autopilot for Holding Pattern :15 seconds :60 secondsDiagnose System Warning or alert :25 seconds :50 secondsCouple Autopilot to fly an instrument procedure such as a Departure Procedure or STAR :25 seconds :50 seconds

Note: Based upon Personal Observations of pilots in FITS Training Scenarios

:35


Scan Flow


A Word About The Future


NEXTGEN Architecture

The NEXTGEN system will revolutionize how aircraft and the ground interoperate


NEXTGEN Air to Ground Network Connectivity Agents Architecture (NAGNAA)

ClearanceWeatherTrafficTCAS PlanningOptions


Prototyping using Simulation

Airbus A380 Level D Flight Simulator used for Prototyping Scenarios to test cognitive design


External Data Feeds Unified-Digitized ATC clearances and ATC delay information Navigation data Communication data (digitized) ACARS company dispatch data Weather forecasts and onscreen radar data Traffic conflict and resolution data Terminal Procedures Onscreen charts and updates Airport and Taxi data Company procedures and checklists Aircraft technical data and manuals


Digital Flight Management Systems

Garmin G3000 Touch Screen Digital Flight Management System


Conclusion Evolution of technology will continue at its

blistering pace The pilot and the instructor must maintain

proficiency over the all three aspects of Training; Flight Skills, Technology Management, and Systems Understanding

Safe use of cockpit technology remains an issue of distraction and complacency management

Always fly the aircraft first but know your technology and how it can help you


Questions?


Michael G. Gaffney, Lead Technical Consultant of Flightlogics Aviation Consulting of Melbourne, Florida, is a 4 time Master Flight Instructor (MCFI) and a two time Master Ground Instructor (MGI). He was named the 2007 National Flight Instructor of the Year by the Federal Aviation Administration and the General Aviation Awards executive committee. He was also awarded the 2007 NATA Excellence in Aviation Training Award.

safe use of cockpit automation prepared by: michael g. gaffney, mcfi, mgi march 29, 2010

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