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Project No. UNJP/SFS/002/UID

Revitalization of forest training centres in the SADC region for green employment – Phase I

A regional base line study and analysis to assess the forest fire management practices in Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa

&

Propose a forest fire management component for the SADC Re-gional Programme Document

[Petteri Vuorinen]Fire Management Expert, FAO Forestry Department

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DISCLAIMER: This report presents the ideas and thoughts of the consultant. The proposals made here have not been discussed with the stakeholders, yet. Therefore, nothing in this report has been agreed and decided. Any comments and suggestions should be addressed to the project office.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS V

1. REGIONAL BACKGROUND 1

1.1 History 11.2 Damages by fires 11.3 Causes of fires 31.4 Impacts of wildfire emissions on the atmosphere 31.5 Fire Management 41.6 Community involvement and the key challenges 41.7 Past and related work done in the SADC region 5

2. ZIMBAWE 6

2.1 Damage by fires 62.2 Causes of fires 62.3 Institutional arrangements 72.4 Education and training 72.5 Problem to be addressed 82.6 Proposed activities 8

3. ZAMBIA 9

3.1 Damages by fires 93.2 Causes of fires 93.3 Institutional arrangements and legislation 93.4 Education and training 103.5 Problems to be addressed 103.6 Proposed activities 11

4. SOUTH AFRICA 11

4.1 Damages by fires 114.2 Causes of fires 124.3 Institutional arrangements 124.4 Education and training 134.5 Problems to be addressed 134.6 Proposed activities 14

5. SUMMARY - FOREST FIRE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT FOR THE SADC REGIONAL PROGRAMME DOCUMENT ON UPGRADING FORESTRY TRAINING FACILITIES AND WOOD INDUSTRIES 15

6. DETAILED - FOREST FIRE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT FOR THE SADC REGIONAL PROGRAMME DOCUMENT ON UPGRADING FORESTRY TRAINING FACILITIES AND WOOD INDUSTRIES 18

6.1 Outcome and Outputs 186.2 Outputs and activities 196.3 Stakeholders and beneficiaries 226.4 FAO’s comparative advantage 226.5 Sustainability 236.6 Risks and Assumptions 256.7 Institutional Framework and Coordination 266.8 Strategy/Methodology 276.9 Financial and/or contributions in kind 286.10 FAO Contribution 286.11 Oversight, Monitoring and Outreach 306.12 Communication and Visibility 316.13 Reporting Schedule 31

7. REFERENCES 32

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List of Annexes

Annex 1.Budget 33Annex 2.Logical Framework 34Annex 3. Work plan 39Annex 4. Terms of refferences 42Annex 5. Training session details 50Annex 6. Services and contract details 54Annex 7.Expendable and non expendable equipment (per coutry) 55

List of Figures:

Figure 1: Total area burnt per SADC country from 2001-2007 1Figure 2: Total burned area in Zimbabwe 2003-2012(1000ha) 6Figure 3: Total burned area in Zambia 2003-2012 (1000ha) 9Figure 2: Total burned area in South Africa 2003-2012 (1000ha) 11

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ABBREVIATIONS

CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource ManagementCBU Copperbelt University CBFiM Community-based Fire Management DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesDoF Department of ForestryDSA Daily Subsistence AllowanceEMA Environmental Management AgencyGIS Geographic Information SystemGFIMS Global Fire Information Management System GFMC Global Fire Monitoring CenterFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFC Forestry Commission of ZimbabweFD Forestry DepartmentFPA Fire Protection Association IFM Integrated Fire ManagementLEGN FAO Law Development ServiceMFA Ministry of Foreign AffairsMoA Ministry of AgricultureNAP National Action Plan NC National CoordinatorsNDMA National Disaster Management AgencyNDS National Development StrategyNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNMMU Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityNPC National Project CoordinatorNUST National University of Science and Technology of ZimbabweREDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest DegradationSA South Africa SADC Southern African Development Community SC Steering CommitteeSU Stellenbosch UniversityTA Technical AdviserTA Traditional AuthoritiesToR Terms of ReferencesTSS Technical Support ServicesUN United NationsUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUN-ISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster ReductionUS United States of AmericaZAFFICO Zambia Forestry and Forest Industries Corporation LimitedZCF Zimbabwe Collage of ForestryZFC Zambia Forestry CollegeZFC Zimbabwe Forestry Commission

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1. REGIONAL BACKGROUND

The overwhelming part of sub-Saharan Africa has distinctive wet and dry seasons, which favour regular vegetation fires. The wet season stimulates growth, while the dry season provides ideal conditions for burning. However, drought may lead either to increased fire danger, due to extreme fire weather conditions, or to a decrease in fire danger, as there is not enough fuel to sustain a fire. In addition, every few years the El Niño weather pattern provides climatic conditions that favour extended wildfire episodes.

Most fires, both prescribed and uncontrolled wildfires, occur in the savannah biome primarily as fires to promote pasture regrowth, slash-and-burn practices and to the burning of agricultural residues. Large-scale burning of slash after forest harvesting is also a common practice in the forest plantations of southern Africa. Fires can also be caused by natural events (electrical storms, etc).

There is a need to raise awareness among local people and provide training to stake-holders at all levels on the proper use of fire as a management tool at the landscape level. The appropriate management of fires at the local level is a key factor to sustain-able management of natural resources, including forests.

1.1 History

Historically, the use of fire in Southern Africa was controlled by the Traditional Author-ities(TA) who restricted the use of fire to certain planned occasions and events, such as hunting. The use of fire by local people required permission from the Traditional Authorities.

However, during colonial times new fire legislation and no-burn policies were intro-duced, starting from the end of the 17th century. These policies and practices were modelled on those e.g. in Europe. Local practices and, consequently, earlier control mechanisms, were evoked or became invalid.

While the TAs were stripped of authority to control fires, local people soon realized that the colonial officers implementing the fire bans were seldom present due to the remoteness of many areas. Because of lack of supervision, fire was increasingly fre-quently used by the local population at the beginning of last century. The use of pre-scribed burning was forgotten and local people started to believe that the indiscrimin-ate use of fire was a part of the inherited traditions. By 1970, almost all forest and woodlands in southern Africa were fully or partially burned every year, due to such indiscriminate and widespread use of fire, coupled with rapid increases in human pop-ulations.

1.2 Damages by fires

In Africa, south of the Sahara desert; more vegetation fires burn and in higher fre-quencies than on any other continent. One has to admit that the quality of statistical fire data from Sub Saharan Africa is poor. This is due to among others political reas-ons, technical and resource problems and the fact that statistics have never been the key issue in fire management in Africa. There are sometimes huge discrepancies between satellite-derived data and data collected on the ground, as well as discrepan-cies within the different satellite systems. Collection of reliable ground data is not achievable in the vast territories of the African sub-continent. The nature and large number of African wild fires presently does not allow countries to accurately register the annually burned area, with the exception of few countries. Remote sensing is today the only way to collect statistical fire date like e.g. on the extent of burned area.

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Figure 1: Total area burnt per SADC country from 2001-2007

FAO 2014

Although estimates on the total economic damage of African fires are not available, ecologically and economically important resources are being increasingly destroyed by fires crossing borders from a fire-adapted to a fire-sensitive environment (Goldam-mer and de Ronde, 2004).

While the natural ecological role of fire must be recognised, the exposure of com-munities, agriculture business and infrastructure to large, devastating fires in the re-cent past, shows the vulnerability and potential damage of uncontrolled fire (Heine, 2004).

Substantial uncontrolled fires occur across Africa and affectcommunities, property and fire-sensitive natural resources. Secondary effects are the current burden of emissions on the atmosphere with subsequent adverse effects on the global climate system and human health. Major problems arise at the interface between fire savan-nas, residential areas, agricultural systems and those forests which are not adapted to fire. Fire as an effective and affordable tool for clearing land is also contributing to widespread deforestation in many southern African countries.

The impact of wild fires in natural vegetation and on the rural poor, cannot be over-stated. Those people living at the margins of daily survival are always most vulner-able. In the case of rural settlements (and also in the case of some of the urban set-tlements), those located physically at the margins of sustainable livelihoods, in the transition zone between densely settled land and lands carrying high fuel loads are the most vulnerable. Whether these fuel loads are the result of natural development or the lack of integrated fire management (including fuel reduction strategies) in the natural environment, the consequences are the same. These areas form high fire risk zones, and the inhabitants of the adjacent settlements bear the brunt of such unman-aged risk. The direct losses are in terms of:

loss of life, disability and increased respiratory sicknesses, due to vegetation fires

loss of housing and possessions when thatched or wooden dwellings ignite loss of grazing, crops, livestock and subsistence natural resources negative effect on tourism reduced quality of water soil erosion by water and wind.

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1.3 Causes of fires

Lightning can be a significant ignition source, for example in western Namibia, where 60 percent of all fires stem from thunder storms. However, most fires are started by people.

Fire is widely used in African agriculture to promote regeneration of pasture, to clear agricultural sites or remove agricultural residues. However, planned fires are often left unattended and can spread; thus negligence is the most common cause of uncon-trolled fires throughout Africa. The list of agents is long – honey hunters, poachers, children at play, abandoned campfires, cooking and warming fires or escaped pre-scribed fire.

Arson may be caused by cultural or religious beliefs, misunderstanding of an ‘African burning tradition’, civil unrest and personal anger or fear (burning the bush to open it up). Arson fires are also commonly lit by marginal community members for the thrill or to feel empowered.

One of the underlying causes of frequent arson is the problem of ‘ownership’ or ten-ure. Very often the land belongs to the state or to an anonymous company, and most profits never reach the local population. Thus no sense of responsibility is created for the sustainable use of natural resources and the environment.

In forest plantations, large-scale prescribed burning is a standard practice to prepare sites for planting after harvesting. Firebreaks around and within the compartments are also prepared through burning. More than 10 percent of all plantation fires originate from these activities, due to lack of training of personnel (Goldammer and de Ronde, 2004).

1.4 Impacts of wildfire emissions on the atmosphere

The FAO study prepared for the 24th FAO Regional Conference for Africa (FAO, 2006) provides a statement which suitably summarizes the main impacts of vegetation fires in Africa on the atmosphere and notably on the global carbon cycle:

“Fires in Africa are considered to be a major source of emissions of greenhouse gases and their precursors to the global atmosphere. The emissions produced by different fires depend both on the types of fuels present and on the ratio of the flaming to smouldering phases of combustion.

The compounds emitted by fires can be transported long distances during which time some of them are transformed by various chemical and physical processes catalyzed by ultraviolet radiation. Carbon monoxide, methane and nitric oxide are important pre-cursors in the atmospheric photochemical oxidant cycle, which governs the concentra-tion of the hydroxyl radical (OH), the main oxidant responsible for removing many of the pollutants released into the atmosphere, as well as tropospheric ozone, produced by the photolysis of NO2, itself a product of the reaction between nitric oxide and per-oxide radicals. Tropospheric ozone is toxic in high concentrations.

Fires in Africa are thought to be the main cause of the plume of tropospheric ozone that extends across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to South America annually during September-October.

As a result of extensive research carried out in Africa over the past 15 years, good information is available on the emission of aerosols and trace gases from most kinds of fires, though more information is needed on emissions from agricultural fires and charcoal use. Research, most notably in southern Africa during the SAFARI-92 and SAFARI 2000 research campaigns, and in Central and West Africa as part of DECAFE and EXPRESSO, has produced good estimates of emission factors for many

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of the important greenhouse gases, chemical precursors and fine particulate matter (<2.5 µm diameter) from different types of fires and fuels. While there is considerable uncertainty at the level of fine detail, the broad picture is clear: biomass burning in Africa is a major source of emissions to the global atmosphere.

The current estimates of the quantity of biomass burned globally each year from all sources is about 9,200 million metric tonnes (million mt). Overall, global wildfires con-sume 5,130 million mt, 42 percent of which is burned in Africa (including fires associ-ated with deforestation). This burning releases about 3,431 million mt of CO2, as well as significant quantities of other emissions.”

1.5 Fire Management

As a preventive measure, fuel reduction is carried out primarily through prescribed burning between and around commercial forest plantations and nature conservation areas. Countries such as Botswana, Namibia and South Africa prepare quite extens-ive networks of firebreaks annually. But a problem in most countries is the lack of even basic burning equipment, basic knowledge of fire behaviour and skills in the safe use of fire as a management tool. Knowledge of fire behaviour is a key factor in a suc-cessful prevention programme. The more efforts that are put into education and train-ing of local farmers, the less uncontrolled fires will occur. Apart from South Africa, most countries do not have sufficient capacities, resources or skills in wildfire detec-tion and suppression.

Most fire suppression resources are urban or municipal, are located in capitals or big-ger cities and do not respond to wildfires occurring in rural areas; sometimes they even lack the mandate to deal with fires in rural areas. There is little capacity within the private sector for fire suppression, with the exception of South Africa and a few other countries. If a fire-management budget is available, in most cases 95 percent of these funds are invested in improving fire suppression and monitoring capabilities, instead of in prevention and capacity-building.

Traditionally, in the SADC region, the responsibility for fire management lies with the Ministries of Environment/Agriculture and Rural Development. However, an increas-ing number of countries are following the South African example and giving national disaster management centres a share in this mandate. In the United Republic of Tan-zania, joint involvement of forestry staff and staff of the Fire and Rescue Service Force has been suggested. However, an important issue remains to be resolved, i.e . the leadership and authority of the fire chief conducting fire suppression activities. The role and authority of the chief have to be clearly defined, especially in commercial farming areas, in relation to regional authorities such as governors.

1.6 Community involvement and the key challenges

Some forestry and wildlife management agencies within the region have the basic infrastructure to detect, prevent and suppress fires, but this capability is rapidly break-ing down and becoming obsolete. Traditional controls on burning in customary lands are now largely ineffective. Fire control is also greatly complicated by the fact that the hundreds of thousands fires in Africa occur as widely dispersed small events, primar-ily related to agricultural seasons. Since nearly all fires in the region are caused by human activity, the reasons for these fires must be addressed, rather than simply in-creasing suppression capacity. National data on the underlying causes of fires are required, and only then will it be possible to develop national strategies for the appro-priate use of fire as a management tool.

Very encouraging Community Based Fire Management programmes have been es-tablished in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe (Goldammer et al., 2002). The pos-itive and promising results of these projects show that, in Africa, the community ap-proach is probably the only sustainable, long-term solution to improving the fire situ-ation at the grassroots level.

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There is a need to raise the awareness of local people and provide training to multiple level stakeholders in the proper use of fire as a management tool in rural activities at landscape level. There is also a need to apply an ecosystem approach, wherein all fires, regardless of its purpose (agriculture, land clearing, beekeeping, hunting, cook-ing, heating), are managed by the local people. With the national forestry departments as lead agency, all uses of fire should be coordinated by a community level fire man-agement unit.

The major limitations for integrated and community based fire management are firstly budgetary constraints, missing infrastructure and capacities, and a social and political environment which is not sufficiently enabling or empowering the affected population to deal with the fire problem themselves. The challenge is how to convince policy makers to provide their support to the community. The issue of sharing responsibility and therefore power is a difficult equation in the political world.

“The prevailing lack of financial, infrastructural and equipment resources for fire man-agement in the SADC Region and neighbouring Sub-Saharan Africa is aggravated by the lack of human resources adequately trained in fire management. The gap between the decreasing preparedness capabilities in fire management and the in-creasing fire problems in the SADC Region/Sub-Saharan Africa requires immediate response through capacity building (Goldammer and de Ronde, 2004)”.

1.7 Past and related work done in the SADC region

The AfriFireNet, created in 2002, encourages countries to establish or expand co-operative and networking activities, and one of its first activities, the Wildland Fire Training Center Africa, was founded in cooperation with local partners in South Africa. Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) and the former coordinator of AfriFireNet pre-pared the Wildland Fire Management Handbook for sub-Saharan Africa (Goldammer and de Ronde, 2004).

A major national South African fire-management programme, Working on Fire (WoF), has created a remarkable people-centred approach to fire management – a labour-in-tensive initiative that provides training and empowerment for socially marginalized people (http://www.workingonfire.org/)

More recently (2006-2007) a FAO Technical Cooperation Project took place in Bot-swana and Zimbabwe which mainly focused on capacity building of basic fire fighting skills, crew leader training and participation in a study tour to South Africa. The spe-cific project objectives are to reduce the extreme wildfire threat to food security, rural livelihoods and the natural environment, while also contributing to SADC-level cooper-ation on wildfire management. A similar project is under development for Swaziland.

FAO has facilitated the development of Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines which include basic principles, aspects and strategic actions (FAO, 2006). A methodology has been developed and used to strengthen capacity of developing countries, on how to use the principles and strategic actions detailed in the Guidelines for the develop-ment of national and regional fire management strategies, policies and practices (FAO, 2007).

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http://www.workingonfire.org/

2. ZIMBAWE

2.1 Damage by fires

Figure 2: Total burned area in Zimbabwe 2003-2012(1000ha)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 -

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Total burned area (1000 ha)

FAO 2014

Zimbabwe is vulnerable to natural and other disasters that have adverse effects on communities, the national economy and the country’s development objectives. Des-pite the importance of forests and woodlands in the economy, there has been a gen-eral increase in the incidences of uncontrolled fires in Zimbabwe since year 2000. These fires have been particularly devastating in the newly resettled areas, gazetted forest areas, national parks and commercial timber plantations, resulting in loss of human life and property as well as destroying vegetation and small animals indiscrim-inately.

The loss and degradation of natural forest cover in Zimbabwe has increased dramat-ically over recent decades, and the country now has one of the highest annual defor-estation rates in Africa at 1.7 percent over 2000-2005. More than 250 000 hectares (33 percent) of indigenous gazetted forests were destroyed by fires in 2005 alone. Fires destroyed also around 10 000 hectares of pine plantations, which represented about 11 percent of standing pine timber worth nearly Z$1.4 trillion (estimate in 2006). Thus, 2.5 rotation years were lost and this will result in erratic log supply and short-ages being experienced in the next 20-25 years. These fires also killed and forced the migration of a number of wild animals that form the backbone of the tourism industry which is an important source of employment for Zimbabweans.

According to the Timber Producers Federation statistics the total forestry plantation losses due to fires were 38 697 hectares between 2000-2013.

2.2 Causes of fires

The major concern in plantation forests has been land clearing for agriculture and forest fires. Most fires that occurred from 2004 to 2007 were of an anthropogenic ori-gin and were caused by poachers, honey collectors, newly resettled farmers, arson-ists and cigarette smokers. Further road users, train, trans-boundary incidences (e.g. with border with Botswana and Mozambique), power lines and farmers who do control burning to reduce organic matter cause forest fires.

The underlying reason for the increase has been land clearance for agriculture follow-ing the land reform programme. The situation has been exacerbated by the apparent confusion among community members and local politicians regarding government policy on resettlement on state forests and timber plantations.

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2.3 Institutional arrangements

The Ministry of Environment and Tourism, through its line departments - Zimbabwe Forestry Commission(ZFC) and Environmental Management Agency (EMA), function as the custodians of wild fires in Zimbabwe.

The ZFC operates under the Forest Act Chapter 19.05 of 1996: Part VIII - Control of Fires and Burning of Vegetation that specifies requirements for:

Provision of notice of intention to burn standing vegetation to occupiers of adjoining land and a police officer;

Provision and maintenance of fireguards on common boundaries; Fires kindled on land of another to be controlled and extinguished; Counter-firing; Rights to recover damages; and Procedures in regard to extinguishing of fire.

The EMA operates under Environmental Management Act Chapter 20:27 of 2003: Part IV - Prevention of Fires of the Statutory Instrument 7 of 2007 that specifies re-quirements for:

Pre-suppression Measures:- Land owners or users shall put in place appropriate fire prevention measures

on their land;- No person shall deliberately light a fire that he or she cannot extinguish:- No person shall light a fire outside residential or commercial premises during

the period 31 July to 31 October of each year. Suppression Measures:- The land user or landowner shall be responsible for extinguishing all fires on

their land regardless of origin;- Any person within the vicinity of the fire shall carefully and properly extinguish

that fire. Post Suppression Measures:- Investigation and documentation of the cause of fire and the extent of damage.

A national fire protection strategy was developed in 2005 by the Ministry of Environ-ment and Tourism with the participation of the Timber Producers Federation and all government departments within the Ministry. This strategy was launched in Manica-land Province in the east of the country during June 2006. While the fire strategy is situated within the Forestry Commission (state agency mandated for control and fight-ing wildfires), local and district provincial authorities are envisaged as key role players in its implementation. However, the implementation of fire strategy has been slow and is a gradual process. Lack of adequate capacity at national, provincial, district and local levels as well as the absence of an enabling environment allowing for interaction at a grassroots level as required in a participatory process has been among the main reasons for slow implementation of the strategy. The process will need to be re-activ-ated and launched in the provinces. Identifying risks, hazards and putting in place vital preparedness plans and actions need local input to be locally pertinent.

The other major failure to effectively control the fires has been attributed to budgetary constraints, a reliance on fire suppression and legislative approaches (management practices of conducting early burning and complete forest resource protection), and lack of involvement of communities in forest management and fire preparedness. In recent years, the Forestry Commission have faced severe budgetary constrains to adopt adequate measures for effective control of forest fires or, indeed, enforcement of the Forest Act. (FAO 2008)

2.4 Education and training

Forestry College in Mutare offers technical hands-on training on fire management, but higher education is not offered in Universities of Zimbabwe, except couple of lessons

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under the forest protection courses in the National University of Science and Techno-logy of Zimbabwe (NUST).

2.5 Problem to be addressed

Uncontrolled fires particularly in timber plantations and gazetted forests threaten the socio-economic and livelihoods of the many communities who rely on them. Most communities which are already at risk become more vulnerable because of several aggravating factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS effects and environment degradation. This negative situation weakens the ability of people to cope and their ecosystem to withstand destruction. Every year, fire-prone provinces of Zimbabwe suffer damaging uncontrolled fires, and every wildfire that starts is a potential disaster event.

Various stakeholders addressed the need for awareness raising and education on fire management, as well as need for training on use of fire. It also came evident that the local communities and the Forestry Commission would need some hand tools to do controlled burnings and to fight escaped fires. When looking at the institutional arragements, the roles of Forestry Commission(FC) and Environmental Management Agency(EMA) should be clarified. EMA was recently established and its role is partly overlapping with FC and this seems to cause some friction between the two government institutions also on fire issues.

2.6 Proposed activities

Facilitate series of awareness raising activities(e.g. TV and radio programmes, outdoor events), maybe linked to the National Fire Week activities in May, which are also supported by the Minister of Environment;

Organize short “training of trainers” courses at College of Forestry at Mutare by national and international experts (e.g. Working on Fire people from South Africa) on various topics related to fire management for FC, EMA and forestry companies staff and traditional leaders of local communities, university students, etc;

National University of Science and Technology of Zimbabwe (NUST) would benefit greatly from collaboration with Stellenboch University in South Africa in developing their forestry curricula, student exchange, research on fires impacts on environment and emissions, etc.;

Procure fire hand tools for local communities and FC staff and organize trainings for their use following the example of the recent TCP/ZIM/3302-project on community based fire management;

The South African voluntary Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) systems could also be piloted in carefully selected areas.Make forest policy and legislation “review” aiming at clarifying the roles of EMA and FC related to wildfire management, set relevant sustainable forestry standards for Zimbabwe and to find legal solution to prevent illegal settlers damaging forest resources of Zimbabwe. Policy review could benefit from the work recently done by the FAO National Forest Policy programme. The legislation review should find a away to prevent illegal settlements to change the land use in the areas they have occupied in forested areas(using South African example in Kruger Park).

All the activities should be linked with the ongoing EU funded FAOimplemented prorgamme in Zimbabwe aiming at strengthening the whole forestry sector. Zimbabwe has also very recently joined UN-REDD programme, which could include fire monitoring into the general forest monitoring system, they will set up for REDD prosesses.

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3. ZAMBIA


Figure 3: Total burned area in Zambia 2003-2012 (1000ha)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 -

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000


FAO 2014

Zambia falls within the most affected areas by bush fires in Africa as approximately 25% of Zambia land is exposed to bush fires every year. Most affected areas are in the northern parts of the country, notably protected forests and game management areas. Bush fire events have had devastating impacts especially on rural communi-ties, but unfortunately no data is available on economical losses due to the wildfires, nor estimates on deforestation they are causing.

3.2 Causes of fires

Control burning (good) burning especially for fires occurring in May/June Clearing of vegetation for agriculture purposes (good fires) Slush and Burn agriculture practices Clearing of land for hunting, though illegal national parks and game management

areas Charcoal production processes Hunting seasons for mice and honey especially in croplands and woodlands Negligence and arson, smokers, children playing with fire, and camp fires Natural causes such as lightening (minimal, more monitoring required)

3.3 Institutional arrangements and legislation

There is no single institution with an overall responsibility to fight fires in Zambia.Whilst the Forestry Department and ZAWA hold the jurisdictions over forest resources on state lands, the majority of forest resources can be found on customary lands, which more generally fall under customary law and management systems. Here the authority in charge is the Chief and village headmen. There is no systematic plan for how forests and woodlands on customary land should be managed, but customary institutional arrangements vary across the different chiefdoms (Kokwe and Mickels-Kokwe, 2012).

The Forests Act of 1973 stipulates that forest use on Customary Lands should be for subsistence use where clearing land for agriculture and wood fuel is permitted, but charcoal production and timber harvesting requires a license from the Forestry De-partment (Mason-Case, 2011). No timber may be harvested and transported across customary lands without a license (GRZ & UN-REDD, 2010). In reality illegal timber harvesting and charcoal production is most severe on customary lands. Areas close to urban centres experience the highest rates of deforestation and degradation, for the most part due to the high demand for charcoal. Although the Chief may allocate land for agriculture purposes, there is little control over how land is actually used and

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in many cases land is cleared purely for the purpose of charcoal production and then left barren after one or two seasons of cultivation when nutrient supply diminishes.

Although the law provides clear directions for the prosecution of forestry offences the reality is that there is very limited on-the-ground presence of the Forestry Department to enforce forestry regulations. Since charcoal production constitutes a core livelihood income and source of energy, not just in rural but also urban areas, the practice is quite widespread across the country. Given the limited institutional and especially lo-gistical capacity of the Forestry Department to maintain oversight over its protected estates and customary lands, law enforcement is weak and constitutes a key barrier to effective control of illegal harvesting activities. A new Forest Policy and Forest Bill (2012) were in early 2013 in the Parliament for approval, and it is expected that this bill will address the need for elaborate procedures and possibly stiffer penalties for punishing forest crime in national courts.

In addition to State-led political administration Zambia has a strong traditional system, consisting of tribal chiefdoms, governed by Chiefs who delegate rights and responsib-ilities within their jurisdictions. Areas under traditional management (customary lands) is occupied by approximately 73 tribes, headed by 240 chiefs, 8 senior chiefs and 4 paramount chiefs (GRZ & UN-REDD, 2010). The traditional system is recognised in the Constitution as a formal arm of the Government of the Republic of Zambia, but since independence the traditional authorities have been effectively separated from government administration (Chikulo, 2009). In 2011 a new Ministry - the Ministry of Chiefs and Traditional Affairs - was set up to strengthen the role of traditional authorit-ies and the House of Chiefs, who were in early 2013 in the process of preparing a plan for how to re-integrate the traditional authorities into local government structures.


There is lack of higher education in the universities on fire management, except couple of theoretical lessons under the forest protection courses in Copperbelt Uni-versity. The University has taken initial steps to start collaboration with Stellenboch University in South Africa to develop their forestry curricula and start student ex-change, The only place where practical training on fire management is given is at Forestry College in Kitwe where most of the field foresters in the country have actually got their training.

3.5 Problems to be addressed

Education and training needs were mentioned by several stakeholders as well as low general “environmental awareness” of people. There is also lack of higher education in the universities on fire management and the only place where training on fire man-agement is given is at Forestry College in Kitwe where most of the field foresters in the country have actually got their training. Zambia is also lacking of national fire monitoring system including centralized data storage system as well as research on impacts of wildfires. One of the main challenges of Zambia is the failed natural re-sources and land management policy, like in many other countries in the region. The communal lands have been taken away from the local communities’ control, in order to be managed by the government. Government institutes haven’t been able fill their role and people have been exploiting the situation which has lead to unsustainable use of the forest resources eg. illegal and uncontrolled charcoal burning.

“Despite the historical importance of fire as a savanna land management tool, much controversy still surrounds discussions on anthropogenic fire utilization and the sus-tainability of indigenous land management practices in African savannas. This contro-versy is arguably a result of a discord between official fire policies and actual indige-nous fire practices – a discord based on a gap in existing knowledge of, and a lack of informed literature on, the importance of fire for socio-economic and environmental survival in savanna environments.“ Eriksen 2007

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Series of awareness raising activities (radio and TV programmes and outdoor activities);

Short “training of trainers” courses at College of Forestry at Kitwe by national and international experts on various topics related to fire management for the staff of government institutes, traditional leaders of local communities, university students, etc;

The Cobberbelt University has initiated some collaboration with Stellenboch University in South Africa, but further support would be needed to develop their forestry curricula and student exchange programme,

Supporting Forest Research Institute in establishment of fire monitoring system and research on environmental impacts and emissions from fires. This could be done in collaboration with the Stellenboch University, UN-REDD programme already active in the country or/and with the FAO-Finland Programme;

Development of National Fire Management Strategy and facilitation oflegislation review in order to create by-laws to some areas, giving local communities their traditional rights back to manage their land areas in selected areas;

The South African voluntary Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) systems could also be piloted in carefully selected hotspot areas.

Procuring fire hand tools for selected local communities and organizing trainings for their use.

Before starting activities with the local communities the “House of chief” system should be consulted and certain hotspot areas identified. “House of chief” system is like a traditional leader’s parliament in Zambia, which buy-in is crucial for successful field activities. Their support would be also needed for creating by-laws and general awareness raising on fire management with local communities. Hotspot areas mentioned by some stakeholders included Luapula, Muchinga, Northern Province and Kafue flats.

Danida has been active in supporting the forestry sector in Zambia, but unfortunately they closed their office in Lusaka in the end of last year. However there are indications that they might still be interested in supporting some activities in future. World Bank is also active in Zambia and should be consulted.

4. SOUTH AFRICA


Figure 4: Total burned area in South Africa 2003-2012 (1000ha)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 -

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000


FAO 2014

The wildfire situation has reportedly worsened significantly across South Africa during the past several years(Forsyth et al., 2010). There have been major and catastrophic fires in many areas. Land use patterns are changing rapidly under the influence of diverse factors, including the expansion of towns and cities, causing an expanding

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wildland urban interface and exposing more assets to the hazard of wildfires. The total economic impact of wildfires in the 2005/6 financial year, for example, was estim-ated at USD 570 million (including downstream economic impacts such as pulp and paper from commercial forestry losses, but not including eco-system services losses). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Parliamentary Portfolio Committee, 2006.

4.2 Causes of fires

Assuming that fire remains an inescapable ecological factor, the root causes of the increasing vulnerability of life, property and resources to climate change-included wildfires include: excessive build-up of fuel loads; deficiencies in institutional coordin-ation and cooperation in fire management; limited fire risk management planning in the urban-development interface with fire-prone vegetation; and low levels of aware-ness.

Many key decision makers in local, provincial and national government don’t always fully understand the role of fires in fynbos ecosystem, or may have preconceived ideas about fires. Further, there is limited acknowledgement of the role that alien plat species have on increasing fuel loads and thus the risk of an increase in unmanage-able fires.

4.3 Institutional arrangements

South Africa has a long history in the management of fires in wildlands, reflecting the need to balance the ecological requirements of the natural vegetation with the pervas-ive and growing risk of damaging fires to the country. The two key acts governing the administration of fires in wildlands in South Africa are the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (NVFFA)101 of 1998 and the Fire Brigade Services Act (FBSA) 99 of 1997.

The National Veld and Forest Fire Act aims to facilitate an integrated approach to the management of ‘veld’, forest and mountain fires. It links natural resource manage-ment by property owners – collectively or individually – to the integrated fir manage-ment system. The act is primarily a piece of environmental management legislation and not an emergency services law. Chapter 2 of the act provides for the establish-ment of voluntary Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) between local owners and land (including communal land) for the purpose of collective fire management, and their empowerment through registration and the recognition of their Fire Protection Officers (FPOs). It sets out the duties and responsibilities of FPAs and links them to municipal fire services through the requirement that the officer in the municipality empowered by the FBSA should also be the FPO for the FPA. Chapter 3 of the act introduces the national Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS), an early warning system and fire-control support system for the country as a whole, but resolves to local scale within 42 danger rating regions. Chapter 4 sets mandatory requirements for boundary firebreaks in areas of fire risk, and chapter 5 sets minimum standards for expedient to the effective employment of its service.

The Fire Brigade Services Act (FBSA) provides for the establishment, coordination and standardisation of fire brigade services. Local and District Municipalities are re-quired in terms of the act to establish and maintain a fire brigade service for inter alia: preventing the outbreak or spread of a fire; fighting and extinguishing a fire; and the protection of life or property against a fire. The act enables local authorities (i.e. muni-cipalities) to make by-laws or regulations for its area of jurisdiction regarding any mat-ter which hat local authority deems necessary or expedient to the effective employ-ment of its service.

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) has overall responsibility for the implementation of the NVFFA. It oversees the establishment and administra-tion of all Fire Protection Associations. Working on Fire (WoF) is a government fun-ded job creation programme, under the overall administration of the Department of Environmental Affairs(DEA). It is funded by an annual government grant, supplemen-

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ted by generation of its own income. WoF’s primary function is to act in support of the legally responsible fire fighting services.

The NVFFA makes provision for the establishment of FPAs as means involving landowners and local government in fire management. FPAs have the following func-tions: develop and apply a fire management strategy; co-ordinate strategies and ac-tions with adjoining FPAs; make rules for members; organize the training of members with regard to fire fighting and fire prevention. Private landowners may become mem-bers of an FPA, but in case they won’t they are directly responsible for conforming to the requirements of the NVFFA.


Forestry education in South Africa has long traditions and is strong and well de-veloped. Education is offered mainly at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) (diploma, BSc and M.Sc. levels), Stellenbosch University (SU) (M.Sc. and BSc. levels) and the Fort Cox College of Agriculture and Forestry (FCCAF) (diploma level).

The Forestry programme of the NMMU offers a subject on fire management to under-graduate Forestry students in their 1st year of study. Students are also allowed to spe-cialize in Fire Management in their post graduate studies by taking part in the Fire Management module that forms part of the BTech in Forestry. The Forestry pro-gramme also offers a range of Short Learning Programmes that deal with wildfires.

It is envisaged that the Nature Conservation, Agriculture and Game ranch Manage-ment programmes at George Campus will also incorporate modules on Wildfire man-agement into their programme within the next 2-3 years. They have also registered a Higher Certificate in wildfire management and started to offer it this year. This pro-gramme allows individuals from all disciplines who deal with fires in the natural envir-onment, to qualify as fire managers. For more information: www.nmmu.ac.za

Stellenbosch University offers 4 years BSc degrees in forestry and wood science. It is also starting to offer a tailor made, specialist post-graduate master’s course in dryland forestry with strong emphasis on fire management. This course will be organized in collaboration with the Polytechnic of Namibia, Copperbelt University in Zambia and the University of Botswana. The University has a school of education offering e-learn-ing training programmes and has expressed its interest to develop trainers and teach-ers professional and pedagogical e-learning and distance training that can be offered to other forestry colleges of the SADC region. University is recommended for produ-cing forest scientists and is also well equipped to offer post graduate certificates by e-learning. For more information: [email protected]

Working on Fire (WoF) is a government funded job creation programme, under the overall administration of the Department of Environmental Affairs(DEA). It offers at its headquarter in Nelsprit maybe the highest level of hands-on training on various topics in fire management in Southern Africa. WoF is well equipped and interested in host -ing, as well organizing short training courses in neighbouring countries. For more in-formation: www.workingonfire.com

4.5 Problems to be addressed

The following challenges have been identified by the FD (stated in the draft strategy) as major factors contributing to the inadequate prevention and combating of wildfires around the country:

inadequate skill and knowledge on fire management issues by government offi-cials, landowners and law enforcement officers

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inadequate understanding on alignment and application of key legislation govern-ing fire risk management in south Africa

inadequate understanding on fire risk assessment, classification, mapping and mitigation measures by government officials responsible at all spheres of govern-ment

inadequate understanding on the role of fire risk reduction institutions and their inability to get support from relevant stakeholders

inadequate understanding of fire early warning system by government officials and landowners which leads to disregard of pending disasters

inadequate financial and nonfinancial resources to support public awareness and training campaigns

poor coordination and communication between national and regional offices dealing with fires

disorderly capacity building and public awareness approach between the national and regional offices including other departments dealing with the same issue

different line functions, directorates and chief directorates which manage veld-fires at national and regional offices

staff shortage within fires management unit enforcement agencies not familiar with the legislation


In general South Africa is relatively well organized when it comes to fire management, however there are areas where FAO could support the country. The Fire Protection Association(FPA) system seems to be working very, but they are not spread all over the country. Not even in areas where wild fires actually are a major problem. FAO could facilitate establishing new FPAs and support the ones which are not yet func-tioning with their full capacity in key regions. Experiences from the FPA system could be also exported to neighbouring countries by supporting workshops in Zambia and Zimbabwe for high level officials or sending them to South Africa for study tour.

Further the fire management education at higher level could be supported by support-ing the Stellenbosch University’s dry forest management M.sc programme. This sup-port could be further extended to facilitate student exchange programmes with neigh-bouring countries and to facilitate cross border fire scientists network to study impacts of fires on environment and CO2 emissions.

The regional programme could benefit greatly from the expertise of the institutes (e.g. Working on Fire, Ministry of Forestry) in South Africa when organizing short “training of trainers” courses on various topics on fire management in Zimbabwe and Zambia.

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5. SUMMARY - FOREST FIRE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT FOR THE SADC REGIONAL PROGRAMME DOCUMENT ON UPGRADING FORESTRY TRAINING FACILITIES AND WOOD INDUSTRIES

OBJECTIVE

The overall project objective is to create an enabling policy, institutional and manage-ment mechanism for an integrated approach to the prevention and management of fires in selected SADC countries.

OUTPUTS

The major outputs that can be considered as modules to be implemented are:

National fire management strategies and legal and policy frameworks updated or newly developed for each country, including enabling frameworks for large-scale community-based fire management;;Increased public and stakeholder aware-ness on the harmonized institutional fire management framework and fire man-agement issues in general;

Capacity building, institutions strengthening and training in most needed issues as prioritized by the national strategy and needs analysis with respect to the FAO Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines;

National fire information system (including fire danger rating and early warning system) for Zambia and Zimbabwe; A sub-regional fire management scientists network established (strengthening student exchange programmes and research on environmental impacts and emissions due to wildfires) and Fire Management curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia devel-oped.

ACTIVITIES

Conduct a regional workshop to undertake needs analysis of SADC countries with respect to FAO’s Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines and their methodo-logy to prepare countries for action in review of their national fire management policies and practices;

Support countries(e.g. by conducting national workshops, expert consultations) to develop or adapt national fire management strategies, legislation, policies and practices;

Develop, produce and distribute multi-media campaign on the National Fire Man-agement Policy and Implementation Strategy.

Hold annual National Fire Management Award ceremonies to share information and project achievements.

Conduct national training workshops on selected priority fire management themes, which might include: community based fire management, incident com-mand system, use of remote sensing in early warning and monitoring of fires, international agreements for cross border collaboration etc;

Prepare and publish Fire Management Training Manuals and documents on best practices for fire management;

Establish pilot and support existing voluntary Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) in Zimbabwe Zambia and in South Africa;

Formalize a monitoring, assessment and reporting system for fire management in Zimbabwe and Zambia;

Develop fire danger rating and early warning system for Zimbabwe and Zambia; Establish of a sub-regional fire scientists’ network including representatives from

Universities and research institutes in Zimbabwe and Zambia (strengthening stu-dent exchange programmes and research on environmental impacts and emis-sions due to wildfires);

Development of Fire Management curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia and support;

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Support the Stellenbosch University’s dry forest management M.sc programme (will act as a driver of the sub-regional fire scientists’ network);

INPUTS

(i) Project human resource- Project coordinator (4-5 yrs)- Consultants (fire management, legal frameworks)- Technical backstopping through FAO

(ii) WorkshopsWorkshops at local, national and regional level will be organized to support the development of national strategies, formal education and to develop ca-pacity in selected fire related issues, etc.

(iii) Technical assistance FAO will provide technical assistance for the needs analysis using the re-cently developed methodology for the implementation of the fire management guidelines (FAO, 2007) and technical backstopping throughout the project cycle.

(iv) Capacity buildingBesides training of national staff at theworkshops and pilot demonstrations, documentation of case studies, publication of best practices and other modali-ties will be undertaken.

(iv) Expendable equipmentThe emphasis of the project will be on software rather than hardware, how-ever, selected equipment procurement needs will be identified during the project preparation phase.

BENEFICIARIES

The beneficiaries of the project include:

(a) the national governments, who will have more effective and efficient and im-proved national and regional fire management policies;

(b) all the national services and agencies involved in fire management who will have integral common national strategies that define better coordination between them as well coordination with neighbouring countries and will have access to better information and knowledge support;

(c) forestry education institutions like forestry colleges and universities.(d) the civil society and other stakeholders who will benefit through increased aware-

ness about the forest resources and fire management;(e) the forest dependent local communities and the resource poor will have sus-

tained supply of goods and services from forests as well as a better protection of their lives and properties; and

(f) the private sector, including forestry industry (e.g. plantation forest growers, com-panies, investors) and tourism, which will have better protection of forests, wild-lands, natural resources and their properties.

RISKS/ASSUMPTIONS

The greatest risks to the project relate to the country context such as poor infrastruc-ture and limited human resource capacity, which may slow down implementation. Ap-propriate planning and use of technical assistance, however, will mitigate some of these risks.

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Lack of sensitivity to environmental and forestry issues despite their impact on the living standards of the population and contribution to the economy and the social and cultural life of the country. Greater efforts would be made to increase awareness on the importance of more effectively managing and protecting forest resources.

Authorities in countries are willing to share information and collaborate in activities which occur beyond their state land.

There are existing relevant laws and provisions which provide basis framework for country to involve communities and relevant authorities to cooperate on fire manage-ment.

There may not be enough resources to meet the challenges posed by wildfire; how-ever, regional cooperation may create an enabling environment for partners to work together.

The project will work at the regional (SADC), national and at local levels, with project components in selected countries. Project partners include the respective national Directorates of Forestry in these countries, local NGOs, private sector, communities and international organization.

WORKPLAN

During a inception phase consultants will be hired to work with the individual countries in developing detailed work plan and budgets for implementation process through national level workshops in each country to assess needs analysis in accordance with the methodology prepared by FAO (2007) – Preparing for Action to implement the Voluntary Guidelines for Fire Management.

During the following years national fire management strategies and policy frameworks will be developed, capacity building, institutional strengthening and training in most needed issues as prioritized by the regional strategy and needs analysis will take place.

Furthermore harmonized national standards for fire management training and an enabling framework for large-scale community-based fire management in Zambia and Zimbabwe will be developed, as well as a sub-regional fire scientists network, curriculas for universities, a monitoring assessment and reporting system for fire management in Zimbabwe and Zambia including fire danger rating and early warning system.

FAO will provide technical backstopping throughout the project duration.

BUDGET ESTIMATION

A total of US$ 2 million.

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6. DETAILED - FOREST FIRE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT FOR THE SADC REGIONAL PROGRAMME DOCUMENT ON UPGRADING FORESTRY TRAINING FACILITIES AND WOOD INDUSTRIES

6.1 Outcome and Outputs

Outcome: To create an enabling policy, institutional and management mechanism for an integrated approach to the prevention and management of fires and to reduce the threat caused by wildfires to rural livelihoods, natural environment, gazetted forests and forest plantations; increase awareness of stakeholders on fire issues and; provide training in forest fire prevention and control in selected SADC countries (Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa).

This outcome will be the result of the following outputs:

Harmonized institutional fire management framework (comprised of a draft na-tional fire legislation, finalized policy and implementation strategy) reviewed or newly developed for each country; This output meets the FAO Fire Management: Voluntary Guidelines Strategic Action 4.1 – Fire and Resource Management Planning and will be guided by the Forest Fires and the Law – A guide for national drafters based on the voluntary guidelines - 2009

Increased public and stakeholder awareness on the harmonized institutional fire management framework and fire management issues in general; This output meets the FAO Fire Management: Voluntary Guidelines Strategic Action 4.3 – Fire Awareness and Education.

Capacity building, institutions strengthening and training in most needed issues as prioritized by the national fire management framework (and needs analysis with respect to the FAO Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines)and Fire Protec-tion Associations (FPAs) supported/established in South Africa in Zimbabwe and Zambia;This output meets the FAO Fire Management: Voluntary Guidelines Strategic Actions 4.2 – Fire Management in Protected Areas and Reserves, 4.4 – Fire Pre-vention, 4.6 – Fire Preparedness, including Technical Training, 4.7 – Pre-fire-season Activities, 4.13 - Planned Fire, and 4.15 – Monitoring and Assessment

National fire information system (including fire danger rating and early warning system) for Zambia and Zimbabwe; This output follows the FAO Fire Management: Voluntary Guidelines Strategic Action 4.5 – Fire Danger Rating and Early Warning System, 4.8 – Fire Detection, Communications and Dispatching and Strategic Action 4.15 – Monitoring and Assessment.

A sub-regional fire management scientists’ network established by representat-ives of Universities and research institutes (aiming at strengthening student ex-change programmes and research on environmental impacts and emissions from fires) and Fire Management curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zim-babwe and Zambia developed.

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6.2 Outputs and activities

INTERVENTION RESPONSABILITY LOCATIONOutput 1: Harmonized institutional fire management framework (comprised of a draft national fire legislation, final-ized policy and implementation strategy) reviewed or newly developed for each countryActivity 1.1: Review ex-isting institutional ar-rangements, regional / international fire initiat-ives and relevant multi-stakeholder consulta-tion.

Short term consultant (National) / FAO Headquarters

South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe

Activity 1.2: Develop a draft National Fire Act integrating relevant na-tional legislation and aligning with regional / international initiatives.



Activity 1.3: Develop a National Fire Policy to harmonize institutional arrangements through-out the coutry.



Activity 1.4: Develop a National Fire Manage-ment Strategy to imple-ment National Fire Policy.



Activity 1.5: Hold na-tional multi-stakeholder workshop to finalize draft National Fire Act, National Fire Policy & Implementation Strategy.



Key deliverable: Finalized draft Fire Act, Policy & Strategy handed to Government.

Output 2: Increased public and stakeholder awareness on the harmonized institu-tional fire management framework and fire management issues in general

Activity 2.1. Develop, produce and distribute multi-media campaign on the National Fire Management Policy and Implementation Strategy.



Activity 2.2. Produce and distribute technical material (National Fire Policy and Strategy) to harmonize institutional arrangements through-out the countries.



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Activity 2.3. Hold sixteen regional-level multi-stake-holder workshops to launch National Fire Management Strategy implementation.

Short term consultant (Na-tional) / FAO Headquarters


Activity 2.4. Hold annual National Fire Management Award ceremonies to share information and project achievements.

Short term consultant (Na-tional) / FAO Headquarters


Key deliverables:General public & stakeholders aware of National Fire Policy & Strategy. .

Output 3: Capacity building, institutions strengthening and training in most needed issues as prioritized by the national fire management framework (and needs analysis with respect to the FAO Fire Management Voluntary Guidelines) and Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) supported/established in South Africa in Zimbabwe and Zambia

Activity 3.1. Train regional-level Fire Management Fa-cilitators / Trainers from key government institutions to implement National Fire Strategy.

Short term consultant (Na-tional /International) / FAO Headquarters


Activity 3.2. Identify pilot Fire Protection Associ-ations (FPAs) (total of 8/each country) to implement National Fire Management Strategy.



Activity 3.3. Establish and/or train fire management brigades (Fire Protection Units) in pilot Fire Protec-tion Associations (FPAs) to implement Fire Manage-ment Programs.



Activity 3.4. Develop, trans-late, produce and distribute a multi-stakeholder Fire Management Training Manuals and Good practice guidelines.



Activity 3.5. Procure basic fire management and per-sonal protective equipment for fire management facilit-ators and brigades/ Fire Protection Associations (FPAs).



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Activity 3.6. Coordinate and support fire management brigades to plan, implement and monitor Fire Manage-ment Programs in the pilot Fire Protection Associ-ations (FPAs).



Key deliverables: Number of pilot Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) established and supported.Prepared and published Fire Management Training Manuals and documents on best practices for fire management.Output 4: National fire information system (including fire danger rating and early warn-ing system) for Zambia and Zimbabwe

Activity 4.1. Develop a Na-tional Fire Information Sys-tem using existing hard-ware to collate, organise and disseminate fire inform-ation.


Zambia and Zimb-abwe

Activity 4.2. Develop a na-tional, regional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system as a component of National Fire Strategy.



Activity 4.3. Train National Fire Management Coordin-ator to operate, update and maintain the system.



Key deliverables: Number of fire information data types collated and bulletins disseminated.Output 5: A regional fire management scientists network established and Fire Man-agement curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia de-veloped

Activity 5.1. Support estab-lishment of Senior Scientist position for Stellenbosch University for the Dry Forest Management Programme in the Faculty of Forestry


South Africa

Activity 5.2. Hold 3 annual SADC region fire scientists workshops


South Africa

Activity 5.3. Strengthen stu-dent exchange programmes and research on environ-mental impacts and emis-sions from fires



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Activity 5.4. Fire Manage-ment curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia de-veloped



Key deliverables: Number of workshops organized, number of students in student exchange program, number of scientific articles published on forest fires impact on environment and emissions.Fire Management curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zam-bia developed and implemented.

6.3 Stakeholders and beneficiaries

The stakeholders of the project are the institutions and organizations involved in man-agement and implementation of forestry and technical vocational education in the SADC member countries and the project. The main stakeholders are:

Ministries responsible for forestry and technical vocational education. SADC Forestry Secretariat. Forestry education institutions like forestry colleges and universities. Forestry and forest industry companies and SMEs operating in forestry and wood

processing. Forestry and forest industries associations and federations. NGOs

Direct and final beneficiaries of the projects include:

Entrepreneurs and enterprises operating in forestry and forest industry opera-tions.

Community people living close to forest plantations and forest reserve areas. Small scale farmers and plantation owners growing trees and managing small

scale forest plantation plots Forestry education institutions like forestry colleges and universities. Teachers and trainers of the forestry colleges and universities. Workers and employees of the forestry and wood processing companies

6.4 FAO’s comparative advantage

FAO is a relevant partner to provide useful support to enable the Governments of Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa to conduct its core functions of environmental policy development, regulation and coordination. FAO is a key international organization collaborating in fire management with all its member countries, importantly the SADC member states. In its role as a neutral forum, FAO brings countries together to discuss technical and policy issues related to medium- to long-term fire management plans.

Key FAO contributions to global fire management include, amongst others (i) TCP projects on Community Based Fire Management (implemented in Zimbabwe); (ii) FAO publications, including Fire Management: Voluntary Guidelines – Principles and Strategic Actions - 2006, Forest Fires and the Law – A guide for national drafters based on the voluntary guidelines - 2009, Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Trainers - 2010; and (iii) networks and working groups – The Fire Management Actions Alliance (iv) operational fire monitoring - Global Fire Information Management System (GFIMS).

FAO has established a wide network of experts and institutions involved with fire management and is an active member of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Wildland Fire Advisory Group and is a founding member of the FAO/Economic Commission for Europe/International Labour Organization Team of

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Specialists on Forest Fire. For all these reasons, FAO was requested to assist countries, especially in the SADC region, on awareness raising, information sharing and implementation of integrated fire management at the Wildfire2011 - 5th International Wildland Fire Conference held in Sun City, South Afirca, on 9-13 May 2011.

6.5 Sustainability

The table below details the follow-up actions to be carried out by the Governments following project completion.

Outcome: De-velopment of a harmonized institutional framework that enables estab-lishment of integrated fire management across all land tenures and uses in the countries.

Follow-up ac-tion to ensure sustainability of each Output

Institution re-sponsible for this follow-up action and the resources it will provide (human, phys-ical and finan-cial)

Contribution of each Output to the sustainabil-ity of project Outcome

Contribution of each Output to the impact and the catalytic effects expec-ted to be gen-erated

Output 1: De-veloped institu-tional fire man-agement framework comprised of draft national fire legislation, policy and im-plementation strategy.

Enactment of draft national fire legislation. Continuation of multi-stake-holder dia-logue and co-ordination plat-form.

Government Ministry and implementing agency with custodianship of institutional fire manage-ment frame-work to be es-tablished dur-ing the project. Provision of National Fire Management Coordinator, national office and operating cost.

Critical to provide the foundation, mandate and government ownership for continuation and develop-ment of integ-rated fire man-agement in countries.

Critical to provide the foundation and mandate to coordinate in-tegrated fire management in countries to improve rural livelihoods and reduce poverty. Ex-pected to cata-lyse harmon-ized stake-holder imple-mentation of fire manage-ment.

Output 2: In-creased public and stake-holder aware-ness on har-monized insti-tutional fire management framework.

Continuation of advocacy of institutional framework throughout the countries. Con-tinuation of multi-stake-holder dia-logue and co-ordination plat-form.

Government Ministry and implementing agency with custodianship of institutional fire manage-ment frame-work to be es-tablished dur-ing the project. Provision of National Fire Management Coordinator, national office and extension

Essential to continue en-abling environ-ment for stake-holder and tar-get beneficiary coordination and imple-mentation of integrated fire management in the coun-tries. Advoc-ates public ownership of fire manage-ment.

Essential to continue public and stake-holder aware-ness of fire management roles and re-sponsibilities. Expected to catalyse har-monized imple-mentation across all land tenures and uses to im-prove rural livelihoods and

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operating cost. reduce poverty.

Output 3: In-creased gov-ernment, private and community stakeholder capacity to implement the National Fire Management Strategy and Voluntary Fire Protection As-sociations (FPAs) suppor-ted/established in South Africa in Zimbabwe and Zambia.

Continuation of pilot focal area fire manage-ment pro-grams. Stra-tegic scaling up of National Fire Strategy throughout the countries.

Government Ministry and implementing agency with custodianship of institutional fire manage-ment frame-work to be es-tablished dur-ing project. Provision of National Fire Management Coordinator, national office and extension operating cost.

Critical to con-tinue and ex-pand establish-ment of integ-rated fire man-agement and tangible stake-holder and be-neficiary bene-fits.

Critical to provide tan-gible stake-holder benefits that improve rural liveli-hoods and re-duce poverty across all land tenures and uses. Expec-ted to catalyse stakeholder ownership and continued im-plementation of harmonized fire manage-ment.

Output 4: Es-tablished Na-tional Fire In-formation Sys-tem.

Maintain and update Na-tional Fire In-formation Sys-tem.

Government Ministry and implementing agency with custodianship of institutional fire manage-ment frame-work to be es-tablished dur-ing project. Provision of National Fire Management Coordinator as operator, na-tional space and hardware operational and mainten-ance costs.

Essential to continue collat-ing, and dis-seminating fire information to stakeholders to provide feed-back and guide fire manage-ment planning and imple-mentation.

Important to provide fire information from local to national scale and link integ-rated fire man-agement with improved liveli-hoods and re-duce poverty.

Output 5: Es-tablished re-gional fire management scientists net-work and Fire Management curricula for Forestry Facul-ties in Univer-sities of Zim-babwe and Zambia devel-oped

Continuation of advocacy of institutional framework. Continuation of international dialogue and coordination platform.

Government Ministry and implementing agency with custodianship of institutional fire manage-ment frame-work to be es-tablished dur-ing the project.

Essential to continue collat-ing, and dis-seminating fire information to stakeholders and to provide feedback and guide to fire management planning and implementa-tion.

Important to provide fire information from national to international scale and link fire manage-ment with cli-mate change processes.

Capacity development of all stakeholders is a key component of the project. Technical staff will be trained both in the field and at the central level to implement the National Fire Management Strategy. Strategic trainer intervention based on piloting will be em-

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ployed to ensure stakeholder and target beneficiary development. Emphasis on devel-oping target beneficiaries during the implementation phase will maximize Project be-nefits. Information collected during the project will be capitalised and shared through regular meetings and specific workshops.

6.6 Risks and Assumptions

The greatest risks to the project relate to the country context such as poor infrastruc-ture and limited human resource capacity, which may slow down implementation. Ap-propriate planning and use of technical assistance, however, will mitigate some of these risks.

Lack of sensitivity to environmental and forestry issues despite their impact on the liv-ing standards of the population and contribution to the economy and the social and cultural life of the country. Greater efforts would be made to increase awareness on the importance of more effectively managing and protecting forest resources.

Authorities in countries are willing to share information and collaborate in activities which occur beyond their state land.

There are existing relevant laws and provisions which provide basis to involve com-munities and relevant authorities to cooperate on fire management.

There may not be enough resources to meet the challenges posed by wildfire; how-ever, regional cooperation may create an enabling environment for partners to work together.

The project will work at the regional (SADC), national and at local levels, with project components in selected countries. Project partners include the respective national Dir-ectorates in these countries, local NGOs, private sector, communities and interna-tional organization.

The successful implementation of this project assumes that the national authorities:

at all levels, realizing the importance of forest fires threat, are willing to put forward substantial changes, maintain a strong willingness to commit resources, and participate fully in prevention and control activities;

are willing to provide suitable human resources in an acceptable technical environ-ment and provide the basis for the capacity building;

are willing to collaborate with all the stakeholders involved in the prevention and sup-pression of forest fires;

The key risks that could jeopardize the realization of the project outcome identified for this project are summarised in table below.

Risk Impact Probability Mitigation

1. Some decision-makers at national, regional and local level reluctant to a project which could change their habits

High

Low

Fire management is a National political priority

The Key decision-makers will be regu-larly sensitised by the technical staff through appropriate commission or com-mittee

2. The stakeholders (public, semi-public, associative and private) do not show much interest for fire management

High Low

Fire management is considered as an important issue by all stakeholders

- A multi-stake-holder steering committee involving the relevant stake-holders will be set up to follow the pro-ject;

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- Stakeholder feed-back on the project progress will be continual through-out and following completion.

3. Local Communit-ies do not want to change their prac-tices and behaviour to manage fire ap-propriately.

High

Low - Medium

- Fire is an actual issue for Local Communities.- Sufficient Govern-ment support is re-quired to catalyse behavioural change

- Awareness cam-paigns on fire man-agement methods will be carried out by the technical staff trained- CBFiM guidelines / manual of good management prac-tices to enable safe use and prevention of wildfire.

4. Government does not have re-sources to continue and donors are not interested to fund the Strategy follow-ing Project comple-tion.

High

Medium

Fire is considered by the Government and most donors as an issue for both Human develop-ment and Natural Resources conser-vation

- Steering Commit-tee will canvas Gov-ernment to promote sufficient budget allowance for con-tinuation of project.- The donors will be regularly sensitised by the steering committee and awareness cam-paigns during the project

6.7 Institutional Framework and Coordination

The project will be implemented and managed by the Departments of Forestry in each country, which will appoint officer as the National Project Coordinator dedicated to manage the project. The other ministerial administrations involved will be: (i) Ministries of Agriculture; (ii) Ministries of Education (iii) National Disaster Management Agencies; (iv) National Fire and Emergency Services; (v) Ministries responsible for regional and rural administration and community development; (vi) Departments of Meteorology, Tourism and Environmental Affairs; (vii) Ministries responsible for sustainable natural resources and energy management and development; (viii) Ministries responsible for sustainable national, social and economic growth; (ix) Authorities responsible for environmental, economical and socially sustainable development; (x) Commissions for the conservation of natural and cultural heritage; and (xi) the police forces.

Stakeholders with existing fire management capacity and resources, particularly the private sectors of commercial forest plantation companies (ie, Sappi, Vumba Estates and SAFICO) and game / nature reserves will play an important role in supporting the implementation of the National Fire Management Strategy in the pilot areas.

A steering committee will be established with the key ministries’ departments, private stakeholders (ie commercial timber companies) and one FAO representatives in countries. The Committees will meet on a regular basis to follow up and monitor the project.

Twice a year, four persons per country will be invited to meeting in order to share information and project achievements. The other ministries’ departments listed above

26document.docx

as well as other non-public stakeholders (private farmers, NGOs, donors) could be invited punctually to have an overview of the project achievements.

The project and its national steering committees will de facto strengthen the collaboration between the multi-stakeholders involved in fire, land and natural resource management.

6.8 Strategy/Methodology

The strategy of the present project is to develop a harmonized institutional fire management framework for each country; to increase public and stakeholder awareness onfire management ; to build the necessary local, national and regional capacity on fire management ; to establish a fire information system; to establish sound education and research structure and to foster the commitment of all stakeholders and target beneficiaries; in order to set up a sound basis for sustainable fire managementin the region.

To implement this strategy, a methodology based on the following steps will be used:

1) Institutional framework development

This step intends to develop an umbrella institutional framework to build upon, integrate and harmonize past fire management initiatives, legislation, government policies and institutional mandates. The aim is to provide a harmonized framework that provides clear and strategic procedures and guidance to coordinate and implement fire management in countries across all land tenure and use. Drafting of a National Fire Management Act will provide the basis, however enactment is a lengthy process and is not expected during the term of the project. Development and implementation of a National Fire Management Policy and Implementation Strategy, although based on the draft National Fire Management Act, will not be dependent on enactment of the draft legislation. Thus, with stakeholder consensus implementation of Policy and Strategy can commence during the project.

2) Awareness raising

This step will also be carried out following finalization of draft National Fire Act, Na-tional Fire Management Policy & Implementation Strategy and will continue throughout the duration of the project. The aim is to ensure the general public, stakeholders and government institutions understand their role and responsibilities to appropriately man-age fire throughout their country. A consistent theme focusing on the benefits that can be attained by the target beneficiaries through sound fire management as opposed to enforcement and threat of punishment for non-compliance. Its goal is to foster the commitment and support of the politicians/decision-makers and donor community to enable National Fire Management Strategy implementation and sustainability.

3) Capacity building/strengthening

This step will also be carried out following finalization of draft National Fire Act, Na-tional Fire Management Policy & Implementation Strategy and simultaneously with the previous step. The aim is to train key government institutions and stakeholders (local communities and private) involved in the identified pilot areas to implement the Na-tional Fire Management Strategy. Implementing fire management programs is a pro-cess requiring skills and knowledge that are only be acquired through first hand exper-ience. The majority of training is through ongoing fire management implementation and requires strategic and regular trainer intervention. Hence this component repres-ents a considerable proportion of the project resources. Fire management achieve-ments within the pilot areas will be used to support the awareness raising in the previ -ous step.

4) Information sharing

27document.docx

This step will be carried out continuously during the project and intends to foster the commitment of all the stakeholders involved. An important component will be the de-velopment of an operation Fire Information System to provide a clearinghouse of fire related information. In addition the developments and achievements of the project will be shared through the awareness raising in previous steps, National Fire Management Award ceremonies and the regular contacts between the technical staff at the national, regional and local levels and the other stakeholders.

6.9 Financial and/or contributions in kind

Governments will appoint one officer of the Department of Forestry as National Project Coordinator for each country. This officer will work part time to follow the project implementation and will be the counterpart of the experts recruited for the project.

Other national stakeholders will make available their technical staff for training sessions, awareness campaigns and will support their participation for: (i) implementing the National Fire Management Strategy launch workshops; (ii) implementation of National Fire Management Strategy in the pilot Fire Management Focal Areas; (iii) Field training, coordination and support of fire management brigades in the pilot Focal Areas; (iv) and annual Fire Management Award assessment and awards.

Relevant government institutions (Stakeholders and Target Beneficiaries) will appoint one representative to attend the Steering Committee meetings and support participation of the Regional representatives.

The project will benefit with customs clearance for fire management equipment purchased for the project.

6.10 FAO Contribution

The overall budget will cover the following expenses:

1) Personnel services

International experts

The Terms of Reference are given in Annex 4:

Project Coordinator – Lead Technical Officer Overall coordination of the Project activities 9 backstopping missions (6 days/each) carried out by the Officer based at the FAO

Headquarters in Rome and deskwork support to the project from Rome.

Fire Management Specialist (International Consultant) to assist with: Development of draft national fire legislation, policy and implementation strategy

(45 days); Development of fire management awareness campaign (15 days); Curricula development for the Universities (10 days); Training of national, regional and local stakeholders to implement National Fire

Management Strategy (260 days); Establishment and maintenance of a National Fire Information System (15 days);

FAO Technical Support Services

These budget lines will take in charge the following:

3 backstopping mission (8 days each) carried out by Legal Officer (Development Law Service, FAO HQ Rome) and deskwork support from Rome to assist the na-

28document.docx

tional consultants (National Legal Consultant and Fire Management Specialist) in drafting legislation and Policy.

National experts

This line will cover the expertise of sevennational consultants for the following missions the terms of reference of which are presented in Annex 4:

Fire Management Specialists (for Zambia and Zimbabwe) to assist with: Development of draft national fire legislation, policy and implementation strategy

(30 days); Development of fire management awareness campaign (10 days); Training of national, regional and local stakeholders to implement National Fire

Management Strategy (100 days); Establishment and maintenance of a National Fire Information System (10 days);

National Legal Consultants( for Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa) to: Review existing fire management institutional arrangements (5 days); Develop a draft National Fire Act integrating relevant national legislation (10

days); Develop a National Fire Policy to harmonize institutional arrangements (5 days); Develop a National Fire Management Strategy to implement National Fire Policy

(5 days); Assist in national multi-stakeholder workshop to finalize the institutional fire man-

agement framework (5 days).

Fire Information System Specialist(for Zambia and Zimbabwe) to: Install soft- and hardware as framework for National Fire Information System (5

days); Develop a Fire Information System to organise and disseminate fire information

(10 days); Assist in training National Fire Management Coordinator in the operation and

maintenance of the National Fire Information System (5 days); Assist in the development of National Fire Information System and a national,

regional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system (10 days);

Administrative Support

This budget line will allow supporting the administrative staff of Departments of Forestry for the overall monitoring of the Project.

2) Other travel

This budget line will cover:

Travels to the field made by the staff of the FAO representation in Harare to mon-itor the project (one per year per country);

Travels made by representatives of each Region to attend the National Steering Committee meetings twice a year (this activity will be supported with a lump sum of US$ 6,000 per year corresponding to a mean of US$ 500 per region/per year/country).

3) Contracts, letters of agreements or contractual service agreements

This budget line will be mobilised for the following services (see Annex 6):

Design and multiplication of National Fire Management Policy and Strategy; Design, translation and multiplication of Fire Management Training Manual (Good

practice guidelines);

29document.docx

Design, translation, multiplication and circulation of the Awareness Campaign communication material for stakeholder awareness (Print and electronic media);

4) Materials, supplies and equipment

This budget line will be mobilised for the following services (see Annex 7):

Expendable equipment

This budget line will be used to purchase Personal Protective Equipment for the Re-gional Fire Management Facilitators (approx. 16 people), Fire Management Brigades/Fire Protection Units (50 Brigades/Units = 250 people) without adequate re-sources, and other stakeholders (approx 14 people) participating in the Pilot Fire Man-agement Focal Areas in each country.

Non-expendable equipment

This budget line will be used to purchase basic fire management equipment for the Regional Fire Management Facilitators (five units), Fire Management Brigades/Fire Protection Units (50 units) without adequate resources, participating in the Pilot Fire Management Focal Areas for each country.

5) Training (see Annex 5)

In-country workshops

This budget line will cover the following local training sessions and/or workshops (for each country):

National multi-stakeholder workshop on National Fire Act, National Fire Policy and Strategy.

Eight (one per district per year) regional-level multi-stakeholder workshops on National Fire Management Strategy.

Regional Fire Management trainers training courses. Hold 2 annual National Fire Management Award ceremonies to share information

and project achievements.

Regional workshops

This budget line intends to support the cost of the participation (travel and DSA) of 2 national staff to 2 international scientists workshops on fire management.

6) General operating expenses (GOE)

A provision of 5 percent of the total budget minus the DOC is considered to cover mis-cellaneous expenses required for the operation of the project.

7) Direct operating costs (DOC)

A provision of 13 percent of the project expenditures is foreseen to cover FAO’s ad-ministrative and operational costs related to the implementation of the project.

6.11 Oversight, Monitoring and Outreach

Financial monitoring will be exercised by UNIDO as per UNIDO’s standard financial regulations, and regular financial statements will be submitted to the donor. In addi-tion, progress in programme activities will be regularly reviewed, jointly by the all key stakeholders, according to specific review needs but at least in every quarter. Mid-term and final independent evaluations will be carried out in order to evaluate effect-

30document.docx

iveness, impacts and sustainability of the Regional Programme and the National sub-projects.

The project will be implemented and monitored on a daily basis by National Project Coordinators, who will be regularly in contact with the international and national consultants and the Technical Advisors providing Technical Support services on behalf of FAO.

Within countries, monitoring will be through Steering Committees. They will meet twice per year to follow up and assess the project progress. The first at beginning of the fire season in May / June and the second following completion of the fire season in November each year. The participation of Regional representatives, particularly the Fire Managements Facilitators will enable circulation of project information to central stakeholders and at the field. The punctual invitation of other ministries’ departments and non-public stakeholders involved will also allow regular information sharing. In addition, the Steering Committee and the technical staff will ensure regular contact with the donors.

6.12 Communication and Visibility

The communication will be ensured through the: (i) national multi-stakeholder work-shop to finalize the draft National Fire Management Act, Policy and Strategy; (ii) Re-gional-level National Fire Management Strategy launch workshops; (iii) Awareness campaign; (iv) National Fire Management Awards to present the portfolio of pilot pro-jects and request their funding.

All data and information collected, including project achievements, will be shared reg-ularly with the stakeholders through the Fire Information System bulletins, National Fire Management launching and award workshops and the awareness campaign.

The FAO and UNIDO logos will appear on each publication and/or communication made in the framework of this project. The role of Finland as donor will be duly men-tioned.

6.13 Reporting Schedule

Each international consultant and FAO officer will provide mission reports according to Terms of Reference (see Annex 4) no later than 10days after the completion of a mis-sion. These reports will be reviewed by the National Project Coordinators and by the Project Coordinator. When validated by this team, they will be submitted to the Forestry Officer of the FAO Sub-Regional Office in Harare and/or to the FAO Country Representations before officially transmitted to the Government representatives.

Quarterly progress reports in English on project activities will be submitted to FAO by the National Project Coordinators.

The terminal/final statement/report will be prepared by the National Project Coordinat-ors, in collaboration with the Fire Management Specialist (International Consultant) and the Project Coordinator. This draft will be endorsed by the FAO and UNODO HQs before transmitted to the donor and government representatives.

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7. REFERENCES

Chikulo, 2009. Local Governance Reforms in Zambia: A Review. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance Issue 2: January 2009.

Eriksen, 2007. The Geographical Journal, Vol.173, No. 3, September 2007, pp. 242–256

FAO 2014. Global Forest Resources Assessment. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

FAO 2008. Unpublished Technical Cooperation Project Document, Zimbabwe. Redu-cing forest fire emergencies during the 2008 winter and beyond through stakeholder dialogue and preparedness. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome, Italy.

FAO 2007. Fire Management – Global Assessment 2006. Food and Agriculture Or-ganisation of the United Nations. Forestry Paper 151. Rome, Italy.

FAO, 2006. Fire In The Agriculture-Forestry Interface. Report prepared for the 24th

FAO Regional Conference for Africa, Bamako, Mali, 30 January - 3 February 2006.

Goldammer, J.G., and C. de Ronde (eds.). 2004. Wildland Fire Management Handbook for Sub-Sahara Africa. Global Fire Monitoring Center and Oneworldbooks, Freiburg – Cape Town, 432 p

Goldammer, J.G., P.G.H. Frost, M. Jurvélius, E.M. Kamminga, T. Kruger, S. Ing Moody, M. Pogeyed. 2002. Community participation in Integrated Forest Fire Manage-ment: Experiences from Africa, Asia and Europe. In: Communities in Flames. Pro-ceedings of an International Conference on Community Involvement in Fire Manage-ment, 25-28 July 2001, Balikpapan, Indonesia (P. Moore, D. Ganz, L. Cheng Tan, T. Enters, and P.B. Durst, eds.), 33-52. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. RAP Publication 2002/25, 133 p.

Government of the republic of Zambia (GRZ) & UN-REDD, 2010. UN collaborative programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing Countries. National Joint Programme Document (online).

GRZ 2010b. UN Collabnorative Programm on Reducing Emmissions From Deforesta-tion and Forest Degradation in developing countries National Jiint Programme Docu-ment - Zambia Quick Start Initiative. In: MTENR (ed.). Lusaka, Zambia.

Heine, J. 2004. Working on Fire, WoF Management Report 2003

Kokwe and Mickels-Kokwe, 2012. Forest management practices with potential for REDD+ in Zambia, Final Report. UN-REDD Programme, March 2012.

Mason-Case, SA 2011. Legal Preparedness for REDD+ in Zambia. A country Report . IDLO. FAO/UN REDD/UNDP/UNEP.

www.nmmu.ac.za

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Annex 1.Budget

Component Description

Sub Comps

.Main

Comp.

Consultants 160,000

Consultants - International 117,500

Consultants – National 42,500

Contracts 330,000

Travel 223,500 Duty travel others (FAO staff only)

7,000

Consultants - International 108,000

Consultants – National 21,500

Travel TSS 60,000 Travel non staff (counter-parts)

21,000

Training 336,000

Expendable Equipment 164,000

Non Expendable Equipment 128,000

Technical Support Services 304,500

Report Costs 7,500

Honorarium TSS 297,000

SUB TOTAL1646,00

0 General Operating Ex-penses (6%) 98,760

Support Cost (10%) 164,600GRAND TOTAL (USD)

1909,360

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Annex 2.Logical Framework

Design Summary Indicators/Targets Data Sources AssumptionsImpact: Improved rural livelihoods and reduced poverty through integrated fire management to minimize uncontrolled wildfires and enhance land use, natural resource sustainability and socio-eco-nomic development in the country.

- Integrated Fire Management has min-imized wildfires, enhanced land use and natural resources to improve rural liveli-hoods and reduce poverty.

- Pilot Fire Man-agement Focal Area Reports- Beneficiary feedback- Fire Information System

The Government, supported by donor community, carries out im-plementation of the overall Strategy

Outcome: The development of a harmonized institutional framework that enables establishment of IFM across all land tenures and uses in the country.

- Institutional fire management frame-work used to implement Integrated Fire Management in pilot Fire Protection As-sociations (FPAs).

- Pilot Fire Pro-tection Associ-ations (FPAs) Reports- Fire Information System outputs

All the necessary conditions have been addressed

Output 1: Developed institutional fire management framework comprised of draft national fire legislation, policy and implementation strategy.

- Government institutionalizes and pro-motes the fire management framework

- Finalized draft Fire Act, Policy & Strategy handed to Government

- Adequate international, national consultants & TSS- Stakeholder consensus- Government ownership

Activity 1.1. Review existing institutional arrangements, regional / international fire management initiatives and relevant multi-stakeholder consultation.

- Number of gaps identified - Summary Re-port & draft Fire Act justification

- Adequate international, national consultants & TSS

Activity 1.2. Develop a draft National Fire Act integrating relevant national legislation and aligning with regional / international initiatives.

- Key stakeholder consensus - National Fire Act drafted The adequate national consultant

contracted & TSS

Activity 1.3. Develop a National Fire Policy to harmonize institutional ar-rangements throughout the country.

- Key stakeholder consensus - National Fire Policy drafted

- draft National Fire Act is final-ized - Adequate international & na-tional consultant & TSS- Relevant stakeholder consulta-tions are organised during project

Activity 1.4. Develop a National Fire Management Strategy to implement Na-tional Fire Policy.

- Key stakeholder consensus - National Fire Management Strategy drafted

- National Fire Policy is finalized- Adequate consultants & TSS- Relevant stakeholder consulta-tions are organised during project

Activity 1.5. Hold a national multi-stake- - Stakeholder consensus on Act, Policy & - Workshop car- - Stakeholder consensus

34

holder workshop to finalize draft Na-tional Fire Act for enactment and Na-tional Fire Policy and Strategy for imple-mentation.

Strategy- Number of participants & stakeholder groups attended

ried out- Finalized draft Fire Act, Policy & Strategy to Gov-ernment

- Relevant stakeholder consulta-tions are organised prior to the workshop

Output 2: Increased public and stake-holder awareness on harmonized in-stitutional fire management frame-work.

- General public & stakeholders aware of National Fire Policy & Strategy

- Multi-media print & electronic documents - Mission Reports

- National Fire Policy & Strategy can be implemented prior to en-actment of Draft National Fire Act

Activity 2.1. Develop, produce and dis-tribute multi-media campaign on the Na-tional Fire Management Policy and Im-plementation Strategy.

- Number of multi-media documents pro-duced & deployed- General public & stakeholders aware of Fire Policy & Strategy

- Multi-media print & electronic documents - Mission Reports

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted - Adequate contractual service agreement to develop campaign

Activity 2.2. Produce and distribute tech-nical material (National Fire Policy and Strategy) to harmonize institutional ar-rangements throughout the country.

- Number of documents produced & dis-tributed- Stakeholder understanding of respons-ibilities & implementation

- National Fire Policy & Strategy documents - Mission Reports

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- All relevant stakeholders are identified - Adequate contractual service agreement to produce documents

Activity 2.3. Hold eight (two per district over 2 years) Regional-level multi-stake-holder workshops to launch National Fire Management Strategy implementa-tion.

- Number of participants & stakeholder groups attended- Stakeholder understanding of respons-ibilities & implementation

- Workshops car-ried out- Reports

- Adequate international & na-tional consultant contracted- All relevant stakeholders are identified

Activity 2.4. Hold 2 annual National Fire Management Award ceremonies to share information and project achieve-ments.

- Assessment ratings of Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) & property specific Fire Management Programs

- Award Cere-mony carried out- Mission Report

- Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) & property specific Fire Management Programs are im-plemented

Output 3: Increased government, private and community stakeholder capacity to implement National Fire Management Strategy and Voluntary Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) supported/established in South Africa in Zimbabwe and Zambia.

- Number of pilot Fire Protection Associ-ations (FPAs) & property specific Fire Management Programs implemented

- Integrated fire management implemented in Pilot Fire Protec-tion Associations (FPAs).

- National Fire Policy & Strategy can be implemented prior to en-actment of Draft National Fire Act

35

Activity 3.1. Train Regional-level Fire Management Facilitators / Trainers from key government institutions to imple-ment National Fire Management Strategy.

- Number of Facilitators trained and train-ing sessions

- Training carried out- Mission Reports

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- Government provides adequate staff and time to train as Facilitat-ors

Activity 3.2. Identify 8 (4 in year 1 in-creasing to 8 in year 2) pilot Fire Protec-tion Associations (FPAs) (a cluster of properties of different community, private and government tenure) to im-plement National Fire Management Strategy.

- Number of pilot Fire Protection Associ-ations (FPAs) established - Mission Reports

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- All relevant stakeholder con-sultations are organised during project- Stakeholder consensus

Activity 3.3. Establish and / or train fire management brigades (Fire Protection Units) in each distinct community, private and government property in the pilot Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) to implement a Fire Management Pro-gram.

- Number of property specific Fire Man-agement Program established- Number of people trained and training sessions

- Training carried out- Reports

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- Adequate training of Fire Man-agement Facilitators

Activity 3.4. Develop, produce and dis-tribute a multi-stakeholder Fire Manage-ment Training Manuals and Good prac-tice guidelines.

- Number of documents produced & dis-tributed

- Training Manual document

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- Adequate contractual service agreement to produce documents

Activity 3.5. Procure basic fire manage-ment and personal protective equipment for fire management facilitators and bri-gades/Fire Protection Units.

- Number of equipment procured & dis-tributed - Equipment Pro-

cured

- Mission Reports

- Adequate contractual service agreement to source equipment

Activity 3.6. Coordinate and support fire management brigades/Fire Protection Units to plan, implement and monitor Fire Management Programs in the pilot Fire Protection Associations (FPAs).

- Number of pilot Fire Protection Associ-ations (FPAs) & property specific Fire Management Programs implemented

- Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) Plans & Reports- Mission & other Reports

- Pilot Fire Protection Associ-ations (FPAs) & property specific Fire Management Programs are established

36

Output 4: Operational National Fire Information System (including fire danger rating and early warning sys-tems).

- Number of fire information data types collated and bulletins disseminated

- Operational FIS - Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- Adequate Government Fire In-formation Officer- Government provides adequate use of AMESD system

Activity 4.1. Develop a National Fire In-formation System using existing hard-ware to collate, organise, store and dis-seminate fire related information.

-Number of data input / output types and bulletins processed

- Work station and fire informa-tion collected and disseminated to stakeholders

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- Government provides suitable office space

Activity 4.2. Develop a national, regional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system as a component of the National Fire Management Strategy.

-Number of data input / output types pro-cessed

- Monitoring and Reporting pro forma documents

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted

Activity 4.3. Train National Fire Manage-ment Coordinator to operate, update and maintain the system.

- Number of training sessions - Independent operation of FIS

- Adequate international & na-tional consultants contracted- Government officer identified adequately

Output 5: A regional fire management scientists network established and Fire Management curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia developed.

- Number of scientific research articles and studies on fires impact on environ-ment and emissions published- Number of students in exchange pro-gramme- Number of sub-regional workshops or-ganized- Number of curricula developed and im-plemented

- Articles and studies published- Reports- Workshops car-ried out

- Adequate senior scientist con-tracted

Activity 5.1 Support establishment of Senior Scientist position for Stellen-bosch University for the Dry Forest Man-agement Programme in the Faculty of Forestry

- Number of scientific research articles and studies on fires impact on environ-ment and emissions published- Number of students in exchange pro-gramme

- Articles and studies published- Reports



- Number of workshops organized - Workshops car-ried out- Reports


Activity 5.3. Strengthen student ex-change programmes and research on

- Number of scientific research articles and studies on fires impact on environ-

- Articles and studies published


37

environmental impacts and emissions from fires

ment and emissions published- Number of students in exchange pro-gramme

- Reports

Activity 5.4. Fire Management curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia developed

- Number of curricula developed and im-plemented

- Reports - Adequate senior scientist con-tracted

38

Annex 3. Work plan

OUTPUTS / ACTIVITIES Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

Output 1: Developed institutional fire management framework of draft national fire legislation, policy and implementation strategy.

Activity 1.1. Review existing institu-tional arrangements, regional / inter-national fire initiatives and relevant multi-stakeholder consultation.

Activity 1.2. Develop a draft National Fire Act integrating relevant national legislation and aligning with regional / international initiatives.

Activity 1.3. Develop a National Fire Policy to harmonize institutional ar-rangements throughout the countries.

Activity 1.4. Develop a National Fire Management Strategy to implement National Fire Policy.

Activity 1.5. Hold national multi-stake-holder workshops to finalize draft National Fire Act, National Fire Policy & Implementation Strategy. Output 2: Increased public and stakeholder awareness on harmon-ized institutional fire management framework.

Activity 2.1. Develop, produce and distribute multi-media campaign on the National Fire Management Policy and Implementation Strategy.

Activity 2.2. Produce and distribute technical material (National Fire Policy and Strategy) to harmonize institutional arrangements throughout the country.

Activity 2.3. Hold eight regional-level

39

multi-stakeholder workshops to launch National Fire Management Strategy implementation.

Activity 2.4. Hold 2 annual National Fire Management Award ceremonies to share information and project achievements.


J F M A M J J A S O N Output 3: Increased government, private and community stake-holder capacity to implement National Fire Management Strategy and Voluntary Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) supported/established in South Africa in Zimbabwe and Zam-bia.

Activity 3.1. Train regional-level Fire Management Facilitators / Trainers from key government institutions to implement National Fire Strategy.

Activity 3.2. Identify pilot Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) (total of 8 per country) to implement National Fire Management Strategy.

Activity 3.3. Establish and/or train fire management brigades (Fire Protection Units) in pilot Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) to implement Fire Management Programs.

Activity 3.4. Develop, translate, produce and distribute a multi-stakeholder Fire Management Training Manuals and Good practice guidelines.

Activity 3.5. Procure basic fire management and personal protective equipment for fire management facilitators and brigades.

Activity 3.6. Coordinate and support fire management brigades to plan, implement and monitor Fire Management Programs in the pilot Fire Protection Associations (FPAs) . Output 4: Operational National Fire Information System (FIS), including fire danger rating and early warning systems.

Activity 4.1. Develop a National Fire Information System using ex-isting hardware to collate, organise and disseminate fire informa-tion.

Activity 4.2. Develop a national, regional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system as a component of National Fire

40

Strategy.

Activity 4.3. Train National Fire Management Coordinator to oper-ate, update and maintain the system.


J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D

Output 5: A regional fire management scientists network es-tablished and Fire Management curricula for Forestry Facul-ties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia developed.

Activity 5.1. Support establishment of Senior Scientist position for Stellenbosch University for the Dry Forest Management Pro-gramme in the Faculty of Forestry


Activity 5.3. Strengthen student exchange programmes and re-search on environmental impacts and emissions from fires

Activity 5.4. Fire Management curricula for Forestry Faculties in Universities of Zimbabwe and Zambia developed

TSS

Backstopping missions Forestry Officer (FAO Sub-Regional Office, Harare)

Backstopping missions Project Coordinator (FAO HQ, Rome)

Backstopping missions Legal Officer – Development Law Service(FAO HQ, Rome)

Final report/terminal statement

41

Annex 4. Terms of refferences

National Project Coordinators (NPC) - 3

Duty Stations: Harare, Lusaka, Pretoria

Duration: 36 months

Duties and responsibilities:

The National Project Coordinator will be appointed part time for the duration of the project’s implementation. He/she will be chosen among the current staff of the Depart-ment of Forestry and will work part time for the overall monitoring. He/she will receive only a monthly allowance. Under the general guidance of FAO Project Coordinator and in close collaboration with the international consultants, he/she will be responsible for the management and coordination of all government inputs, and for the implement-ation of all the activities. In particular he/she will:

Ensure preparation of work plans, daily management and monitoring of project activities;

Organize and conduct inception, brainstorming and restitution workshops with all involved stakeholders including the donor community;

Identify the participants for training sessions to be conducted under the project; Ensure all administrative, technical and logistical arrangements for training ses-

sions and workshops including invitations to participants and resource people; Assist in identification and mobilisation of national and/or international staff and

other resource people as required; Act as Secretary of Project Steering Committee, call meetings and establish

agendas; Maintain records of Project Steering Committee meetings in English; Ensure collection of all essential documents and material relevant to project

implementation; Provide support to consultants in carrying out project activities; Arrange meetings, visits and interviews for consultants with relevant govern-

ment officials, NGOs, other institutions, key stakeholders and in-country travel if required;

Ensure the activity is adequately integrated into government programmes and plans and a long-term plan is developed for the institutionalization of projects outputs.

Submit FAO quarterly progress reports in English on project activities, besides Government reporting obligations;

Assist in the preparation of the draft terminal statement of the project.

Qualifications:

Minimum 15 years experience and knowledge in fire and natural resource man-agement;

Ability to communicate and write in English; Skills in computer utilization; Good inter personal relationships and good collaborator; Able to work under pressure.

42

Fire Management Expert (International Consultant)

Duty Station: Harare, Lusaka, Pretoria and Home station

Duration: 12 months (5 missions per country - total15 missions) in Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa + Home station.

Under the overall supervision of the FAO Project Coordinator and in close collabora-tion with the National Project Coordinators (NPC) – Departments of Forestry and na-tional consultants the international consultant will be responsible for carrying out the following activities ensuring they produce the intended outputs:

First Mission – (year 1)

Assist team to develop institutional fire management framework comprised of a draft national fire act, national fire management policy and implementation strategy;

Assist in the design and implementation of a national multi-stakeholder work-shop to finalize the institutional fire management framework;

Assist in development of multi-media campaign on the national fire policy and strategy;

Assist in the design and implementation of regional multi-stakeholder work-shops to launch National Fire Management Strategy implementation;

Train regional fire management facilitators from key government institutions, private sector and NGOs to implement National Fire Management Strategy;

Assist in identification of 4 pilot areas for Fire Fire Protection Associations in Year 1;

Assist Fire Management Facilitators to establish and / or train fire management brigades in the pilot Fire Protection Associations to implement fire management programs;

Assist in development of a Fire Management (including CBFiM) Training Manual/Good practice guidelines;

Assist in procurement of basic fire management and personal protective equip-ment for Fire Management Facilitators and Brigades;

Assist in the development of National Fire Information System to collate, organ-ise and disseminate fire related information

Prepare a mission report on the above no later than 10days after the completion of the mission.

Second Mission (year 1)

Additional training of regional Fire Management Facilitators to implement Na-tional Fire Management Strategy;

Assist in coordination and support of fire management brigades to plan, imple-ment and monitor fire management programs in the pilot Fire Protection Associ-ation;

Assist in development of National Fire Information System and a national, re-gional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system;

Assist in development of assessment criteria for National Fire Management Award ceremonies.


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Third Mission – (year 2)

Assist in the design and implementation of regional multi-stakeholder work-shops to continue National Fire Management Strategy implementation;


Identify 4 additional pilot Fire Protection Association areas to implement Na-tional Fire Strategy in Year 2 (Total of 8 Fire Protection Associations in Year 2);

Assist Fire Management Facilitators to establish and / or train fire management brigades in the pilot Fire Protection Associations to implement fire management programs;

Assist in the development of National Fire Information System to collate, organ-ise and disseminate fire related information; and


Fourth Mission (year 2)


Assist in coordination and support of fire management brigades to plan, imple-ment and monitor fire management programs in the pilot Fire Protection Associ-ation areas;

Assist in development of National Fire Information System and a national, re-gional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system;

Assist in development of assessment criteria for National Fire Management Award ceremonies;


Fifth Mission (year 3)


Assist in coordination and support of fire management brigades to plan, imple-ment and monitor fire management programs in the pilot Fire Protection Associ-ation Areas;

Prepare a Terminal Report on all missions.

Qualifications:

A minimum of postgraduate degree in natural resource management with ex-perience in fire management.

A minimum of 10 years experience in management or advisory positions related to fire and natural resources management;

Proven extended knowledge and experience of fire management, particularly Community-Based Fire Management, in southern Africa;

Able to work under pressure; Excellent communication and reporting skills in English; High analytical skills; Good inter personal relationships and good collaborator.

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National Fire Management Experts (2)

Duty Station: Various locations in Zambia and Zimbabwe

Duration: 150 days on when actually employed (WAE) basis (half in the field – half at home station) - year 1 and 2, May to October

Under the overall supervision of the FAO Project Coordinator and in close collabora-tion with the National Project Coordinator (NPC) – Department of Forestry and interna-tional / national consultants the national consultants will be responsible for carrying out the following activities ensuring they produce the intended outputs:

Assist team to develop the institutional fire management framework comprised of a draft national fire act, national fire management policy and implementation strategy;

Assist in the design and implementation of a national multi-stakeholder work-shop to finalize the institutional fire management framework;

Assist in the development of a multi-media campaign on the national fire policy and strategy;

Assist in the design and implementation of regional multi-stakeholder work-shops to launch National Fire Management Strategy implementation;

Train regional fire management facilitators / trainers from key government in-stitutions, private sector and NGOs to implement National Fire Management Strategy;

Identify 8 pilot Fire Protection Association areas to implement National Fire Strategy;

Assist Fire Management Facilitators to establish and / or train fire manage-ment brigades in the pilot Focal Areas to implement fire management pro-grams;

Assist in the development of a Fire Management (including CBFiM) Training Manual (Good practice guidelines);

Assist in the procurement of basic fire management and personal protective equipment for Fire Management Facilitators and Brigades;

Assist in the development of National Fire Information System to collate, or-ganise and disseminate fire related information and a national, regional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system

Assist in the identification and training of custodian implementing agency and National Fire Management Coordinator.

Assist in development of assessment criteria for National Fire Management Award ceremonies.

Prepare a progress report at end of year 1 and 2 and a terminal report at end of year 3.

Qualifications:

A minimum of postgraduate degree in natural resource management with ex-perience in fire management.

A minimum of 10 years experience in management or advisory positions re-lated and natural resources management;

Proven extended knowledge and experience of fire management, particularly Community-Based Fire Management, in southern Africa;

Able to work under pressure; Excellent communication and reporting skills in English; High analytical skills; Good inter personal relationships and good collaborator.

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National Legal Consultants (3)

Duty Stations: Harare, Lusaka and Pretoria

Duration: 30 days on when actually employed (WAE) basis

Under the overall supervision of the FAO Project Coordinator, the direct supervision of the Development Law Service (LEGN-Rome) and in close collaboration with the Na-tional Project Coordinators (NPC) – Department of Forestry and international / national consultants, the national legal consultant will be responsible for carrying out the follow-ing activities, ensuring they produce the intended outputs:

Review existing national institutional arrangements, regional / international fire initiatives and relevant multi-stakeholder consultation;

Identify and analyse existing legislation and its impact on fire management; Provide recommendations for amending or drafting a specific fire management

act; Develop a draft National Fire Act integrating relevant national legislation and

aligning with regional / international initiatives; Develop a National Fire Policy to harmonize institutional arrangements through-

out the target country; Develop a National Fire Management Strategy to implement National Fire

Policy; Assist in the design and implementation of a national multi-stakeholder work-

shop to finalize the institutional fire management framework.

Expected outputs and reporting responsibilities

- Summary Report on existing arrangements and justification for draft Fire Act: Written report in English within two weeks of conclusion of the mission.

- Draft National Fire Management Legislation - Finalized National Fire Management Policy - Finalized National Fire Management Implementation Strategy .

Qualifications:

Minimum masters qualifications; At least 10 years experience in legal services in target country; Proved extended knowledge in drafting legislation and policy; Good inter personal relationships and good collaborator; Able to write in English.

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Information Technology Specialist (2 National Consultants)

Duty Stations: Harare and Lusaka

Duration: 30 days on when actually employed (WAE) basis.

Under the overall supervision of the FAO Project Coordinator and in close collabora-tion with the National Project Coordinator (NPC) – DoF and international / national consultants the national consultant will be responsible for carrying out the following activities ensuring they produce the intended outputs:

Install software and other required hardware as framework for National Fire In-formation System;

Develop a National Fire Information System to collate, organise and dissemin-ate fire information;

Assist in training National Fire Management Coordinator in the operation and maintenance of the National Fire Information System;

Assist in the development of National Fire Information System and a national, regional and local stakeholder fire monitoring and reporting system;

Prepare a Terminal Report on the above.

Expected outputs and reporting responsibilities

- Operational Fire Information System - FIS Operational Manual – a step-by-step guide for all data input / output proced-

ures and processes to receive and disseminate appropriate fire information to stakeholders

- Trained National Fire Management Coordinator in FIS operation

Qualifications:

Minimum masters qualifications; At least 10 years experience in information technology; Proved extended knowledge in geographic information systems and database

administration; Able to work under pressure; Good inter personal relationships and good collaborator; Able to write in English.

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STS SERVICES: FAO Project Coordinator

Under the overall supervision of the FAO HQ Rome and in close collaboration with the National Project Coordinators (NPC), as well as with the national and international consultants and counterparts of the project, the Project Coordinator will:

Act as the Lead Technical Officer, provide technical backstopping and support the operations and coordination during the whole project period, monitor the project implementation and provide advice and feedback on possible readjust-ment of the project in case it is needed.

Contribute to the selection of the project’s technical staff, consultants and ser-vice providers.

Support the project team in the preparation of detailed work plan at the project inception and its implementation/adaptation during the project duration.

Provide technical supervision in technical areas covered by the project and sup-port the Departments of Forestry in the inter-institutional negotiations and estab-lishment of partnerships and collaborative activities with other institutions.

Review technical report and provide feedback for their finalization and submis-sions.

Assist the Fire Management Specialists, international and national, and the NPC with reporting during the project duration and particularly the final report.

Designation: Project Coordinator

Duty Station: FAO Rome with missions to Harare, Lusaka and Pretoria, and to the field in as required by the project.

Duration: 36 months.

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STS SERVICES: Legal Advice

Under the overall supervision of the FAO Project Coordinator, the technical supervi-sion of the Chief, LEGN HQ Rome and in close collaboration with the National Project Coordinators (NPC) and the staff of the Departments of Forestry, as well as with the other national and international consultants and counterparts of the project, the LEGN Officer will:

Act as the technical backstopping officer on legal issues and support the na-tional legal advices in analysis of existing legal framework and drafting of new legislation pertaining to wildfire.

Contribute to the selection of the national legal consultant. Support the project team in the preparation of detailed work plan at the project

inception and its implementation/adaptation during the project duration, particu-larly in legal component of the project.

Review technical reports and drafts of legal framework and provide feedback, advice for their finalization and submissions.

Designation: Legal Officer, LEGN, FAO-HQ

Duty Station: LEGN HQ Rome with one mission per each country Duration: 8 days (5 days in the field and 3 days desk work) per country

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Annex 5. Training session details

1. In-country workshops and training sessions(for each country)

1.1. National multi-stakeholder workshops on National Fire Act, National Fire Policy and Strategy.

Technical content:

- Presentation of draft National Fire Management Act(Zambia and Zimbabwe), National Fire Man-agement Policy and Implementation Strategy (0.5 day);

- Stakeholder discussion, amendment and consensus (0.5 day).

Training approach:

The NPC, with support from the national and international consultants, will present the National Fire Management Act, National Fire Management Policy and Implementation Strategy to stakeholders. Stakeholders will be given opportunity to discuss the institutional fire management framework and re-quest amendments as required.

For Zambia and Zimbabwe the final goal is to have stakeholder consensus on custodian ministry and implementing agency for the enactment of a National Fire Management Act and importantly approve a National Fire Management Policy and Implementation Strategy that can be implemented prior to the Act passing through parliament.

Targeted participants:

National representatives of a wide range of cross-sectoral government bodies as well as private sec-tor, NGOs and the donor community.

Locations:

Harare, Lusaka and Pretoria

Trainers:

National Project Coordinator, Fire Management Specialist (International Consultant), Fire Manage-ment Specialist (National Consultant) and National Legal Consultant.

Cost estimate per country:

The cost of this training can be roughly estimated at US$ 1,500, broken down as follows:

- Conference venue and lunch = US$ 1,500- Documentation and Reports: = US$ 200

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1.2. Eight regional-level workshops per country on National Fire Management Strategy (each region visited twice during the project).

Technical content: (1 day per district)

Presentation of approved draft National Fire Management Act, National Fire Management Policy and Strategy;

Distribution of technical material – National Fire Management Policy, National Fire Management Strategy and Multi-stakeholder Fire Management Training Manual.

National Fire Management Strategy implementation.

Training approach:

Use of the National Fire Management Strategy and the Multi-stakeholder Fire Management Training Manual documents as content;

Identify regional Fire Management Facilitators; Direct awareness of all stakeholders.

Target:

Regional representatives of a wide range of cross-sectoral government bodies as well as private sec-tor and NGOs.

Locations:

Four target regions in each country (Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa).

Trainers:

National Project Coordinator, Fire Management Specialist (International Consultant), Fire Manage-ment Specialist (National Consultant).

Cost estimates per country:

- trainees: (DSA + Travel: 1 day*US$ 50)*30 persons*8 workshops = US$ 12,000- Venue and Lunch: US$ 1,000*8 workshops = US$ 8,000- Documentation and Reports: = US$ 200

1.3. Regional fire management trainers’ training courses

Technical content: (5 Training Sessions of 5 days per Fire Protection Association per year)

National Fire Management Strategy and Multi-stakeholder Fire Management Training Manual docu-ments as training content;

Practical implementation of a Fire Management Program including planning, implementation, monit-oring and reporting;

Training approach:

The approach is for a total of 5 training sessions (5 days per session) in each pilot Fire Management Focal Area throughout the fire season. The Fire Management Specialists (international and national) are to implement the initial (May / June) and mid-fire season training sessions (July / August) in con-junction with the Facilitators. The trained Facilitators will independently implement three additional training sessions to follow each of the initial and mid-fire season sessions and at completion of the fire season.

Targeted audience:

The Fire Management Facilitators (20 persons), Fire Management Brigades (50 persons) and other stakeholders involved in the Pilot Fire Protection Associations:

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Location:

At the Pilot Fire Protection Associations (8) or at the Forestry Colleges.

Trainers:

National Project Coordinator, Fire Management Specialist (International Consultant), Fire Manage-ment Specialist (National Consultant) and Fire Management Facilitators.

Cost estimates:

This activity will be supported with a lump sum of US$ 75,000 per country corresponding to a mean of US$ 6,250 per pilot Fire Management Focal Areas per year * 8 pilot Fire Protection Associations.

1.4. Hold 2 annual National Fire Management Award ceremonies per country to share informa-tion and project achievements.

This conference will follow the completion of the fire seasons (November) in year 1 and 2.

Technical content: (1 day)

- Presentation of the main achievements;- Presentation of the pilot Fire Protection Associations achievements and awards;- Required funding to continue and extend National Fire Management Strategy following project com-

pletion

Approach:

The Award ceremonies will aim at providing all stakeholders and donors with the results of the project, to raise awareness and foster funding of the National Fire Management Strategy following project completion.

Targeted audience:

- All stakeholders, donors present or represented in the country with interest in fire management;- National Decision-makers;- Technical stakeholders;- Medias.

Location:

Harare, Lusaka and Pretoria

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Possible speakers/moderators:

- National Project Coordinator/Fire Management Specialist (National Consultant);- National Fire Management Coordinator;- Regional Fire Management Facilitators.

Cost estimates per country:

- trainees: (DSA + Travel: 1 day*US$ 50)*30 persons*2 workshops = US$ 3,000- Venue and Lunch: US$ 1,500*2 workshops = US$ 3,000- Documentation and Reports: = US$ 200

2. Sub-regional fire management scientists’ workshops

A lump sum of $US 9,000 per country has been considered for financing the participation (travel and DSA) of 2 fire management scientists to 2 workshops.

This lump sum has been evaluated as follows:

- 1 international meeting: (DSA: 5 days*US$ 150 + travel: US$ 1,500)*2 persons = US$ 4,500.

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Annex 6. Services and contract details

The following services will be covered by specialized institutions under contracts of letter of agreement:

1. Hire a senior scientist on fire management for Stellenbosch University for three years (provi-sional budget: US$ 210 000)

This duty carried out in close collaboration with the Project Coordinator, NPCs, Fire Management Specialists (International and National) will include the following tasks:

Organize specialist post-graduate master’s course in dryland forestry with strong emphasis on fire management in collaboration with the NUST University in Zimbabwe, Copperbelt Univer-sity in Zambia and the University of Botswana.

Organize e-learning training programmes and develop trainers and teachers professional and pedagogical e-learning and distance training that can be offered to other forestry colleges of the SADC region and offer certificates by e-learning.

Organize subregional annual forest fire scientists workshops Organize subregional student exchange programme Assist Forestry faculties in Universities in Zambia and Zimbabwe to develop their curricula on

fire management Organize research on fires impacts on environment and emissions

2. Design, translate and produce technical material (provisional budget: US$ 20,000 per coun-try)

A contract will be passed with a suitable services company in the country for the following:

This duty carried out in close collaboration with the NPC, Fire Management Specialists (International and National) will include the following tasks:

Design and production of National Fire Management Policy document; Design and production of National Fire Management Strategy document; and Design, translation and production of Multi-stakeholder Fire Management Training Manual.

3. Design, translate and deploy a multi-media awareness campaign (provisional budget: US$ 20,000 per country)

A contract will be passed with a suitable services company, preferably an NGO, in the country for the following:

This duty carried out in close collaboration with the NPC, Fire Management Specialists (International and National) will include the following tasks:

Design, translation and production of posters, brochures, national and local newspaper advert-isements, etc

National radio, television broadcasts and fire information bulletins.

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Annex 7.Expendable and non expendable equipment (per coutry)

Description Unit Rate (US$) # of Units Cost (US$)

Expendable Equipment 54,600Expendable EquipmentPersonal Protective EquipmentCotton Overalls 65 280 18,200Leather (non steel cap) Safety Boots 80 280 22,400Hat 20 280 5,600Protective Glasses 30 280 8,400

Non-expendable Equipment 42,550Non-expendable EquipmentFire Management EquipmentDrip Torch 200 55 11,00020L Knapsack Spray Unit 130 120 15,600Fire beater 25 550 13,750Jerry Can 40 55 2,200

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