sae paper action... · web vieweffects of biodiesel on exhaust emissions and engine performance sae...

ANNEX 1

Joint EUCAR/JRC/CONCAWE Programme on:Joint EUCAR/JRC/CONCAWE Programme on:

Effects of gasoline vapour pressure and ethanol content on evaporative emissions from modern cars

File: ANNEX_1_Biofuels_EVAP_Programme.pdf

ANNEX 2

Effects of biodiesel on exhaust emissions and engine performance

SAE

Pap

er

Fuel HD / LD

Cycle

HC CO NOx PM PAH, Aldehyde, ketone, sulphate, nitrate, VOC, biological test

Number / size distribution

Materials compatibility

Performance / Drive ability

9500

53

100% RME

Bus,trucks

ECE 49, AQA*F21

From 0.6 to 0.5 g/kWh (-17%), from 2.2 to 1.9 g/km (-14%)


From 17.9 to 19.6 g/kWh (+9%), from 21.8 to 20.4 g/km (-6%)


= amount of wear metals (except lead, → avoid lead-coated tanks); attacks paint. Original elastomers unsuitable→fluorinated elastomers. Some (few) deposits. < lubricant viscosity (but same or better TBN, carbon index & dispersive power). No early oil change.

Power: - 6/7%.Efficiency =. Consumption: + 7/11% (theo), +10.1 (calc)

30% RME

Bus,trucks

Ald & Ket =.BTX: from 214 to 164.5 mg (-23%).∑10 gas PAH: from 354785 to 259921 µg (-27%).∑12 part PAH: from 481.3 to 342.89 µg (-29%)

= amount of wear metals in lubricant with durability test. = lubricant viscosity.Few swelling tank plug seals.No early oil change.

consumption: + 2/3% (theo)

50% RME

Bus,trucks

Ald/Ket slight +.BTX: from 214 to 142 mg (-34%).∑10 gas PAH: from 354785 to 3256µg (-99%).∑12 part PAH: from 481.3 to 529.3 µg (+10%).

= amount of wear metals in lubricant with durability test. =/- lubricant viscosity.Few swelling tank plug seals.No early oil change.

SAE Fuel HD/

LDcycle HC CO NOx PM PAH, ALD…. N/size

distMat compat. Perform.

9716

89

100% RME

Bus engine

ECE R49

From .55 to .32 g/kWh (-42%)(might be misleading because RME can condensate at 190ºC)

From .79 to .69 g/kWh (-13%)

From 5.54 to 6.81 g/kWh (+23%)

From .24 to .27 g/kWh (+13%)(+SOF)

∑ 15 PAH: Mode1:from 2998 to 232 µg/kg fuel (-92%). Mode4:from 1099 to 62 (-94%). Mode9: from 761 to 56 (-93%).No sulphate, no nitrate.BTX= (mode 1/4/9).∑5 aldehydes +25/35% (mode4).Bio: - potencial health risk.

Mean diameter, mode4: from .13 to 1.5 µm.

+ 14% fuel consumption

9620

96

R oil vehicle

FTP-75

+ 130% + 85% - 3% + 167% B(a)P:+ 41%, ∑ PAH: +89%, ∑ ald: +282%

ECE 15

+ 62% + 114% - 6 % + 220% B(a)P:+69%, ∑ PAH: +171%,∑ ald: +236%

Comparative measurements

Tendency increase sharply

Tendency increase sharply

= +/- depends on test

PAH: - in steady state tests, + in ECE15 and FTP75.Ald, Ket:drastic +. BTX +.

100% RME

Comparative measurements

From -10% to -40%

-15% average

Almost + 10%

From = to -40%

Significantly – PAH.Ald and Ket: + (~ +40%).BTX -.- mutagenic pot.+ ethene,ethyne

SAE Fuel HD/



9611

14

100% REE

Pickup trucks

EPA HD cycle, modified arterial cycle.

From 1.254 to .592 g/mile (- 53%,’94).From .854 to .324 (-62%, ’95). *

From 4.497 to 2.107 g/mile (-53%,1994).From 3.683 to 2.403 (-35%, 1995).*

From 6.85 to 6.013 g/mile (-12%,1994).From 6.747 to 5.913 (-12%, 1995).*

From .411 to .48 g/mile (+17%, 1994).From .184 to .264 (+43%, 1995). *

Catalytic converter reduced HC & PM both for diesel & biodiesel.

Lit review: ethyl & methyl esters: -HC as much as 50%. – CO as much as 10%. PM, NOx trade off: ±10/15%.

*EPA HD cycle. With arterial cycle: - absolute values of regulated emissions, but = trends

50% REE

-33%, 1994.-43%, 1995*

-50%, 1994.-35%, 1995.*

-8%, 1994.-3%, 1995.*

+4%, 1994.+35%, 1995*

20% REE

-19%, ’94-17%, ’95*

-35%, ’94.-18%, ’95*

-6%, 1994.-8%, 1995.*

-6%, 1994.+6%, 1995.*

100% RME

EPA HD cycle(‘94)

-48% -54% -8% +24%

20% RME

-20% -32% -4% -14%

9610

86

50% SME

HD engine

-28% = + (~ +15%)

-27% (soot: -45%, SOF: +64%)

Lit review: 100% soybean based biodiesel: -5/7% power; = efficiency, = wearing. = CO; -48% HC; +13% NOx. 10/40% biodiesel: -NOx.

= thermal efficiency; -5.5% full load torque; + consumption

20% Fatty esters

Peak torque speed

< emission with > % ester

= or - = From = to -10%

< torque

50% Fatty esters

< emission with > % ester

= or - = From = to -30% (methyl palmitate)

SAE Fuel HD/



1999

-01-

3598

Used frying oil

1 cylinder DI engine

At 0% and 100% =. Min at 50%

BSFC > with increasing used fried oil %.

Emuls W/D/oil (D and oil = %)

Decrease remarkably from 0% to 40% W.

= BSFC with 0% e 40% W, min with 20% water.

100% ME oil

= - +(better with 30/50% W)

= BSFC(better with 30% water)

1999

-01-

3603

100% RME

van Between -10% and -20%

= + SOF - PAH (∑7) consumption ~ =

Biodiesel (RME based)

= + (+ SOF) - PAH (∑7) consumption ~ =

9500

54

100% SME

Truck engine

13 mode

-75% - 14% + 28% (Increase linearly with % SME)

-33%. Not in low load conditions (> with > %SME), +SOF

Biodegradable, non toxic.Pure vegetable oil: difficulties with injectors,pistons,rings deposit formation and lubricating oil incompatibility

+ 12% consumption (> with > %SME). Similar chemical,thermodynamic properties (vegetable oil esters)

50%SME

- 50% - 7% + 16% -26%

30%SME

- 53% - 18% + 7% (possible –, see 20%)

-37%

SAE Fuel HD/


distMat compat.

20%SME

- 32% - 8% + 5%(possible – with optimized engine calibration. Also – PM).

- 24% With oxidation catalyst no benefit.With EGR: – NOx, without other penalties.

10%SME

- 28% - 10% + 3% (possible –, as for 20%SME)

- 32%

9527

57

20% RME

2 pickups

Road (80000 km). EPA HD cycle, modified arterial cycle.

-20% -25% -3% -10% Lit review: 100% veget oil:deposits, ring sticking, injector coking…100% soydiesel: engine power -6/+3%; = wear.-1% CO; -48% HC; +13% PM.100% SME: = wear; +6% consumption; -40% CO; +3% NOx.

Biodegradable (vegetable oils).Esters may deteriorate rubber components.>specific weight and viscosity (1.8 times for 100 RME; 15.7 times for 100% rapeseed oil). Heat combustion <.> flash point→ safer to use, store.

-1% power.No differences for drivers

20% R oil

-1% power.No differences for drivers

100% RME

-56% -42% -9% +7% -5% power

100% R oil

PME, RME: = wear. 50% fried oil ME: = consumption; -10% power.

20%RME: rust in steel tanks→ necessary stainless steel; fuel filter plugging in winter; low injectors coking; no excess amount of carbon buidup on pistons, cylinders.R oil: carbon on injectors.No abnormal wear or performance.

50% RME

-37% -39% -5% +8%

SAE Fuel HD/



2004

-01-

0097

30% RME

1 cylinder engine (DI)

-6/-17% (because of better combustion efficiency)

Between -19% and -26%

Between +7% and +15%

Between -10% and -15% soot

< ignition delay; accelerated combustion; slight > consumption

2003

-01-

0767

Vegetable oils

+290% (R oil)

+100% (R oil)

-25% (R oil)

-30/50% (R oil, IDI).+90/140% (R oil, DI).

+30/+330% ald & ket (R oil).- 1/3 PAH (R oil, IDI); + PAH (R oil, DI).

>> viscosity.Carbon deposits, sticking piston rings, lube oil dilution.Not suitable for DI engines.

< heating values (-10%~). Torque,power -2% (R oil). <comb noise.= perform.

biodiesel

-56% -43% +10% -55% - 90% cancer risk (Ames mutagenic test). + aldehyes. No SO2.

+ lubricating than diesel (> engine life). Biodeg, non toxic. > flashpoint→safer.

Slight < heating values.< power.No engine problems. Consumption +2/5%.

20% SME

-16% -8% +6% +5%

Neat biodiesel: alter viscosity lube oil; higher pour point→ additives necessary.No engine modifications required.

> CN. 30% SME

-26% -16% +8% =

40% SME

-33% -22% +10% =

10% SME

engine

13 mode

-28% -11% +4% -34%

20% SME

-32% -8% +5% -24%

30% SME

-53% -19% +7% -38%

50% SME

-51% -7% +16% -27%

100% SME

-76% -14% +28% -34%

SAE Fuel HD/



2000

-01-

0691

100% SME(also 30/40/ 50/75 %)

DI engine, 1900 cm3

Slight - Considerably + (due to higher temperature in combustion chamber)

- Advanced start injection

> viscosity, density.- 20/25% performance (= equivalence ratio). = perform if relative equival.ratio

2002

-01-

1658

20% SME

HD engine

-35% -8% +3% -20% > consumption20%

YGME-55% -8% +1% -20%

100% SME

-40% -41% +12% -73%

100%YGME

-80% -39% +4% -69%

982 20%

SMEengine

Steady state

-11% = efficiency

527

50% SI -29% -34%

10/100% SME

13 mode

-28% (10%)

-7% (30%) Between -24% and -38%

30/100% biodiesel

8 m. test

Between -18% and -24%

20/35/ 65/100% SME

EPA test

-44% -47% -66%

20/50/ 100% SME

engine

Steady state

100SME < 50 < 20 < Diesel

100SME < 50<20<DieselBut > SOF

SAE Fuel HD/



2002

-01-

0865

50 & 100% Bio (70% SME 30% WO)

Automotive engine, 1.9 L

Steady state

100Bio < 50Bio < Diesel

100Bio < 50Bio < Diesel

100Bio > 50Bio > Diesel

-soot, +SOF

> consumption; slight > efficiency; < heat value.

2003

-01-

3285

30% RME

Medium Duty engine

steady state

= at 23ºC, + at -7 ºC

= ald (11) Slight > number at low temperature

LD Eur cycle

< > number at low temperature, < at > temp. Peak shift at < size class at < temp.

E85 LD Eur cycle

>> at < T (diesel, only > for gasoline)

>> at < T(diesel, only > for gasoline)

<< (diesel)< (gasoline)

<<< (diesel)

+ acetaldehyde,= BTEX (gasoline)

2003

-01-

1866

30/100% RME, 30/100% SME, 30% UVME

LD engine, MD engine

Steady state, AVL8- mode

< (AVL8, 100%RME)

> in most engine conditions.(= in the case of AVL8, 100%RME).

< for most engine conditions.(> in the case of AVL8, 100%RME).

Slight < ald. 1,3 butadiene =

= torque

30/100% RME 30/100% SME, 30% UVME

LD FTP 75

- = -15/-25% + formaldehyde (without catalyst)

HD engine

steady state, ECE R49

= with 30%,< with 100%

= with 30%,< with 100%

= or slight + (+13% with 100% biodiesel)

-10/-50% with 30%.-60/-80% with 100%

= formaldehyde. < PAH (14).= mutagenic activity with 30%, < with 100%

SAE Fuel HD/



2001

-01-

1124

25% RME (+ water, metals)

Test on FVMQ: = aggressiveness.Long-term exposure: small changes.

100% RME

Test on various FVMQ: = aggressiveness.

2005

-01-

1728

10% RME

engine, 6.11 L

Steady state

~ = ~ = + ~ = ~ = PAH. - large particles, + finer (below 80 nm)

> consumption20%

RME~ = ~ = + ~ = ~ = PAH.

< opacity= DPF efficiency

50% RME

~ = + + ~ = ~ = PAH

100% RME

- + + ~ = + PAH. < opacity

15% RME

bus Steady

+ ~ = opacity - large particles,

= DPF efficiency,

Lit review: -HC, - CO,

state + finer (below 80 nm)

< CRT conversion, compatible

+NOx, - PM, -benzene. < mutagenic activity. + fine particles (10/40nm)

50% RME

+ ~ = opacity

In h

ouse

dat

a

30% RME

2 LD / 2 base fuels

NEDC

+29%+21%-2%

+30%+36%+5%

+1%+6%+1%

-23% (but + SOF), +1%-9%

+/- PAH+TEQ+ VOC→ + O3

- large particles, + finer

30% (SME + SuME)

+37%+53%+10%

+36%+56%+18%

-3%+2%+2%

-32%-8%-1%

30% PME

+16%+6%-11%

+3%+22%-6%

-2%0%0%

-27%-10%-10%

100% RME

+237%+32%+2%

+186%+107%+53%

+4%+16%+15%

-66%-2%-14%

100% (SME + SuME)

+271%+45%+12%

+200%+126%+67%

+16%+19%+18%

-70%-3%-15%

SAE Fuel HD/



9716

82

SME Higher cloud point & pour point→ filter plugging, worse cold flow properties. solution: winterization + cold flow improver.

Lit review: < HC; < PAH; slight < CO; = performance; safer to store/handle.

1999

-01-

1497

30% RME, 100% RME

Sigle cylinder engine with common rail

(> density; > viscosity → > droplet size; -13% heating value.)

Improvement in emissions (CO, smoke, NOx) if air temperature at SOI is above 700°C.Possible further improvements if engine parameters optimised for RME.

1999

-01-

3520

SAE Fuel HD/



2000

-01-

1480

biodiesel

Impact assessment: for CO, NOx, VOC, particles the most important impact is on public health

2000

-01-

2976

biodiesel

Fuel-cycle energy use & emissions: feedstock & fuel transportation: = energy consumption and CO2 emissions; slight > VOC and NOx emissions.

Aut

o-O

il II

Pro

gram

me

100% biodiesel

HD(Euro 2)

EF: 0.4Calculated for Euro3: 0.3 ; Euro4: 0.2


EF: 1.1(generally > , adjustment of injection timing & autoignition required. Can also be reduced by using high EGR rates).Calculated for Euro3: 0.9 ; Euro4: 0.6

EF: 1.0< soot, but > SOF (under some conditions).Calculated for Euro3: 0.7 ; Euro4: 0.2

< PAH. High aldheydes

Renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic. Hygroscopic. Attention required for the storage.< life cycle CO2

emissions. High conversion rate with oxidation catalyst.Problems to parts of fuel injection system, potential risk of reducing the service life of fuel injection equipment.< volumetric energy. Dilution lube oil → more frequent oil change.

Worse low temperature behaviour.< oxidation stability.LCA: EF for CO2

: 0.1 - 0.3.> costs for fuel.

20% / 30% biodiesel

HD(Euro 2)





Lubricity improver.(Potential risk of reducing the service life of fuel injection equipment).Considered equivalent to diesel in terms of engine/fuel compatibility → can be used in existing engines without modifications.

LCA: EF for CO2

: 0.7 - 0.8.= costs for vehicle/engine.Slight > costs for fuel.

LD (Euro 2)



EF: 1.0Calculated for Euro3: 1.0 ; Euro4: 0.5(Engine optimisation required)


Paper Fuel HD/



Wes

tern

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

Inst

itute

100% biodiesel

Normal engine wearing, no injectors problems.Caution with certain types of elastomers; fluorocarbon seals ok.Is a mild solvent→ remove sediments, deposits→ filters plugging.Biodegradable→ stability additives necessary.

< power; similar fuel consumption.

20% biodiesel

= or less engine wear (lubricity benefits)

= or < power. Similar fuel consumption.

20% SME(EPA results)

-21.1%(= also for different biodiesel)

-11% +2%(< adjusting engine timing & with EGR)

-10.1%

Paper Fuel HD/



Biodiesel blend

LD Between +5% and +50%

Between -2 % and-14%

Between -4 % and +5%

Between -12 % and -18%

EPA

420

-P-0

2-00

1

mainly HD (1997 or older models). No EGR, NOx adsorbers or PM traps.

< with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to -67% with 100% biodiesel).

< with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to -48% with 100% biodiesel).RME slightly better than SME

> with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to +10% with 100% biodiesel).RME slightly better than SME

< with increasing % of biodiesel.(Up to -47% with 100% biodiesel).

< acetaldehyde & formaldehyde with increasing % biodiesel.

(differences on emissions depending on the type of biodiesel & diesel, not on the engine model)

-8% energy content (-1.6% with 20% biodiesel).BSFC: up to 11% reduction in miles/gallon with neat biodiesel.

HD/LD: Heavy Duty / Light DutyRME: Rapeseed oil Methyl EsterREE: Rapeseed Ethyl EsterSME: Soybean Methyl Ester (Methyl Soyate)SI: Soybean IsopropylSuME: Sunflower Methyl EsterPME: Palm oil Methyl EsterUVME: Used Vegetable oil Methyl EsterR oil: Rapeseed oilFT: Fischer-TropschYGME: Yellow Grease Methyl EsterWO: Waste vegetable OilFVMQ: fluorosilicone elastomersW: WaterCN: Cetane NumberTBN: Total Basic NumberSOI: Start Of Injection SOF: Soluble Organic FractionEF: Emission Factor (ratio between the exhaust emission in a given engine/vehicle fuelled by biodiesel, to the the exhaust emission when the engine/vehicle is fuelled by diesel)LCA: Life Cycle AssessmentEGR: Exhaust Gas RecirculationBSFC: Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

sae paper action... · web vieweffects of biodiesel on exhaust emissions and engine performance sae...

Documents