PHILIPPI NE NATIONAL POLI CE PNPM-D-O-3-1-99 [SAF] SAF OPERATIONS MESSAGE I wish to commend the Special Action Force of the Philippine National Police (SAF-PNP)forcomingoutwithanOperationsManualwhichcontainstherules, principles and tactics of our policing system. Indeed, the publication of this manual is a manifestation of your unwavering commitment to improve the performance of your command by imbibing the highest degree of professionalism and ethical standards to win the hearts and minds of our people. It is my hope that this handbook will be your constant guide in our pursuit of a truly professional, dynamic and respected police organization. Mabuhay kayong lahat! RONALDO V PUNO Secretary FORWARD The publication of this Manual is hoped to fill the long felt need of the men of SpecialActionForce(SAF)forreferenceonmatterspertainingtotheoperational activities of the unit. This manual not only serves as a useful guide for the personnel of SAF but also for other members of the PNP who conduct similar operations. Emphasisisgivenontheguidelines andproceduresaSAFpersonnelshould undertakenintheperformanceofthemission.Itwillguideeveryreaderonthe aspectsofCounter-Terrorism,CommandoOperations,CivilDisturbance Management, Search and Rescue Operations and a lot on SpecialOperations. ThismanualismadesimplesothateverySAFpersonnelcouldunderstand and orient himself in the performance of his duties. PANFI LO L LACSON Police DirectorChief, PNP PREFACE The central purpose of this new Special Action Force Manual has been prompted by a growing conviction that a focused emphasis be placed in both the principlesand procedures of special operations. Both have beenfleshed out- and now enfleshed in an organized fashion into this manual. No doubt the manual can shed a lot of light on special operations problems, which every police officer worth his uniform mustbe willing to face and solve. It can also be a source of education when disagreements occur on policy or when practice proceeds from unexamined assumptions. It is expected that the manual will be subject to the dynamics of revision and review from time to time. Thus, every reader is encourages not only to apply the principles set forth therein but also to contribute new ideas and fresh insights to further improve the same. Every readers serious commentary is most welcome. DIONY A. VENTURA, MNSA Police Director Director for Human Resourceand Doctrines Development ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The force acknowledges the unwavering support and invaluable contributions Of the following SAF personnel for the accomplishment of this manual: MembersoftheCommandGroupandDirectorialStaffsfortheirevaluation, guidance, encouragement and suggestion; ThecommandingOfficers,1stBatallionandForceSupportBattalionandthe Commandant, SAF School and their officers for their inputs; PSUPTROMANAFELIX(DSC),ChiefOperationsandPlansDivisionandhis officersincludingPoliceofficersIIJ aydelBManticahonfortheircollectiveeffortin encoding, lay-outing, presenting and publishing this manual. Finally,thisworkisdedicatedtothemenandwomenoftheSpecialAction Force. J OSE ODALUMPI NES PoliceSeniorSuperintendent(GSC)Director, SAF TABLE OF CONTENTS MESSAGEFOREWORDPREFACEACKNOWLEDGMENT CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION Section I.Mandate of the UnitSection II. Vision, Mission and ObjectivesSection III.Organization and StructureSection IV. Functions CHAPTER II - COUNTER - TERRORISM OPERATI ONS Section I.IntroductionSection II. Policies on Terrorism 2.1. National Crisis Management Committee Policies 2.2. PNP Crisis Management PoliciesSection III. Organization and Equipment 2.3. The Counter - Terrorist Unit 2.3.1. The Counter Terrorist Team 2.3.2. Extended Range Support Team (ERST) 2.3.3. The Security TeamSection IV.Counter-Terrorist Operations 2.4. Function of Counter-Terrorist Team 2.5. Assault Process 2.6. Types of Assault 2.7. Utilization of Chemical MunitionsSection V. Crisis Management 2.8. Crisis Management Objectives 2.9. Crisis Management Theory 2.10. Crisis Situation Checklist 2.11. Relationship with the NACAHT/NCMC 2.12. Terrorist Related Crisis Situation 2.13. EmploymentSection VI. Training 2.14. Urban Counter Revolutionary Warfare Course 2.15. Extended Range Support Team (ERST) Training 2.16. Police Intervention Techniques Training 2.17. Human Rights Seminar CHAPTER III - COMMANDO OPERATIONS Section I.IntroductionSection II. Organization, Functions and Equipment 3.1. Organization 3.2. Functions and EquipmentSection III. Patrolling and Scouting 3.3. Patrolling 3.4. Types of Patrols 3.5. Organization of Commando Patrol 3.6. Preparation and Execution 3.7. ReconnaissanceSection IV.Raid 3.8. Organization of the Raid Force 3.9. Procedure of RaidSection V. Ambush and Counter-Ambush 3.10. Definition and Purpose 3.11. Ambush of Opportunity 3.12. The Deliberate Ambush 3.13. Counter-Ambush TacticsSection VI. Waterborne Operations 3.14. Mission 3.15. Organization 3.16. Duties and Responsibilities of Crew Members 3.17. Movement 3.18. Tactical Landings 3.19. Tactical WithdrawalSection VII. Airborne Operations 3.20. Parachute Operations 3.21. Air Landed OperationsSection VIII. Airmobile Operations (Heliborne) 3.22. General 3.23. Missions 3.24. Limitations 3.35. Land Loading Procedure (Enplaning) 3.26. Deplaning Procedure 3.27. Conduct of AssaultSection IX. Close Air Support (CAS) Operations 3.28. General 3.29. Priorities 3.30. Procedures in Directing an AircraftSection X. Training 3.31. SAP Commando Course (SAFCC) 3.32. Basic Airborne Course (BAC) 3.33. BUSRROC/SCUBA CHAPTER IV CIVIL DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT OPNS Section I.IntroductionSection II. Obiectives Section I.IntroductionSection II. Objectives 4.1. Ultimate Objective 4.2. Interim ObjectiveSection III.Organization and Equipment 4.3. Organization 4.4. Composition 4.5. EquipmentSection IV.Operational Tasks and Approaches 4.6. Operational Task 4.7. Integrated Task 4.8. Operational ApproachesSection V. Control Principles 4.9. Civil Disturbance 4.10. Crowds or Mobs 4.11. Police Response in Crowd ControlSection VI. Area Isolation 4.12. Objective 4.13. TechniquesSection VII. Executions 4.14. Kinds of Formation 4.15. Application of Force CHAPTER V - SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS Section I.IntroductionSection II. The Search and Rescue System5. l. SAR System 5.2. SAR Organization 5.3. Equipment 5.4. Emergency PhasesSection III. Search and Rescue Emergency Care 5.5. Emergency Care Component 5.6. Emergency Care SAR Personnel 5.7. Emergency Care Service5.8. Evacuation and Transport Facilities5.9. Fixed Medical FacilitiesSection IV. The SAR Stages5.10. Awareness Initial Action Stage5.11. Initial Action Stage5.12. Planning Stage5.13. Operation Stage5.14. Terminating the SearchSection V. Training 80 CHAPTER VI - SUPPORT OPERATIONS Section I. Light Armor Operations6.1. Introduction6.2. Operation 6.2.1. Mission6.2.2. Doctrine6.2.3. Movement6.2.4. Contact with the Enemy6.2.5. Harboring6.3. Organization, Training and Equipment6.3.1. Composition6.3.2. Organizational Structure6.3.3. Training6.3.4. Equipage6.4. Capabilities Section II. Explosive Ordnance Detection and Disposal6.5. Mission6.6. Organization and Equipage 6.6.1. Organizational Structure6.6.2. Bomb Response Unit Personnel6.6.3. Individual Basic Hand Tools6.6.4. Commercial Hand Tools6.6.5. Equipment-16.6.6. Equipment-116.7. Concept of Operation6.8. Procedures in Explosive Ordnance Operations6.8.1. Administrative Standard Operating Procedures6.8.2. Operational Standard Operating Procedures6.8.3. How to Handle Bomb Threats6.8.4. Bomb Threat Check List6.8.5. How to Render Safe Improvised Explosive Device6.8.6. How to Detect Bombs/Explosives6.9. Training and Seminars 6.9.1. Explosive Incident Countermeasure Course 6.9.2. Post Blast Investigation 6.9.3. Dog Handling Training 6.9.4. Tactical Explosive Entry Course CHAPTER VII - TRAINING Section I.Introduction Section II. Importance of Training Section III.Objectives of Training Section IV. Organization Section V. Guidelines in the Conduct of Training 7.1. Principles of Learning 7.2. The Performance-Oriented Training Appendix I - Definition of TermsAppendix II - Bibliography CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Section I. MANDATE OF THE UNIT The seed of the idea to create an elite force germinated at Camp Crame, the first"home"oftheSpecialActionForce(SAF)adecadeagoonMay16,1983 pursuant to Headquarters Philippine Constabulary General Orders Number 323. Then AFP Vice Chief of Staff and PC/INP Chief Fidel V Ramos, spearheaded the activation ofthePhilippineConstabularySpecialActionForce(PCSAF)tocombatterrorism, hijackings,urban-guerrillawarfare,insurgencyandotherformsofcriminality.This, in effect, was the rationale behind the SAF's creation. Section II. VISION, MISSION AND OBJ ECTIVES SAF VISION WeenvisionSAFasahighly-motivated,highly-disciplined,andespecially- trainedunitarmedwiththemostmodernequipmentthattechnologycanprovide andworkinginactivepartnershipwiththecommunity,livinguptothevirtues: "Maka-Dios, Maka-Tao, Maka-Bayan at Maka-Kalikasan." SAF MISSION ToconductspecialoperationsasaRapidDeploymentForceinthecountryspecificallyintheareasofCounter-Terrorism,Hostage-Rescue,Commando-Type UnconventionalWarfare,CivilDisturbanceManagementandSearch&Rescuein times of national disasters/emergencies. OBJ ECTIVES The PNP SAF seeks to establish the unit's identity, institute reforms and prove itself capable of handling internal security problem with the following objectives: (a)Toenhancenationalstabilityandunitybyreducingthemostseriousthreats to national security, namely: the dissident terrorist, ultra rightistgroups and organized crime groups. (b) To accelerate the attainment of substantive operational and organizational reforms to strengthen the mission and capability of the SAP Section III. ORGANI ZATION AND STRUCTURE ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP ThePNPSpecialActionForceisoneoftheNationalSupportUnitsofthe Philippine National Police and is under the supervision of the National Headquarters, PNP. The PNP SAP inherited the constabulary military model of organization. There is the command group at the Headquarters, headed by the Director, PNP SAF; Deputy Director for Administration; Deputy Director forOperations; and the Chief of the Directorial Staff who is in-charge of the directorial staff[Chief,PersonnelandHumanResourceDiv,Chief,Intelligenceand InvestigationDiv,Chief,OperationsandPlansDiv,Chief,LogisticsDiv,ChiefPCR Div, Chief, Comptrollership Div]. ThePNPSAFhasthree(3)LineBattalions,one(1)ForceSupportBattalion andSAFSchool.EverylinebattalionhasthreelinecompaniesandaHeadquarters SupportUnit.TheForceSupportBattalioniscomposedofLightArmorUnit(LAU), EOD/Canine (K-9) Unit, Base Police, Special Support Unit and Maintenance Unit. SAF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE See ppt. Section IV.FUNCTIONS ThePhilippineNationalPoliceSpecialActionForceismandatedbylawto preserve the internal security of the country. In the accomplishment of this mission, the PNP SAF was vested with the following functions: (a) To develop, organize and train organic personnel in the furtherance of the assigned mission. (b) To conduct counter-terrorist operations in urban and rural areas. (c) To conduct commando-type unconventional warfare (CUW) againstlawless elements over extended period of time with minimal directionand control. (d) To conduct search and rescue (SAR) operations anywhere in the country during calamities and catastrophes. (e) To conduct Civil Disturbance Management (CDM) operations and address the requirements of stability and security operations in times of civil disobedience on a national scale. (f) To operate as Rapid Deployment Force ready and capable to strikeanytime,anywhereinthecountryinsupportofotherunitsandotheragenciesas higher headquarters may direct. (g) To perform other tasks as the Chief, PNP may direct. CHAPTER 2 COUNTER-TERRORI SM Section I. INTRODUCTION The Philippines today is faced with increasing levels of violence, proliferation of illegal drugs, and wanton acts of destruction perpetrated by criminals, ideologues, zealots,extremistsandterroristorganizations.Aslawenforcers,SAFistaskedto confront all these threats to ensure public safety in order to achieve a peaceful and progressive community. The counter terrorist unit of the Special Action Force has been in the limelight duringtheconductofspecialpoliceoperationsintheland,howeverthereisstilla need to develop, train and review the procedures during operations. In this chapter, discussedareguidingpolicies,proceduresintheconductofcounter-terrorist operations,limitationsduringcrisismanagementsituationsandspecialtrainingof SAF personnel. Section 11. POLICIES ON TERRORISM 2.1 National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) Policies (a) Subscription to the anti-terrorism covenant (b) Coordinated and calculated response to terrorism (c) Considers terrorism as a criminal act (d) Lawful means and peaceful resolution of crisis (e) Crisis situation involving foreigners shall be coordinated with theirgovernment (f) Involvement of Filipino in crisis 2.2 PNP Crisis Management Policies (a) PNP shall be guided by the national policies (b) Use of graduated and armed response (c) No compromise with the terrorists (d) Efficient and effective handling of hostage situations (e) Respect for human rights (f) Development of PNP anti-terrorist capability at all levels Section III. ORGANI ZATION AND EQUIPMENT 2.3. The Counter-Terrorist Unit (CTU) Thecounter-terroristunitisbasicallycomposedofthecounter-terrorist(CT) teams, extended range support teams (ERST) and the security teams, each having distinct responsibilities. They are specially organized, trained, equipped, and tasked to perform counter-terrorist operations. They must be effective in countering skilled and determined adversaries who have taken the offensive in an increasingly violent form of armed conflict. 2.3.1 The Counter-Terrorist Team DESIGNATION RESPONSIBILITY INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT COMMON TO ALL Lead man Pointmanfor clearingrooms, responsiblefor front security AR5.56w/optic sightandflash light KevlarEyeprotector BalaclavahoodBlack suitBlackvestUrban boots Low carry holster GasmaskTeargas Half finger glovesCover man Door opener, Assist point man Boltcutter/sledge hammer/axe,AR 5.56, Shot gun Team leaderOver-allin-charge of the team SMGHKMP5(std), 9mm Auto-rifle man Providemax.fire support GALIL SAR,5.56 Demolition expert Explosives&booby traps expert SMGSAR,5.56, Demo Eqpt Asst.team Leader Account members AR5.56w/optic sight & flashlight Aid man Employ first aid AR5.56w/optic sight & flashlight Tail security Rearsecurity/ cover AR5.56w/flash light 2.3.2. The Extended Range Support Team (ERST) BasicallytheERSTareorganizedintotwomanpairs,thesniperandthe spotter.Itisthebasicoperationalorganizationfortheiremployment.Thecoach- shooterrelationshipofthesnipersisinvaluableintargetacquisition,estimationof range to targets, observation of bullet trace and impact, and offering connections to targetengaged.Themutualsupportofthetwosnipersworkingtogetherisa significantmoralefactorduringemploymentinurbanoperations,combat environments and/or extended missions. The primary equipment and the duties and responsibilities of the ERST: Primary Equipment SNIPERSPOTTER/ OBSERVER Sniper Rifle with bipod Binocular Ml-A or M16A2 with M203 40mm Spotting Scope Handgun Handgun Duties and Responsibilities SNIPERSPOTTER/ OBSERVER Writes Operations OrderCoordinates with other unitsLeads while following enemy tracksSelects sniper hide locationDetects and announces target indicatorsObserve half sectors with binocularsAdjust scope for wind, range and angleShares range estimate with spotterDecides engagement prioritiesEngages human and material targetsDesignates night targets with tracer Obtains and prepare any special gear Shares hide construction Draw sketches and range cards Shares range estimate with sniper Observes half sector with spotter scope Detects and announces target indicators Identifies target by priority Estimates wind Times the wind and tells sniper to fire Backs up sniper's shot Observes and reports bullet impact Operates radio Records information Operates diversionary devices Sterilizes site when abandoning hide 2.3.3. The Security Team Thesecurityteamsareorganizedintoeight(8)-manteam.Theirbasic function is to provide perimeter defense during Crisis management situation and act as security forces during special operations. They are also well trained and equipped similartothatofthecounter-terroristteamsothattheycanalsoperformthe functions of the latter whenever situation warrants. 2.4. Functions of Counter-Terrorist Team ThefunctionsoftheCounter-TerroristTeamistohandleall"highrisk" criminal and terrorist threats. It shall conduct operations to effect: (a) Neutralize Terrorist (b) Rescue of Hostages (c) Destroy Terrorist Infrastructure and Installations (d) Locate and Recover Sensitive Items from Terrorist Organization (e) Interrupt Terrorist's Lines of Supply and Logistical Means 2.5. The Assault Process The assault process consists of a sequence of activities which are performed bytheCounter-terroristteamduringanoperation.Theseactivitiesarenotall encompassing.Theymaybeexpandedorrefinedbyincorporatinglessonslearned from realistic training or actual operations. The assault process is divided into four (4) operational phases. These are the planning and preparation, movement, assault and recovery phase. 2.5.1. Planning Phase (a) Notification and Assembly of the CT Unit The planning phase includes the notification and assembly of the CT Unit. The alert procedure in notifying the unit must be developed and establishedin an SOP. These procedures should include: (1)AcontactplantonotifyeachCTUnitmember.Thismaybedoneby telephone, pager, or other means. (2)AnassemblyplanwhichpermitstheCTUnittodeploytotheincident scene with a prescribed time limit. (b) Issuance of the Warning Order Once the CT Unit is assembled (or a majority of the teams), thecommander issues a warning order. This order includes the following: (1) A brief description of the situation. (2) The mission of the CT Unit. (3).AnimmediatecourseofactiontoincludeassignmentoftaskswithintheCT Unit. (4) Coordinating instructions. (5)Atentativetimescheduleofactivitiesfromnotificationuntilthetimeofthe assault or any deadline. Afterissuanceofthewarningorder,theCTUnit(oradedicatedelement withintheCTUnit)willbeginplanningforanemergencyassault.Dependingupon themodeoftransportationtotheincidentscene,thisplanningmaycontinuein transit. (c) Deployment of the Security Teams Uponnotification,pre-designatedpersonnelproceeddirectlytotheincident scene. Their function is to: (1) Select a suitable location to establish a tactical holding area. (2) Coordinate with first responders and crisis management at the scene. (3) Begin collecting intelligence on the target area. (4) Secure the inner perimeter of the incident area. (d) Deployment of the CT Teams and ERST Normally the main body of the CT Unit, composed of the CT Teams and ERST Teamsdeploystoalocationneartheincidentscenetoestablishatacticalholding area. This should be outlined in SOP'S. Considerations for deployment are: (1)IfassetsarenotdedicatedtotheCTUnit,themainbodymustcoordinatefor transportation. (2)Individualsorteamsareresponsibleforvarioustasks,i.e.,distributing ammunition, collecting radios, loading vehicles, etc. (3) Accounting for men and equipment. (e) Establishment of Tactical Holding Area UponarrivalattheincidentscenetheCTUnitoccupiesandestablishesthe tactical holding area. It continues to plan and prepare for a deliberate assault while the negotiation is in progress. This includes activities such as: (1)Briefingteamleadersonlatestdevelopmentswhileteammemberscarryout assigned tasks. (2) Deploying the ERST as soon as possible, usually 10 minutes after arrival at the tactical holding area. (3) Collecting and analyzing intelligence information. (4) Conducting or updating an existing target analysis. (5) Completing preparations for an emergency assault. (6) Conducting leaders' reconnaissance of the crisis site. (7) Conduct day and night rehearsals and walk-through. (8) Prepare equipment. 2.5.2. Movement Phase The movement phase of the operation consists of movement of the CT Team from the tactical holding area to the final assault positions (FAPs). This phase should be covered by the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).Considerations are: (a) The order of movement should be arranged so that the teams arrive at their last covered and concealed positions (LCCs) at the same time and at an orderly manner. (b)Themovementshouldbecontrolledbythecommanderthroughtheteam leaders of various element. (c) Individual and team movement techniques are used. (d)ERSTshouldoverwatchtheapproachandprovidedirectfiresupportif necessary. (e) Cover and concealment should be used when possible. (f) Actions to be taken if the CT Team is compromised during the approach should be outlined in the plan. (g) Breaching equipment and charges should be prepared and primed no later than the LCC. h) Compromise authority should be given by the commander.(i) The CT Team should be prepared to execute the assault on order.(j)WhenallactionsarecompletedintheLCC,teamsmovetotheirfinalassault positions on order.(k)Chargesandanyspecialequipment,suchasladdersorropes,mayneedtobe placed at the final assault positions.(1) Positive command and control measures should be employed. 2.5.3. Assault Phase The assault phase begins upon initiation, usually on command or by ashot coming from the ERST. This phase covers all the assault skills you have practiced through withdrawal to the tactical holding area. As with the previous operational phases, most activities should be outlined by SOPs. Activities includes: (a) Gaining simultaneous entry through multiple entry points. (b)Usingspeed,surprise,andviolenceofactiontoclearanddominatethecrisis site. (c) Avoiding friendly fire hazards. (d) Securing hostages, drugs, weapons, etc. (e)Enactingcontingencyplanssuchasalternateentrypoints,officerdown procedures, etc. (f) Performing hostage processing. (g) Accounting for men and equipment.(h) On-site commander's brief.(i) Maintaining security.(j) Performing positive command control.(k)Withdrawingfromthecrisissitetothetacticalholdingarea.Thisincludesthe sniper teams. 2.5.4. Recovery Phase Thisphasecoversactivitiesaftereachteamsandmemberhadreturnedto the tactical holding area. It includes: (a) Accounting for men and equipment (b) Conducting an immediate debrief with all personnel present. (c) It may be necessary to isolate the team to protect identification of the members and protect tactical information. (d) Re-deploying for rest and recuperation or a follow-on mission. (e) Preparing and writing an after action report. (f) This report may be brief and after the debriefing conducted by theCT Team at the tactical holding area. (g)Lessonslearnedshouldbeincorporatedintofuturetrainingandbeusedto refine tactics. This is an ongoing process in itself. 2.6. Types of Assault (a)DynamicBuildingAssault-assaultelementswillfirstprepositionthemselves on a concealed area, then will proceed to their breaching point which is theirlastlineofcompromise.Thisiswheretheywillgaintheirentryintothe building. Once ready, they will enter the building in a quick and surprising manner. Dependingonthedoormaterialsused,breachingtoolsmightbeneededlike hammer, axe or battering ram. After negotiating the first hindrance, they will divide themselvesintosmallergroupsandproceedclearingtheirdesignatedareaof responsibility. (b) Vehicle Assault - The vehicle (ie, bus) will be block and once immobilized theassaultteamwillapproachthedoorcomingfromtherear.Then8thmanwill openthedoorusingabreachingtoolfortheteamtoenter.Helikewisepositions himself in front of the bus to provide security to the entry team. Simultaneously, another team will occupy the opposite side. They will be divided into twoandeachpairwillhaveadesignatedwindowtoclear.Theywillruntowards their assigned area, will the first element of each sub-group to lean against the bus and offer his knees to be used as a step by his partner so to have a clear view of the inside. (c)AircraftAssault-Theassaultingteamusesaladdertobeabletoreach the plane's door. (d) Barricaded Assault - The subject has a cover so it is not possible for the entryteamtoexposethemselvesintotheopenwithoutelementsprovidingcover fire. The use of tearing agent or stun grenade is advisable in this type of operation. (e)ERSTInitiated/ExplosivesAssault-Sniperswillbeutilizedinthistypeof assault. They will position to a place where they can have a view on the area; Theyaregoingtoprovideon-handinformationnecessaryforthesuccessofthe assault. They entry team will proceed to the breaching point under thecover of thesnipers.Thedemolitionistthenwillinstallexplosivestobeusedastheir breaching agent. On signal, thedemolitionistwillarmtheexplosiveandwillcreate an opening for the entry team to pass and proceed with assault. 2.7. Utilization of Chemical Munitions The use of chemical munitions should be considered as an alternative action incounterterroristoperations.Itmustalsobeinconjunctionwiththeapproved procedures and equipment during: (a) civil disturbance (b) barricaded subject (c) hostage situation Chemicalmunitionsshouldnotbeusedindiscriminatelyorinanticipationagainst mere threats of violence or resistance. 2.7.1. DOs (a) When firing projectiles, aim gas gun or launcher at 30 degrees. (b)Whenusingchemicalsinsidebuildingsuseonlydevicesmanufacturedspecifically for that purpose. (c)Whendealingwithariot,makesurethatadequatesuppliesofchemical munitions are immediately at hand. (d) Always use minimum force. (e) Make sure gas mask and filter are serviceable. (f)Usesufficientquantityofgrenadesorprojectilestocovertheareaoccupiedby the riot. 2.7.2. DON'Ts (a) Do not fire projectiles at rioters. (b) Do not use pyrotechnic (burning) grenades inside buildings. (c)Donotattempttodisperseviolentrioterswithoutproperequipmentand planning. (d) Do not use excessive force. (e) Do not throw grenades directly at rioters, but on the ground in the appropriate direction according to wind directions. Section V. CRISIS MANAGEMENT 2.8. Crisis Management Objectives (a) Resolve without further injury (b) Safe release of any hostages (c) Apprehension of perpetrators 2.9. Crisis Management Theory: (a) Contain and Negotiate (b) Protect innocents from harm (c) Allow the passage of time so that the perpetrator can be reasoned with through negotiations (d) Allow the passage of time so that the response force can: (1) Evaluate situation (2) Gather information (3) Explore alternatives (4) Formulate plan of action 2.10. Crisis Situation Checklist: This Checklist shall be adopted to guide the responding elements of the Crisis Resolution Team (CRT). 2.10.1. First Responders Action (a) Maintain radio contact at all times (b) Verify complaint (c) Determine perpetrator(s) location (d) Determine perpetrator(s) weapons (e) Communicate findings (f) Establish inner perimeter (g) Request necessary support(h) Communicate safe entry/exit routes(i) Evacuate trapped/injured, if possible(j) Maintain command and control(k) Establish outer perimeter 2.10.2. Tactical Considerations (a) Establish command post and staging areas (b) Brief all personnel before deploying (c) Maintain fire discipline (d) Return non-essential personnel to service (e) Replace off-duty personnel with on-duty persons (f) Determine areas susceptible to hostile fire (g) Determine perpetrator(s) motives (h) Records check on perpetrator(s) (i) Isolate perpetrator(s) (j) Segregate all witnesses (k) Obtain floorplans, drawings, etc. (1) Descriptions of hostages/perpetrator(s) (m) Evacuation procedures (n) Request necessary support 2.10.3. Command Post Considerations (a) Inside outer perimeter/outside inner perimeter (b) Safe accessible routes to responding personnel (c) Defensible against snipers, mobs, onlookers (d) Sufficient parking (e) Adequate staging area (f) Water restrooms, available telephones (g) Accessible to helicopters (h) Maintain open lines to communications (i) Notify administrators (j) Maintain command post chronological log (k) Only authorized personnel are allowed inside (l) P.I.O. gives press adequate briefings 2.11RelationshipwiththeNationalActionCommitteeonAnti-Hijacking and Terrorism (NACAHT)/ NCMC See ppt TheSpecialActionforceshallutilizeitscounter-terroristunit(discussedin section 3) to augment the national tactical strike force which shall be tapped during terrorist-relatedcrisissituationsthatshallbetakencognizancebyNACAHT. (Executive Order No. 246 dated May 18, 1995. 2.12. Terrorist Related Crisis Situations 2.12.1. General TheNACAHTshalltakecognizanceofallterrorist-relatedcrisissituations which have national significanceand/orstrategicrepercussions.Otherterroristrelatedcrisissituations asidefromtheaforementionedshallbetakencognizancebytheconcernedCrisis Management Committee (CMC) under the existing NationalPeace and Order Council (NPOC) structure. 2.12.2. Specific Therearethreecategoriesofspecificinstancesofterroristrelatedcrisis situations which NACAHT shall take cognizance: Category 1 - Personality Involved (a) President's official family (b) Internationally protected persons (c) Heads of private and government vital installations and facilities (d) Heads of national government agencies Category 2 - Facility and Installation Involved (a) Strategic and vital government installations and facilities such as head of officesofdepartments,airports,seaports,oildepots,power/energy,transportation and communication facilities. (b) Embassies and foreign installations (c)Government-ownedandcommercialaircraft-passengerorcargo, domestic or international. (d) Commercial vessels - passenger or cargo, domestic or internationalCategory 3 - Other Special Cases that NACAHT may take cognizance. 2.13. Employment As embodied in the Executive Order Number 246 dated 18 May 1995 entitled "ReconstitutingtheNationalActionCommitteeonAnti-HijackingastheNational Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Anti-Terrorism", the National Tactical Strike Forces,inwhichSAPisoneofitscomponentsshallonlybeemployedduring terrorist-related crisis situations which NACAHT shall take cognizance. Other terrorist related situations shall be taken cognizance of by the concerned Crisis Management Committee(CMC)undertheexistingNationalPeaceandOrderCouncil(NPOC) structure.However,thelocalCMCmayelevatedecisionstotheNCMC/NACAHTin the following modes: Mode1-UpontherequestofalocalCMC(regional,provincialandcity/ municipal) under NPOC and upon acceptance by the NCMC. Mode2-UpontheunilateraldecisionoftheNCMCtotakecognizanceofa terrorist-related crisis situation from a local CMC under NPOC. Hence,theCounterTerroristUnitoftheSpecialActionForceshallonlybe employedduringtheaforementionedconditions.Whenemployed,theCTUshall provide the Assault Team, ERST and Security Team to secure inner perimeter. While the negotiation is in progress, the CTU shall continually gather information and plan for the assault should the negotiation fails and situation calls for the "last option". Section VI. TRAINING 2.14. Urban Counter Revolutionary Warfare Course (UCRWC) "Sureshock" Themainobjectiveofthistrainingfocusesonanti-terrorismandhostage rescue operations. The training strategy is designed to be comprehensive, feasible, andproveneffectiveincombatingterroristacts.Withthiskindoftraining, participantsareexpectedtobeproficientinthebasichandlingandtreatmentof weapons,entrytechniquesandhowtorespondtocertainsituationscallingextra-ordinary people and expertise. 2.15. Extended Range Support Team (ERST) Training This training develops the personnel to be proficient in providing: Extended range support operations Cover for scouting element and other team members Covert tactical intelligence collection capabilities Real time target site intelligence collection to support operations 2.16. Police Intervention Techniques Training Basically,thistrainingenhancesthecapabilityofthepersonneltobecome proficientindisarmingandhandcuffing,suspecthandlingandotherintervention techniques. 2.17. Human Rights Seminar This seminar is designed to provide personnel the basic information regarding the protection of human rights. Respect for human rights is of paramount concern of thisunit.Ithelpsthestudentsunderstandthevalueoflife.Italsosetslimitations wheretheymustplacethemselvesintheperformanceoftheirfunctionsaspolice officers. CHAPTER 3 COMMANDO OPERATIONS Section I. INTRODUCTION Commando operation is conducted under all conditions of weather and terrain (urban and rural operation) because of the intensive mental and physical training the SAFCommandoTrooperhasundergone.TheCommandoUnitcaninfiltrateor exfiltratefortifiedareasbyair,landorsea.Itcapitalizesonspeed,surpriseandstealthmovementforthesuccessfulaccomplishmentofassignedmission.Thesecapabilitiesmakethemanidealunittoemployindeeppenetrationbehindtheenemy lines. Section II. ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONS AND EQUIPMENT 3.1. Organization The Commando unit is composed of two (2) Commando Platoons and one (1) Support Platoon. EachCommandoPlatooncontainsone(I)ReconnaissanceTeamandthree(3) CommandoTeams.TheSupportPlatooncontainsone(1)Heavyweaponsteam, one(1)Medicalteam,one(1)Commoteam,andone(1)SpecialEquipment maintenance team / Transport Team COMMANDO ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE See ppt. 3.1.1. Commando Platoon - Consists of one (1) Reconnaissance Team and three (3)CommandoTeams.TheReconnaissanceTeamistrainedassurfaceandunder waterswimmersandasparachutist.Itisemployedprimarilyforreconnaissance mission. The Commando Teams serve as the main assault force and security of the commando unit. 3.1.2. Support Platoon - is composed of the following teams: (a) Heavy weapons team consists of eight (8) personnel responsible foremploying fire support to the assaulting or withdrawing commando unit. (b) Medical team consists of eight (8) personnel responsible for first aid and evacuation of wounded troops. (c) Contact team consists of eight (8) personnel responsible for settingup field communication from the Field units and ACP back to RPC,RCP. (d) Special equipment team/transport consists of eight (8) personnelresponsible for maintenance of special equipment of the commando unit. 3.2. Functions and Equipment 3.2.1. The Reconnaissance Team - is composed of eight (8) men who are all trainedforDeepReconnaissancemissions.TheyareallCommandoqualifiedwho undergo further extensive training for this mission. DESIGNATIONFUNCTIONEQUIPMENT 1. LEAD SCOUT Eyes and ears of theteam, Responsible forfront security AR 15/Famas AR,NVSwith mount for AR 15,NVG,Binoculars,Compass, Survival Knife 2. NAVIGATOR Pathfinder of the team,Responsible in theselection of routes HK 11 7.62 mm LMG,Binoculars, Maps, GPS,Compass, Survival Knife 3. TEAM LEADER Trains, employs andcontrols the team,Responsible for thesuccess and failure of theteam AR 15 w/ M203,Binoculars, Compass,Survival Knife, HandheldRadio, Camera 4. RADIOMAN Communicationspecialist, Responsible forall radio communications AR 15/Famas AR, PRC77, Compass, SurvivalKnife 5. RIFLEMAN HeavyWeaponsSpecialist, Responsiblein giving fire support incase of enemy contact M60 LMG, compass,Survival Knife 6. ASST TEAM LEADER Responsibleforaccounting the teammembers, takes command of the team in the absence of the team leaderM 16w/ M203,Binoculars, Compass,Survival Knife, HandHeld Radio 7. SNIPER Light weapon Specialist,Responsible inneutralizing the enemyfrom a distant coveredposition Styrecaliber.308w/ scope, NVS, Compass,Survival Knife, Handgrenades, Rappellingequipment 8. TAIL SCOUT Demolition specialist,Medical specialist,Erases tracks of theteam, Responsible forrear security Ml 6 w/M203, Compass,Survival Knife, Medicalkit,EODtools,explosives 3.2.2. The Commando Team-iscomposedofeight(8)menwhoareall capable and dependable in their individual qualification and specialized skill. It is an Officer-led, assisted by men of any grade. DESIGNATIONFUNCTIONEQUIPMENT 1. LEAD SCOUT Light weapon specialist, eyes and ears of the team, fluent in several dialects Ml6Rifle,Binoculars, Starlight scope, NVG 2. NAVIGATORHeavy weapon specialists, speaks several dialects M60, Lensatic compass, map, and GPS 3. TEAM LEADERTrains, employs and control the team, very capable leader. He is conversant on troop leading procedures AR154(BabyArmalite) maps and compass 4. RADIOMAN Commospecialist,speaks several dialect M-16rifle,signalequips, radiosets,coilerwire, CEIO handbook 5. CONTACT MAN Intel/Psy-op specialist, know several dialects & languages, expert in martial arts, versatile actor of the team M203,grenade,silent weapon, civilian clothes 6. ASST TEAM LEADER Demolition specialistM16 rifle, Demo 7. SNIPER Assist demo specialist sharp shooter expert Sniper rifle, Demo equip 8. TAIL SCOUT Erases tracks of the team, Medical specialist M16, Med/first aid kit, camera Section III. PATROLLING AND SCOUTING The Commando Unit whether I an offensive or defensive posture will continue toconductpatrolstopreventtheunitfrombeingsurprisedbytheenemyandto gather valuable information or simply to maintain spirit of the offensive. 3.3 Patrolling A patrol is a unit sent out for a purpose of accomplishing a specific mission. Thiscouldbeasmallascommandoteamoraslargeasacommandounit.The patrolisaninvaluabletoolofthecommandertoreducetheenemysfreedomof movementorhamperhisoperationalprobability,seriouslyweakenhisinfluencein the area and to gather timely tactical intelligence data. Patrol are limited only by the continuity, skill and aggressiveness with which they are employed. 3.4. Types of Patrols Alltypesofpatrolsareplannedandconductedalmostatthesameway exceptfortheactionofthemenfortheobjective.Theseplansofactionsatthe objectivedeterminethetypeofpatroltobeconducted.CommandoPatrolsare classified into the following categories: 3.4.1. Reconnaissance patrol. It is a patrol sent by a larger unit with the mission of gathering information concerning the enemy, the weather and terrain.In aspecificareaorlocation,areconnaissancepatrolmaybeapointorarea reconnaissance patrol. 3.4.2. Combat Patrol. It is a patrol sent out by a larger force with themissionofharassment,destructionorcaptureofenemypersonnel,equipmentand installations.Thistypeofpatrolalsocollectsusefulinformationwhetherrelatedto the mission or not. The following are classified as combat patrols. (a)Patrolforlocalsecurity.Alsoknownassanitizingpatrol.Inthistypeof combatpatrol,theleaderselectaseriesofobjectivecoveringtheareainofover which the patrol is to move. Action to be taken at each objective are planned, based on available information similar to crossing danger areas. Hence,thepatrolleadermustbealerttomodifyhisplanifthesituationatan objectiveisnotexactlyknown.Aseachobjectiveissecured,plansforthenext objective are confirmed or modified and the patrol continues. The main objective of this type of patrol is to check for enemy presence in the vicinity of a given area. (b)Contactpatrols.Asinpatrolforlocalsecurity.Seriesofobjectivesare selected in the conduct of contact patrols. The patrols proceed from one objective to anotheruntilcontactisestablished,thenactsinaccordanceinasituationoras directed.Inthisparticulartypeofpatrol,themainobjectiveistoestablishor maintain contact. However, when contact with the enemy is immediately made, the patrolmustnotgetengagedinadecisivecombat.Acontactpatrolissometimes referred to as Search and Rescue Attack Patrol. 3.5. Organization of Commando Patrol Thesizeofpatrolvariesaccordingtothemissionitistaskedtoperform.Membersofthepatrolarealwaysgroupedintodifferentelementswhichhave certainresponsibilities,theindividualmembersmayhavespecific task to do at the objective. Following are the responsibilities of the elements of patrol: 3.5.1. Patrol Headquarters.Thepatrolheadquartersprovidecontroland command for the group. It is usually composed of the patrol leader, radio operator and messages. Other attachment with specific jobs to perform may also be present atthepatrolheadquarters,suchasforwardobservers,explosiveexpertormedical aid men. 3.5.2.AssaultElement.Thiselementofcombatpatrolisresponsiblefor engaging the enemy at the objective by physically attacking them, destroying their resourcesorseizingvaluablematerials,augmentationweaponsandpersonnel maybe attached to the assault element for a particular purpose. 3.5.3. Support Element. The support element of a combat patrol is tasked toprovidesupportingfiresfortheassaultelementenrouteattheobjective.Itis also ready to reinforce the assault element when necessary. 3.5.4.SecurityElement.Thesecurityelementispresentbothinthereconnaissanceandcombatpatrolandisresponsibletoprovideearlywarningandprotection to the other elements at the objective area. It is also tasked to isolate theobjective and seal it off from enemy reinforcement. 3.5.6. Reconnaissance Element. This element of reconnaissance patrol is taskedtogatherinformationbyreconnoiteringorconductingsurveillanceofthe objective. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF COMMANDO PATROL see ppt. 3.6. Preparation and Execution Upon receipt of a patrol order from a higher headquarters, the patrol leader organizes his unit. Hethendesignatesthemembersofitsindividualtaskingandtheirandspecific duties and responsibilities. He later briefs his men of the detail as directed in the patrol orders and ensures that the following important subjects are covered. 3.6.1. Movement. The patrol must move with utmost security. It must avoid contact if possible, unless it is in accordance to the place. The patrol's mission could be compromised when premature or unexpected contact has been made. More so, it has no reserve or any other unit to assist it if contact is made. In this regard, lead elements should master the scouting techniques to be able to spot the enemy early and to avoid premature contact. How to Draw a Panoramic Sketch 1. Draw a horizon. 2. Put prominent points. 3. Put notes above prominent points. 4. Give sketches a title and indicate azimuth of most prominent featuresand place, date and time when made. 5. Affix signature. Contactinreconnaissancepatrols.Ifcontactisestablished,theemphasis should be to break away from the engagement 3.6.2. Primary and Alternate Routes. Patrol leaders must select a primary and at least one alternate route to and from the patrol objective. This routes should bedividedintolegsorsection,whichstartsandendsatarecognizableterrain features.Thesetechniqueswillenablethepatrolleadertoremainorientedduring the progress of the patrol. 3.6.3.Checkpoints.Patrolleadersmayalsodesignatecheckpointsalong the route of patrol. Thesearerecognizablefeatures,whichcouldguidethemembersofthe patrols, particularly the navigator in finding out if the patrol is in the right course to theobjective.Pre-selectedcheckpointsmustbemarkedinthemapandshouldbe essentialnavigationalaid.Itmaybeintheformofterrainfeaturesorprominent man made objects such as; rivers, bridges, or towers. 3.6.4.DepartureandRe-entrytoFriendlyLines.Themovement through friendly lines is one of the most critical parts of the patrol. The patrol leader must Pages 26 and 27 are missing ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF AREA RECONNAISSANCE See ppt (b)AreaReconnaissance.Theobjectiveisnotclearlydefinedandlocatedthusall teamsofthePlatoonisutilizedforReconnaissance.Whenentirepatrolisusedto reconnoiterthearea,eachteamformbothreconnaissanceandsecuritymission. When the teams are not required to the objective rallying point where they started, they assemble at some other designated rallying point. This method of assembly will beusedwhenteamsmustavoidmovingthroughanareatwiceorwhenthe objective is approached from the rear. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF AREA RECONNAISSANCE See ppt Section IV. RAID The size of the Commando Raiding Force depends on the mission, nature and location of the target and the enemy situation. The raid force may vary from a few personnelattackingacheckpointorapositionofunprotectedrailroadtracktoa battalion attacking a large supply depot. Regardless of size,the Raid force consists of three basic elements: Command, assault and security. 3.8. Organization 3.8.1. Command element. This element is normally composed of the force commanderandpersonnelprovidinggeneralsupportfortheraid.Command elementsarenotnormallyassignedwithspecificdutieswithanyelements.The command element maybe placed with any of the major elements of the raid force, andwherevertheraidforcecommandermaybestinfluenceandcontrolaction. When personnel who normally comprise acommand element, they are assigned to that element, and no separate command element is organized. 3.8.2. Assault element. The assault element is organized as determined by themissionandwhatisneededtoaccomplishthemajorobjectivesoftheraid.It consistofthemainactiongrouporassaultteamandspecialtaskdetail.Itmay includeasupportteam,ifweaponsandsuitablefiringpositionareavailable,to deliver neutralizing and supporting fires. 3.8.3.Securityelement.Thesecurityelementsupportstheraidby securing rallying points, gives early warning of enemy approach, blocks avenues of approach in to the objective area, prevents enemy escape from the objective area, covers the withdrawal of the assault elements and acts as the rear guard for the raid force.Thesizeofthesecurityelementsdependsontheenemy'scapabilityto intervene and disrupt the operations. 3.8.4. Organization of a Commando Raid Unit. In Raid utilizing the Unit. ItiscomposedoftheCommandElement,2CommandoPlatoonsastheAssault Elementand1SupportPlatoon.EachCommandoPlatooncontains1ReconTeam and 6 Assault Teams. The Support Platoon contains the Heavyweapons Team, Medical Team, Commo Team and Special Equipment Maintenance / Transport Team. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A COMMANDO RAID UNIT

See ppt CompositionofSpecialTeamsforDemo,.Search,POW,andInvestigation shall be from the elements composing the 6 Assault Teams. 3.8.5. Organization of a Commando Raid Platoon.Inarailutilizingthisunit and 3 Commando Teams serving as the Assault Team. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A COMMANDO RAID PLATOON See ppt Composition of Special Teams for Demo, Search, POW and Investigation shall be from the elements composing the 3 Assault Team. 3.8.5.organizationofaCommandoRaidSection.Inthisraid,the Section is composed of Security element from the Reconnaissance team or from the Commando Team and an Assault element from the Commando Team. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A COMMANDO RAID SECTION See ppt 3.9. Procedure of Raids a.Astheassaultelementmovesintoposition,securityelementkeepscommand group informed of all enemy activities, firing only if detected and or order from the command group. b. Once the assault element begins its action, the security element prevents enemy entry into or escape from the object area. c. The security element covers the withdrawal of the assault element to the rallying point, withdrawing itself on orders, upon a prearranged signal. 3.9.1.Movement.Movementtotheobjectiveareaisplannedand conducted to allow the raid force to approach the target undetected. Movement may beoversingleormultipleroutes.Everyeffortismadetoavoidcontactwiththe enemy during movement. Upon reaching the designated rendezvous, security groups are deployed and final coordination takes place before the attack position. 3.9.2.Actionintheobjectivearea.Specialtaskdetailsmovetotheir positionsandeliminatesentries,breachofremoveobstacles,andexecuteother assigned task. The main action group quickly follows the special task details into the target area. Once the objectives of the raid has been accomplished, the main action groupandspecialtaskdetailswithdraw,coveredbyfireorbysecurityelement.If theattackisunsuccessful,theactionisterminatedtopreventunduelossof personnelandthespecialtaskdetailwithdrawaccordingtoplan.Theassault element assembles at one or more rallying points while the security elements remain in position to cover the withdrawal according to plan. The assault element withdraws on signal or at a prearrange time. 3.9.2.Withdrawal.isdesignedtoachievemaximumdeceptionofthe enemy and minimum danger of the raid force. Frequently, in withdrawal operation, the raid force may disperse in smaller units, withdrawing in different directions, and reassembling at a later time at a pre-designated place to conduct further operation. Elementsoftheraidforcecanconductotheroperations,suchasanambushor pursuing enemy force, during the withdrawal. (a)Thevariouselementsofraidforcewithdraw,onorder,onapre-determined routes to the base area, through a series of rallying points. (b)Shouldtheenemyorganizeaclosepursuitoftheassaultelement,the securityelementassistbyfiremovement,distractingtheenemy,andslowinghim down. (c) If other elements of the raid force are closely pursued by the enemy they do not attempt to reach the rallying point; but, on their own initiative, they lead the enemyawayfromtheremainderoftheforceandattempttolosehimbyevasive action in difficult terrain. (d)Specificinstructionmustbeissuedtotheraidingforceconcerningsuch contingencies.Time-distancetobetraveled,firesupportandfirepower,and physicalconditionoftheraidingforcepersonnelarefactorsthatwilldecidewhat course of action will follow. (e)Theraidforce,orelementsofit,mayseparateandproceedassmall groups or individual to evade close pursuit. Section V. AMBUSH AND COUNTER AMBUSH 3.10. Definition and Purpose 3.10.1. Definition. Ambushes are surprise attacks from concealed positions, used against moving or temporarily halted targets such as trains, convoys, mounted columns,dismountedcolumns,individualvehicles,carryingparties,and reconnaissance and combat patrols. In an ambush, the enemy sets the time and the attacker selects the place. 3.10.2. Purpose.Ambushesareexecutedtodestroyorcapturepersonnel andsupplies,harassanddemoralizetheenemy,delayorblockmovementof personnelandsupplies,and channelenemymovementbyrenderingcertainroutes untenablefortraffic.Ambushesareexecutedtoreducetheenemy'scombat effectivenessbyharassmentanddestruction.Guerillaoperationconducteddeepin theenemy'srearareasmayresultintheenemyconcentratingthemajorityofhis movementstoprincipalroutesofcommunicationwheresuchtargetsaremore vulnerable to attack by other forces. A secondary result is an increase in the combat effectiveness of the guerilla force. 3.11. Ambush of Opportunity 3.11.1.General.Anambushofopportunityisoneinwhichavailable intelligenceandinformationdoesnotpermitdetailedplanning,i.e.,informationto the effect that the enemy has increase patrolling action, but no significant route or formations and time intervals have been observed. CourseofAction.Theguerillaforcesendingoutreconnaissanceelementsto develop this information must prepare this elements to execute any several courses ofaction.Coursesofactiontakeninanambushofopportunityarebasedonthe types of targets that may be encountered and must be rehearsed prior to departure from base. Course of action taken are determined when the opportunity for ambush arises. 3.11.2. Conduct of the Ambush.Dependingonthenumberofpersonnel participatingontheambushofopportunity,theambushforcesealsoffaccessto preventenemyreactionforcesfromoverrunning it position. Escapes route open to enemy,oncetheambushisenacted,arecoveredbyautomaticweaponfire, deliveringaheavyvolumeoffireforashorttimeandwithdrawingquicklyand quietly.Theforcedoesnotassault,exceptby fire and physical contact. If possible they avoid being seen by the enemy. 3.11.3.Withdrawal.Withdrawalfromtheambushsiteisaccomplished rapidly to successive rallying points. Individual snipers may be used as rear security elements, to impede and harass an enemy reaction force. Small elements may in to oneortwo-mangroupstofurtherconfuseenemypursuit.Eachmemberofthe ambush force must be aware of the assembly points of safe areas. 3.12. The Deliberate Ambush 3.12.1. General.Adeliberateambushmaybe plannedforanenemyforce on the move in or out of the guerilla unit's zone of responsibility, or against enemy targetswhichpresentthemselveswithregularity,movingoverthesameroutes, departingandenteringtheirownareasatthesamepointsorotherestablished patternsofactivities.Withintheguerillaunitszoneofresponsibility.Thesizeand organization of the ambush force depends on the purpose of the ambush, the force targets to be ambushed, and the weapons and equipment with which the ambushed will be executed. 3.12.2.Organization.Thedeliberateambushforceisorganizedinto Headquarters element. Assault element and Security element: (a)HeadquartersElement.Thiselementisnormallyconstitutedintothesame segments as the raid force but usually will assume its position with the main assault element in order to control the action at the ambush site. (b)AssaultElement.Thiselementconductsthemainattackagainsttheambush targetwhichincludeshaltingthecolumn, killingorcapturingpersonnel,recovering suppliesandequipment,anddestroyingunwantedvehiclesandsupplieswhich cannotbemoved.Whenadditionalsupportisrequired,asupportelementcanbe formed within the assault element. (c) Security Element. This element isolates the ambush site using roadblocks,otherambushes,andoutposts.Securityelementscoverthewithdrawalofthe assault elements and act as the rear guard during the withdrawal. 3.12.3 Organization for Linear ambush by a Commando Platoon See ppt LinearAmbush-isusedthesituationandterrainpermitsorasapartofan areaambushalongapproachorescaperoutes.TheLorV,etc.,typesare variations of this basic Linear Ambush. 3.12.4. Organization for Area Ambush by a Commando Platoon See ppt * Will accompany one of the ambush teams at the objective. Areaambush-isusedwhenenemyrouteisdetailterminedisaparticular trail. Patrol is divided into teams to cover all approaches into the area. All teams will allowenemytopasstroughuntiltheyhaveenteredthedesignatedkillingzone. Outlaying teams will cut off all guerrillas attempting to escape. Typical Employment of Area Ambush See ppt 3.12.5 Organization for Vehicular Ambush by a Commando Unit See ppt VehicularAmbush-Theattackforceiscomposedatbothassaultandsupport element. Security teams could cover demolition or obstacles and provide earlywarning or cut off enemy attempting escape from killing zone. Typical Employment of Vehicular Ambush See ppt 3.12.6. Conduct of the Ambush (a)Movement.Theambushforcemoveoverpreselectedroutestothe ambush site. One of the rendezvous point usually are used to consolidate forces and secureextraequipmentalongtheroutestotheambushsite.Lastminutes intelligenceisalsoprovidedatthisstopsbyreconnaissanceelements.Final coordination of the ambush is made at the final rendezvous points. (b) Actions at the Ambush Site. (1) Troops are move to a forward assembly area near the ambush site, and securityelementsmoveoutsecuretheirpositionfirst,andthentheassaultand support elements, with the command group, move into place. (2)Astheapproachingenemycolumnisdetected,oratapre-designated time, the ambush commander makes the final decision whether ornottoexecutetheambush.Thisinformationdependsoninformationnotreceived that may include the size of the enemy column, guard and security measures, and estimated worth of the target in light of the primary mission. (3) If the decision is made to execute the ambush, advance guards areallowedtopassthroughthemainposition.Whentheheadofthehaltedbyfire, demolitions, or obstacles. At this signal the entire assault elements opens fire. (4) Designated detail engage the advance and rear guards to preventreinforcement of the main column. The volume of tire is rapid and directed at enemy personnelexitingfromvehiclesandconcentratedonvehiclesmountingautomatic weapons. (5) The support element utilizes antitank grenades, rockets launchers,andrecoillessriflesagainstarmoredvehicles.Machinegunslaybanksorfixedfire acrossescaperoutes.Mortalshells,handandriflegrenadesarefiredintokilling zone. (6) If an assault is part of the mission, it is launched under covering fire on a prearranged signal. (7) After enemy resistance has been nullified, special parties move intothe column to recover supplies, equipment, and ammunition. (8) When the commander desires to terminate the action, because themission either has been accomplished or superior enemy reinforcement are arriving, hewithdrawstheassaultandsupportelementsfirstandthensecurityelements which cover the withdrawal of the assault and support elements. (9)Withdrawal.Withdrawalfromtheambushsiteissimilartowithdrawal form a raid in that the security elements cover the assault and support elements. 3.12.7.OtherActions.Ifthepurposeoftheambushistoharassand demoralizetheenemy,adifferenttacticmaybeadopted.Theadvanceguardis selected as the target of the ambush and the fire of the assault elements is directed against them. Repeated attacks against enemy advance guard: (a) Cause the use of disproportionately strong forces in advance guard duties. This may leave other positions of the column vulnerable or require thediversion of additional troops to convoy duty. (b)Createanadversepsychologicaleffectontheenemytroops,andthe continued casualties suffered by the advance guard make such duty unpopular. 3.12.8. Considerations for a Successful Ambush: (a) Men must have effective fires from all position. (b) Well trained team that possess a high standard of battle discipline. (c)Simple,effectiveplaninwhicheachmanknowshisduty.Ifpossible, recon the area before-hand. Use caution to avoid disclosing your intent. (d)Allaroundsecurityinallphasesoftheoperation.Beespeciallycareful while returning to friendly lines or base camp. (e) Placement of men and sitting of weapons concealment is first priority. (f) A simple clearly understood signal to open fire and case firing. 3.12.9.OperationinSwampsandForests.Dismountedelementsnormally conductsthisoperations.Thecomplexofmangroves,ferns,andpalmsnormally foundinthisareasoffersexcellentconcealmenttotheenemyandhefrequently usesthemforbaseareasandsafehavens.Theenemyusuallylocateshis installations in areas close to streams to utilize the waterways for transportation of supply and equipment. Elements conduct extensive operations in this areas to defeat the enemy or to deny him use of the waterways. (a) Execution (1)Theenemy'sarrivalinthekillingzoneisthemostcrucialmomentinan ambush. When he reaches the designated location in the zone, the order is given to open the fire. All weapons deliver a large volume of fire into the killing zone to inflict maximumcasualtiesbeforetheenemycantakecover.Firecontinuesuntilthe enemy is annihilated or until a friendly assault element is committed. (2)Theambushcommanderoftenhastouseassaultelementstomove through the ambush site, destroying equipment, searching the dead and performing othernecessaryduties.Theassaultbeginswiththeliftingorshiftingofsupporting fires. (3) During ambushes, along waterways, the concussion from explodingoffensive grenades thrown into the water produces casualties among swimmers. The assault elements then use boats to capture prisoners. (b) Use of Assault Boats 1) When transporting an ambush force, assault boats move stealthilybyusingpaddlesoforpolesinsteadofmotorsofbydriftingintopositionwiththe current of tide. When they move this way, the motor is fastened to the boat in the apt position, ready for immediate use. (2) Whether and ambush site is selected to cover a road, trail, or waterway, the ambush force debarks and occupies concealed positions. Theboats are concealed, and designated crewmen remain in or near their craft prepared to assist in the ambush or in the withdrawal. (3) If the ambush site is on a tidal waterways, changes in the water level and the direction of flow are considered in the plan. A considerable change in water level may prevent withdrawal by boat. 3.13. Counter Ambush Tactics 3.13.1. Reaction to far ambush. When The patrol is ambushed and there is no way to effectively close-in with the enemy, every one drops and return fire to extricate those caught in the killing zone, then withdraws to the PRP or withdraws by bounds.Whenwithdrawingbybounds,theteamexecutethisusingthebuddy elements of the team - while the first buddy elements is moving, the over watching elements provides base of fire. 3.13.2. Reaction to near ambush. When the patrol is ambushed so close thatmaneuverorwithdrawalwillresulttothecompletedestruction/annihilationof theteam,standfastandengagetheenemy.Ifonaveryvulnerableor disadvantageous position, the TL will automatically command "Assault". 3.13.3. Reaction to vehicular Ambush.Asmuchaspossible,theteam, whenmounted,dismountsandclearspossibleambushsites.However,theenemy alsochangestheirtacticsandconductsambuscadesinunexpectedinunexpected ambush areas. For this reason, one must always be prepared for any situation that may come up. Upon ambush the team will: (a) Return fire even if the enemy is not seen; (b) If the driver is alive and the road is not blocked, he must drive the vehicle out of the killing zone instead of jumping out;(c)Ifthedriverisaliveandtheroadisblocked,hemustdrivethevehicle right through the ambushers; (d) If the driver was killed and the vehicle stops at the killing zone, troops on the near side provide base fire as the rest jumps out of the vehicleand maneuver; (e) Maximize use of grenades (specially smoke) to counter the ambush; and, (f) Most important is get out of the killing zone by fire and maneuver. 3.13.4. Riverine Counter-ambush tactics: a) The riverine environment offers the enemy many opportunities forambushes.Thepopulationprovidesacoverforenemyambushforcesmovement intoandoccupationofambushsites.Accordingly,theriverineareararelyis considered secured and counter-ambushmeasures are planned in conjunction with all operations and movements. (b)Whenmovingthroughopenorbrokenterrain,securityelementsare employed to the front, rear, and flanks of the moving column, out to the maximum effective range of small arms fire. In wooded areas, security elements are minimum of200metersforwardandmustcoverafrontbroadenoughtopreventaline ambush,inwhichthelongaxisoftheenemyparallelsthedirectionofmovement. The forward security elements are far enough to the front to allow the main body to deploywithoutseriousinterferencefromtheenemy.Whenmovementsisalonga canalorriver,unitsmaytakeadvantageofadjacentcanalstomovesecurity elements. (c) Routes of movements are reconnoitered in detail from the air by map and, if possible, by small reconnaissance patrols. Air observation is valuable, but is not a substituteforagroundreconnaissance.Anambushforce,onceinplaceand camouflaged, is not likely to be detected from the air. (d) Local activities along roads or waterways are carefully observed todetect unusual patterns of behavior. No children in the area or no vehicular or boat traffic may indicate the presence of an enemy ambush force if the mission permits, frequentquestioningoflocalciviliansaboutrecentenemyactivitiesinthevicinity maybe advantageous. (e)Securityismaintainedfromthebeginningtotheendofanymovement; anddispersion,combatformationsandobservationareemphasized.Troopshave tendencytorelaxandbecomecarelesswhenreturningtoabaseareafroman operation. This tendency increases as the units near the base area. 3.13.5. Counter-ambush actions on land. (a) When a unit is caught in an ambush, troops return fire in their assigned sector.Theunitisorganizedtocovertheentireareawithalargevolumeoffire, andtroopsgainandmaintainfiresuperiority.Theunitincreasesspeedand continuous movement unless the road isblocked. If movement stops, troops return fire immediately withorganic weapons and follow-up with an assault on the primaryambush,usingtheirindividualweaponsandsupportingfires.Unitsentirelyinthe killzoneassaultandoverruntheambushposition.Whenonlypartoftheunitis caughtinthekillingzonetheelementsnotincontactactasmaneuverforceand attack the flanks and rearsof the ambush. Personnel continue to fire even after the enemyceasefiretopreventtheenemy'srecoveryofweaponsandbodies.Afterovercomingtheambush,theareaissearchedtoensurethattheambushsiteis clear. (b)Troopsmovingthroughsuspectareascarryoffensivegrenades,which they immediately throw toward the enemy when ambushed. Enemy ambush forces oftenhideatverycloserangeandassaultonlyafterthefriendlyforcehasbeen attackedbylongrangefire.Offensivegrenadesmayinflictheavycasualtyonthe concealed force and often prevent it from assaulting. (c) The immediate reaction plan provides for an assault to overrun theenemy positions. Enemy ambush forces often fire from only one flank to make the friendly forces to take cover in a mined area or killing zone. An assault toward the enemy normally lessens friendly casualties. 3.13.6. Counter-ambush tactics during water movement. (a) Even though suspected ambush site along waterways have beenattackedbyartilleryorcloseairsupportfires,ambushesmaybeencountered.The enemygenerallyselectambushsiteonwaterwaysatpointwheremaneuveringis difficultandthechanneleitherbringsthecraftwellovertoonebankorrestricts them in a narrow channel. Ambush forces usually hide in dense vegetation; but, in some areas they conceal themselves along dikes or in tall grass. High banks provide advantageousfiringpositionsabovetherivercraftandlimittherangeoffriendly directfire.Avenuesofwithdrawalarenormallyavailabletotheenemy.Mudflats,steep banks, or slippery shores, hinder friendly troops assaultingfrom the river. (b) Normally, the friendly units counters the ambush with suppressive fire and forward movements; it commits an element to suppress the ambush while the main body moves to the killing zone.The alternative course of action is to commit the entire unit in a coordinated attack to assaultand annihilate the ambush force. The mission, the forces available,and the relative size of the ambush force determine the tactic to employ. (c)Ifacommanderplanstocountertheambushwithsuppressivefireand forward movement, his plan includes the designation of ships and watercraft to take the ambush force under fire. The plan also includes instructions on the use of heavy weaponsandcloseairsupport.Iftheunit'smissionspecifiesdestructionofany ambush forces encountered en route, plans are necessary to land elements for this purpose and to commit blocking forces or reserves. 3.13.7. Reaction to Enemy Fire. (a)Thereactionoftroopsmovinginassaultboatstofiresfromanenemy outpostorambushdependsonthemission.Whenthemissionrequiresavoiding contact,continuedmovementbywaterwaymaybeextremelydifficult.The waterborneelementmaywaituntildarknessandthenmoveundercoverofthe oppositebank.Itmaybenecessarytodismountandcontinuethemovementon foot. (b) When the commander has authority to fight, he has possible coursesof action. (1) When time is critical the element maintains forward movement andexecutes a coordinated plan for suppressive fire on the enemy position. (2)Anassaultteammayattacktheambushforceorplaceasmokescreen between it and the boats. When possible, the ambushforce and enemy position are overrun. (c) A mission to seek out and eliminate enemy forces encountered requires a more deliberate attack on the enemy force. For example, when theleadingboatcomesunderenemyfire,personnelinthetwoleadboatsbeachtheir craftandreturntheenemy'sfire.Theelementleadergoesashoreand,usingall available cover and concealment, moves forward to reconnoiter the ambush site. He decides how best to use his force to destroy the enemy position quickly. By radio or arm and hand signal, he orders the element to beach all boats and to move forward. Atleastoneautomaticweaponremainsattheboatassemblyarea.Boatoperators protecttheirboatswithautomaticorindividualweapons.Aftercaptureand destruction of enemy, the elementcontinues the mission. Section VI. WATERBORNE OPERATIONS 3.14.Mission.TheequipageofaCommandounitwithboatsperform missionssimilartothoseassignedfordismountedunitsinotherareas.Boats increasemobilityandpermitunitstooperateatgreaterspeed;covergreater distances; and carry more equipment, weapons, and ammunition. Personnelconductedreconnaissanceandsecuritytasks,maintainingcontactbetweenfriendly units,andclearingblockedwaterwayscanusetheboatseffectively.Unitsusing boats for transportation, secure and hold key terrain features or relieve or reinforce isolated units. Boats may transport part of a larger force that uses other means of transportation for combat operations. The Command Unit normally use assault boats on relatively securing routes and not for assaults on known enemy positions. 3.15. Organization. The Commando Team which is composed of eight (8) men, samely composed the boat crew of a Waterbome Unit - a coxswain, navigator, andsix(6)paddlers/observers.Thispaddlers/observersarelocatedalongeach gunwale and the coxswain is located in the stern while the Navigator is at the bow. The starboard paddlers are numbered ONE, THREE and FIVE; the Port paddlers are numbered TWO, FOUR, and SIX from bow to stem. The Coxswain is crew member numbersevenandthenavigatoriscrewmembernumbereight.Ifadditional passengers are carried, they are numbered consecutively from bow to stem starting withnumbernine.Allboatteammembersareaddressedbynumber.Whenthe coxswain wishes to address a command to a pair of paddlers, he may use the terms "ONES","TWOS",or"THREES"indicatingcrewmembersNumberONEandTWO, THREE and FOUR, and FIVE and SIX, respectively. (See Figure 2) See ppt See ppt 3.16. Duties and Responsibilities of Crew. (a) Number ONE is the stroke. He sets the rate of paddling and maintainsthe paddling rhythm as directed by the coxswain. He assist the coxswain in keeping the boatperpendiculartothebreakerlinewhenbeachingorlaunchingtheboat.He assist the coxswain in avoiding obstacle in the water. He observes sector 12-2. (b) Number TWO also assist the coxswain in keeping the boat perpendiculartothebreakerlineandinavoidingobstacle.Hehandlesthetowlineandquick release line during towing operations. He observes sector 10 - 12. (c)NumberTHREEandFOURareresponsibleforlashingandunloading equipmentintheboat.Theyareusedasscout-swimmersduringtacticalboat landings, if scout-swimmers are not carried as passengers. They observes sectors 2-4 and 8-10 respectively. (d)NumberFIVEandSIXassistinlashingtheunloadingequipmentinthe after section of the boat. They assist the coxswain in maneuvering in swift currents. They rig and handle the sea anchor. They observe sectors 4-6 and 6-8 respectively. (e)NumberSEVEN,thecoxswainisresponsiblefortheperformanceofthe crewandthehandlingoftheboat.Heisresponsibleforthedistributionof equipment and passengers in the boat. He issues all commands to crew members, and maintains force and speed, and operates the outboard motorif it is used. (f) Number eight serves as the air guard for immediate frontal securityobservations and the depth of the water. 3.17. Movement. (a) For administrative moves on extremely wide rivers, boats normally move alongthecenteroftheriverbeyondtherangeofeffectivesmall-armsfire.On narrowerwaterways,totakeadvantageofnaturalconcealment,movementisas close to the shoreline as is consistent with the water mine threat. With the employment of 2 or more boats, this boats shall always maintain a relativepositionintheirformationandoperateasateam,movingfromone observation point to another. Sharp bends in a river frequently obscure the view of the river ahead. Personnel from one of the boats go ashore to reconnoiter the river beyondthecurve,Automaticweaponsfromtheotherboatscoverthepersonnel ashore. Footprints along the banks of the waterway indicate the presence of enemy troops;waterfowl,suddenlyalarmandlyingtowardtheunit,usuallyindicatethe movement of humans along the river. (b)Theelementleadermayorderhalttosendmessages,rest,eat,or reconnoiterspecificareas.Theareaselectedforahaltshouldprovidecover, concealment,andgoodfiringpositionsinfavorofdefense.Theelementmaintains all-round security and continues to improve the position until it departs. (c) Secrecy of movement is difficult when using a motor and traveling against thecurrent.Atnight,motornoisecanbehearduptoeightkilometersaway. Movement with the current, without using the motor, reduces noise. (d)Movementmaybecontinuous,bysuccessivebounds,ofbyalternate bounds. 3.18. Tactical Landings. As the boat approaches the surf zone, the coxswain send inhisscoutswimmers.Thecoxswaincommands,"twosout"andcrewmembers three and four enter the water and swim to the beach. Scout swimmers must avoid splittingabreakerlineorfoamlinebecausesuchsplittingresultintheirbeing silhouettedagainstawhitefoambackground.Thescoutswimmersdeterminesthe presence or absence of enemy in the landing area, usually by moving singly about 50 meters in opposite directionsafter they reach beach. When they have determine that the landing area is free of enemy,theysignaltheboatteamthatthelandingareaisclearusuallybyusing filtered,hoodedflashlightforapre-arrangedlightsignal.Thescoutswimmers signal from the point selected by them as most suitable for landing. After signaling theboat,thescoutswimmersmoveinoppositedirectionsawayfromthelanding point to established listening and observation position. These security positions are atthelimitofvisibilityfromthelandingpoint.Whentheboatteamreceivesthe signal from the scout swimmers, the coxswain orders to beach the boat at the point fromwhichthesignaloriginated.Aftertheboatisditched,itishiddenand camouflaged. 3.19.TacticalWithdrawals.Duringtheinitialexchangeofrecognitionsignals withtherecoveryvessel,theCommandoboatteamremainhiddenneartheboat cacheduringthisexchange.Thecoxswainthenordersapairofscoutsforwardto determine if the withdrawal area is clear of enemy. These scoutsreconnoiter the cache to see if it has been disturbed and observe the beach for the presenceofenemy.Aftertheyhavereportedthattheareaisclear,thecoxswain orders to prepare the boat for withdrawal. In some cases, this will require that the boat be inflated from air bottles or hand pumps. During thispreparation, post individual scouts just short of the limit of visibility from the cache to warn of the approach of enemy. Usually, one observer is posted at each flank of the withdrawal area while the coxswain observes the route previously taken by the boat team on their way to the cache. The coxswain orders to launch the boat. Section VII. AIRBORNE OPERATIONS 3.20. Parachute operations. Thegreatadvantageofparachuteoperationsisthattheyproviderapid, nearlysimultaneous,deliveryofaforceonanyterrainwhichisrelativelyfreeof obstacles. Disadvantage are the extensive special training and specialized equipment required,timerequiredforassemblyandreorganizationafterlanding,andthe weight penalty paid for parachutist and delivery kits. Itisessentialthatairbornetroopslandonorasclosetotheirobjectivesas possible.Suchforcesusuallyareemployedinareaswheretherearefewfixed defenses and a few well organized enemy combat troops. These condition facilitate rapid seizure of initial objectives. The vulnerability of air-dropped troops landing and reorganization,plustheirreducedgroundmobility,requiresaforcelargeenough and having a sufficient equipment to carry out the mission. The need for significant mass to seize and hold a ground objective normally requiresthattheassaultbemadefromaircraftformation.Theloadingofairborne forces and equipment should be planned to ensure that arrival in the objective area is in the desired sequence for the employment in the ground action. 3.21. Air Landed Operations 3.21.1. Mission (a)Certainphasesofanoperation,oreventheentireoperationmaybe accomplishedbythedeliveryoftroopsandequipmenttotheobjectiveareabyair landing. This method offers the following advantages: (1) More economical use of available airlift; (2) Capability for delivery of larger, heavier items; (3) A readily available means of evacuation; (4)Agreaterdegreeoftacticalintegrityandthecapabilityformorerapid employment of units afterlanding; and (5) The capability of using units with a minimum of special training and specialized equipment. (b) Air landing, however, has the following disadvantages: (1) Moderately level, unobstructed landing zone with adequate soil traffic ability are required; and (2) More time is required for delivery of a given size force than when delivery is by parachute.Thisisespeciallyso,forsmallrestrictedlandingfacilitiesisgenerally required. 3.21.1. Organization for Movement. (a)Thetacticalintegrityofparticipatingunitsisamajorconsiderationinan air landed operation. In situations where air landed units are expected to engage in combat upon landing, smallunitsarelandedorganizationallyintactwithweapons,ammunitions,and personnelinthesameaircraftwheneverpossible.J ointplanningemphasizes placementasclosetoobjectiveaspossible,consistentwithavailabilityoflanding zones and the operational capability of the tactical aircraft employed. Because of the vulnerabilityoftheaircraftontheground,unloadingisaccomplishedasrapidlyas possible. (b) The composition of loads of air landing serials of individual aircraftdepends upon the airborne commander's requirements for varying degrees of mass and on the capability of available air facilities to support the given rate of delivery. These factors may also dictate a general sequence of airlift operations in an area. 3.21.2. Landing Procedures. (a) Air-landed elements which are preceded by parachute elements follow this elementsascloselyaspossibleandlandonzonesinproximitytoparentunitthey aretosupport.Inresupplyoperationssuppliesandequipmentaredeliveredata preplannedratetolocationswithintheobjectiveareawhichrequireaminimumof further movement and handling. The speed which air landed elements are delivered into the objective area depends largely upon the availability, capacity, and security of landing zones or other air facilities. (b) The Air Force and ground commanders prepare plans and providethemeanstocopewiththeproblemsofdisabledaircraftonlandingzones.The ground unit commander providesassistanceinthemovementofdisabledaircraftthatwouldotherwise interfere with landing operations. Section VIII. Airmobile Operations (Heliborne) 3.22. General. Airmobileoperationsarethoseinwhichcombatforcesandtheirequipment moveaboutthebattlefieldinairvehiclesunderthecontrolofagroundforce commander to engage is ground combat. Withthisdirectcontrolorairlift,exercisedthroughoperationscenterchannels, employmentofcombatelementsismoreresponsivetochangesinthetactical situation.Withoutit,advantagessuchasflexibility,surpriseandimmediate executionoforderswouldsuffer.Airmobileoperationsincludeairliftofunitsinthe combat zone and the air movement of equipment and supplies. 3.23. Missions. (a) Seizure and retentions of key terrain. (b) Isolate pocket resistance. (c) Conduct diversionary actions. (d) Raids. (e) Long range combat patrol. (f) Deep reconnaissance, observation and surveillance. (g) Counter guerilla operations. 3.24. Limitations. (a) Adverse weather conditions may curtail the use of aircraft. (b) Limited support weapons, heavy equipment and means of communication. (c) Limited capability to engage in sustained combat. (d) Lack of vehicular mobility. (e) Vulnerability to enemy action during landing, assembly and pick-up. (f) Loss of element of surprise. 3.25. Land loading procedure (Enplaning). Aircraft loading is with the maximum speed commensurate with safety. (a)Onsignalfromtrooploadingofficerortrooploadingassistantatthe loading site in the ready circle, the hell-team approaches the aircraft on the double withheli-teamcommanderleadingandtheassistantcommanderbringingupthe rear. (b)Theheli-teamcommanderensuresthatteammembersareinproper sequence within the column to facilitate rapid loading of equipment. (c)Uponreachingtheentranceofthehelicopter,theheli-teamcommander takes a position outside, sling rifle and assist team members to enplane. (d) Personnel enter the aircraft carries the rifle with their hands. (e)Thepassengerswillpassfromtheheli-teamcommandertothetroop leading assistant or flight deck guide. (f)Whenseated,eachmemberplaceshisriflebetweentheknees,fasten safety belts and raises his right arm to signal the heli-team commanderthat he is ready to take-off. (g)Whentheheli-teamcommanderseesthatallmembersarereadytobe airborne, he either gives the crew chief thumbs up signal or taps the pilot's shoulder to signal him to take-off.(h) Crew served weapons are loaded as follows: (1) Light machine gun. Is loaded in three main loads; the gun group, the tripod and spare barrel case all carried by individual members like the rifle. (2) The 3.5 inch rocket launcher is placed under the seat immediately inside the rear of the cargo door. (3)81MMmortarisloadedintwocomponents;thecompletebaseplateandthe tube, and the bipod assembly. 3.26. Deplaning Procedure. Whenapproachingthelandingzone,thepilotorcrewchiefwillorientthe heli- team commander as to the direction of north, south, east and west. They must try to establish for the heli-team commander his position in relation to an object that is well known to him on the ground. When the aircraft has landed, or crew chief will signaldisembark.Personnelwillunfastensafetybeltsandunloadcautiouslyand rapidlytoensurethattheaircraftisnotexposedforalongperiodoftimeonthe landing zone. 3.27. Conduct of assault. (a)Initiallyinvolvesseizingandestablishinglandingsite.Eachsquadofthe first wave will be assigned a sector of responsibility of all or part of the landing site upon deplaning. The squad will destroy enemy elements located in the sector. (b) Seizure of the landing site. When the desired area is seized, the squad will set-uphastydefensetoensuretheinitiallandingzonesecurity.Thesquadleader accomplishesthereorganizationandcontrol,contactwithfriendlyunitshouldbe established as rapidly as possible. (c) Follow-up. Units landed in succeeding waves are employed as necessarytoensureseizureofthelandingzone.Ifnotrequired,theyprepareforfurther offensive action to accomplish assigned mission. Section X. Close Air Support (CAS) Operations 3.28. General. ThissectionprovidesdoctrineguidancetoSAPunitcommandersandstaff officers in requesting and directing close air support (CAS). The CAS consists of air attacks against hostile targets which are in close proximity to SAP troops and which requiredetailintegrationofeachairmissionwiththefireandmaneuverofthose forces. The CAS missions maybe executed by aircraft of the AFP and PNP air units.ThissectiondiscussesthatCASprovidedbythetacticalairunitofother services,whichisusedwhenSAPfiresupportmeanscannotfireonthetargetor when the added firepower of tactical fighter craft is necessary to obtain the results desired. 3.29. Priorities. (a)PriorityI-arethosetargetsthatarepreventingorareimmediately capable of preventing the execution of the plan of action; e.g., enemy mortar fire or enemy columns moving up in sufficient force to penetrate SAP lines. (b)PriorityII-Arethosetargetsthatareseriouslyinterferingwiththe execution of the plan of action; e.g., a target that is delaying SAP troop movement or is causing heavy casualties during the movement. (c)PriorityIII-arethosetargetsthatarecapableofultimateserious interferencewiththeexecutionoftheplanofaction;e.g.,atargetcanableto execute a counter-attack against SAP troops during or after the movement. (d) Priority V - are those targets that are capable of only limited interference with the execution of the plan of action or influence thereon. 3.30. Procedures in directing an aircraft. (a) Direct the attention of the pilot to a prominent landmark ear the target. (b)Usetheclockmethodinlocatingyourpositiontothepilot.Thenoseofthe aircraft is designated as 12 o'clock and the rear is 6 o'clock. (c)Oncethepilotidentifiesyourlocation,describethetargetintermsofdirection anddistance(e.g.,frommyposition,targetis300metersbearing15degrees northeast). (d)Intheabsenceofcommunicationtotheaircraft,usepanelstoidentifyyour location and the enemy. Panel should be in form of arrow pointing towards the enemy. (e)Whenthepilotsays"clearedhot",itmeansthathehasidentifiedthecorrect target and is cleared to attack it. (f) When the pilot says "Stop, Stop, Stop" it means that he has identified the wrong target and not to attack. Section XI. TRAINING 3.31. SAF Commando Course. ThisisthefoundationcourseofeverySAPoperatorandtheresultofthe integration of Ranger and Reconnaissance Course. This focuses on small unit tactics and the acquisition of skills necessary for such operation. 3.32. Basic Airborne Course This course is meant to train Commandos on air insertion and exfiltration. 3.33. Basic Underwater Search, Rescue and Recovery Operations Course This course is meant to train Commandos on underwater operations. CHAPTER 4 CIVIL DISTURBANCE MANAGEMENT Section I. INTRODUCTION Civil disturbances have been thought of exclusively riots, and this concept has had a direct bearing on the planning, training, and operation of civilian and military controlforces.However,Theterm"civildisturbances,"withitsconnotationof illegal activity, is sometimes used to include a broad range of confrontations which varyinintensity(andpurpose)fromapeacefulassemblyinpublicplacetoviolent anddestructiveattackonpeopleandproperty.Thisrequiresthatagencieswhich have a control force mission develop responses based on the variable nature of the threatandprovideforadegreeofflexibilityandselectivity.Thepastemphasison the violent aspects has often resulted in control force responses which could, or did, aggravate rather than reduce the problem. Some demonstrations such as picketing or"marches,"usuallyconductedasauthorizedbyapermit,arelegitimateformof protestandgenerallyshouldnotbeclassedasdisturbanceseventhoughsome elementsofinconveniencetothepublicisinvolved.However,thepossibilityexist thatacliquewithinthegroupdemonstrators,orfactionsnotconnectedwiththe group, will take advantage of the opportunity to escalate the occasions to the higher levelsofdisorder.Therefore,themanagementofcivildisturbancesmustbebased on the peculiarities of each situation. Section II. OBJ ECTIVES The management of civil disturbance in a free society is difficult, demanding taskthatrequirescarefulpreparationsandexactexecutionofcontrolforce.The controlforcemustbecapableofapplyinganyoneorcombinationofthetaskand techniquesdiscussedinthischapter.Thecommandermustbepreparedtoselect whichofthesetaskandtechniqueswouldbeproperresponsetosuccessfully manage the particular disturbance confronting his command. An improper or poorly executed control force of response could have the effect of increasing the intensity of disturbance. 4.1. Ultimate Objective RestorationofOrder.Theultimateobjectiveofapoliceforcecommittedto themanagementofcivildisturbancesistherestorationofstateoflawandorder." Law and Order " is a relative term that can be generated to the state of normalcy in thecommunity.Thisobjectiveincludesthepursuingacourseofactionwhich contributestothelong-termmaintenanceoflawandorder.Controlforceaction whichaccomplishesimmediatecontrolonlyatthepriceincreasedsocialhostilities and potentially greater future violence should be avoided and alternative responses should be sought. 4.2. Interim Objective Intensity Reduction. In many civil disturbances full control cannot be attained immediately. The commander must reduce the intensity of disturbance to lower level thatcanberealisticallyattained,givenalltheconditionsandvariablesinfluencing thatparticularsituation.Theinterimobjectiveisessentiallyacompromise.Onthe onehand,thecontrolforcemustavoidattemptingtoimposeadegreeofcontrol beyond its actual capabilities or through provocative measures of force, lest it only worsen the situation. On the other hand the, control force must take effective active actiontoattainanacceptabledegreeofsecurityandcontinuedfunctioningof threatenedcommunity.Factorswhichmayinfluenceornecessitatethedecisionto seek an interim objectives are: (a) Magnitude of Confrontation - The size or the extent of many disturbances may make the enforcement of all laws impossible in affected areas. (b)ReadinessofReserveForces-Intheinitialstagesofconfrontation,the capability of control forces will be fairly limited, pending the assembly of additional forces and the erection of field facilities. (c) Time of Day - During the certain hours of the day, large number ofbystanders or hangers-on can be expected to be present at a confrontation making their potential involvement an important factor. Section lll. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 4.3. Organization See ppt 4.4. Composition (a) 1 Company Commander (b) 1 Deputy and Ex-0 (c) 2 Platoon Leaders (d) 88 Elements 4.5. Equipment (a) Rattan Stick (b) Wricker Shield (c) Kevlar (d) Body Armored Vest (e) Pistol (for Security Team) (f) Rifle (for Security Team) (g) Whistle (for Platoon Leader) (h) Handcuff (i) Gas Mask (j) Tear Gas (k) Water Canon (1 per Company) Section IV. OPERATIONAL TASKS AND APPROACHES In any civil disturbance control operation certain tasks must be accomplished to achieve the ultimate objective of restoring and maintaining law and order. To do this,actionmustbetakentogaincontrolofthesituation.Controlforcesmust performcertaintasksthatwilldevelopaphysicalandpsychologicalenvironment which will permit law enforcement personnel to enforce the law and maintain order. The importance of having a high degree of flexibility and selectivity in the response cannotbeover-emphasized.Itisequallyimportantthattheoperationaltasksbe selectedonlyafteracarefulevaluationofthesituation.Thisevaluationmust considertheuniquenessofthesituation.Inthisrespect,thecommanderselects thosetaskswhicharemostlikelytoreducetheintensityoftheconfrontationby effectivelymanagingthegivensituation.Therefore,notalltaskswillapplyinall situations, but control force commanders and unit leaders must identify those ta