SAC &INEThere is no excellent beauty that hath not some

strangeness in the proportion.-Francis Bacon

Vnlume 10. Numbers 5 & 6 May & June, 1979

Cover photo: BobGould working on

the construction

of the SF-Oaklan

Bay Bridge. Seestory on page 2.

The contents ofthis issue are

shown on page 2.

__ Iv r L "- -

BEAM

2_~ SLA Beam Line May_ &un17

BOB GOULD RETIRES FROM SLAC

Bob Gould needs little introduction, since

most of us know him either directly through work

contacts, or indirectly through his many car-

toons that have entertained us over the years.

He is probably the only person who literally

knows the entire SLAC accelerator system, in-

cluding PEP, from subfoundation to finished sid-

ing. After all, he was the Chief Engineer in

charge of the design and construction of both

the two-mile linac and of PEP.

Bob has been at SLAC since 1960, and during

this time his keen insight into the life of the

laboratory has often been displayed in his wide-

ly admired single-frame cartoons. His warm un-

derstanding of people combined with his subtle

sense of humor have evoked a smile from almost

everyone at SLAC at one time or another.

Right To The "Top"

Born and raised in San Francisco, Bob first

began to experience the real world soon after

he graduated from UC-Berkeley in 1934 with a

degree in Civil Engineering. This was at the

height of the depression, and not one company

came recruiting to the Berkeley campus that

year. When Bob walked into a local engineering

firm and explained that he had just received a

C.E. degree and was looking for a job in that

field, the response was "You poor soul-get

outta here." Not easily discouraged, Bob fin-

ally got a laborer's job working 400 feet above

sea level on the Oakland-San Francisco Bay

Bridge (even that job required a recommendation

from the Berkeley Dean of Engineering). His

starting wage was 68-3/4 cents per hour, well

above the minimum wage at that time, and the

view was free.

But it wasn't long before Bob got his feet

back on the ground-into the ground, actually-

as he went to work in a gold mine up in the

mountains. While living in the company camp,

Bob recalls the many interesting people he met,

like the simple-minded guy who enjoyed sitting

in his tent and whittling on a stick of dyna-

mite.

Mapping The Sierra

Bob Gould and Adele Panofsky are shown at the

PEP site. (Photo by Joe Faust.)

After a brief turn working for the State

Highway Department, Bob eventually found an out-

door niche doing plane-table mapping up in the

Sierra Nevada Mountains for the U.S. Geological

Survey. Camping out for months at a time, his

survey party would occasionally stop into near-

by mining or lumber towns to pick up supplies

and check out the Saturday night festivities.

It was a rugged and healthy way of life, and

that outdoor look remains with Bob to this day.

After seven years of such mountaineering, Bob

was transferred to Tennessee where he met his

fun-loving wife Sally, who was recently describ-

ed as "the force behind the wizardry of R.S.

Gould." After a three-year turn in the Navy,

Bob returned to the Bay Area with his young

family and took charge of authenticating the

USGS maps of the area "between San Carlos and

In This Issue

Bob Gould retires from SLAC 2-3 Pief's 60th birthday party 8-9

Kenneth B. Mallory, 1926-1979 4-5 New power transformer installation 10

Summer rentals? 5 SLAC's heart disease guinea pigs 11

Don McMahon is leaving SLAC 5 SLAC's amateur radio club is on the air 12

What's in a name? 6-7 Elementary particles in 1929 12

SLAC Beam Line, May & June 19792

SLC ea in, ay&Jue 97

San Quentin" for three more years.

Joining The Laboratories

In 1947 Bob joined the Office of Architects

and Engineers at UC-Berkeley, where he was in

charge of road and site development for what was

then called the UC Radiation Laboratory. He

worked on the foundations for Building 90 and

the Bevatron and was in charge of "slide control"

for Building 47, which had a terrible habit of

creeping down the hill. Bob represented the

second generation of Goulds in that line of

work, since his father had previously been cam-

pus architect and had worked directly with E.O.

Lawrence in selecting the site for the famous

184-inch cyclotron up on the hill.

Present-day visitors to LBL can thank Bob

as they shift into low gear at the end of Hearst

Avenue and begin to climb the scenic road that

leads up to the Lab's main entrance. Bob de-

signed the superelevated hairpin turn that is

cut into the side of the hill and that to this

day defies most of the laws of physics.

After eight years at Berkeley, Bob transfer-

red to the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, where

he became head of Plant Engineering. At one

point during this time he was handling 15 major

contracts and dealing with 5 different A&E

firms. Who said life used to be simple? At

LLL, Bob carried out much of the development of

Site 300, from initial design to final "hand-

waving" of construction equipment in the field.

Bob takes great satisfaction in handling prob-

lems as they arise in the field and tries to

avoid inundating his projects in paperwork. He

sometimes modestly describes his method of oper-

ation as "lacking in administrative procedure."

Others would call it getting the job done.

"Anything Going On Down There At Stanford?"

In June 1960, Bob rang up Stanford Univer-

sity to ask if there were any projects starting

up that could incorporate one "slightly used

civil engineer." The response was, "Sure, come

on down." Bob recalls that, after accepting

the job, he seriously doubted that there would

be enough work to last six months. Little did

he know that he would find enough work to keep

him busy for the next 19 years. At that time

the proposed project that was to become SLAC was

known as "project M" (for "monster") for lack of

an official name. Bob notes that a contest

among project members to name the new laboratory

finally had to be abandoned when most of the

submitted names turned out to have acronyms that

were unprintable in family newspapers.

Bob began his work here by roughing out the

location of the accelerator on the Sand Hill

site, and he followed its construction every

concrete pour of the way during the succeeding

years. He was also involved in the construction

of the Research Yard, where the first scientific

discovery was made not by physicists but by an

overzealous bulldozer operator. It seems that

the operator overexcavated a certain trench and

in the process uncovered the bones of a large

extinct animal that was later named Paleopara-

doxia. (With a name like that, it's no wonder

that the poor beast had kept a low profile for

the past 15 millions years.)

Since completion of the accelerator, Bob has

been the principal "guesstimator" who has trans-

formed the plans for later machines into black

and white construction costs. These include

SPEAR and PEP and several other possible mach-

ines that were contemplated but never actually

built. The first question thrown up for these

machines was usually, "How much will it cost,

Gould?" So Bob would crank up his slide rule

and come up with estimated costs for the earth-

work and quantities of concrete.

Caution! Rock Slide Area

Over the years, Bob has taken a personal in-

terest in the geology of the SLAC site ever

since the first exploratory trenches were dug

for the linac. It doesn't take much asking to

get him to describe the interweaving of "Eocene

and Miocene" (that's sandstone not Shakespeare).

With the help of Stanford graduate students,

Bob conducted the first geological investigation

of the PEP site in 1973. Their findings were

essentially confirmed shortly thereafter by a

private consulting firm.

Today a visitor to Bob's office is immediate-

ly confronted by the collection of rocks that

crowds the sloped top of a bookcase from which

hangs the makeshift sign Caution! Rock Slide

Area. The rocks are individually labeled to

identify their origins from around the PEP site.

Bob's favorite is a petrified clam that was

found in the spoils from the mined PEP tunnel.

"Trade In My Calculator For An Abacus?"

Bob's retirement from SLAC is perhaps an in-

accurate description. He will continue to assist

SLAC as a civil engineering consultant and also,

we hope, as a part-time volunteer cartoonist.

The subject of China is also in the air, in

light of the recent visit of Chinese physicists

to the U.S. They are seriously looking into the

idea of building their own accelerator and are

well aware that Bob's experience would be valu-

able to them. But Bob and Sally aren't trading

in their forks for chopsticks just yet. Bob is

also in contact with an engineering firm in San

Francisco that is involved in some interesting

civil engineering projects. So although Bob has

officially retired from SLAC, he is still in

pursuit of the kind of engineering 'challenges

that began many years ago atop the Bay Bridge.

We at PEP and all of SLAC wish him and Sally the

best always.-Steve Blair

_ I _SLAC Beam Line, May & June 1979 3

4 SLA Beam Line May & Jue 97

KENNETH B. MALLORY, 1926-1979

SLAC has lost one of its finest microwave

engineers, and we in the I&C group have lost a

respected colleague and firm friend.

Ken Mallory was a remarkable person. His

intellectual accomplishments were well known to

all who came into contact with him, and his con-

tributions to accelerator technology and control

systems were both original and continuous over

a period of more than twenty years. But it was

during the last five years, when Ken was under-

going chemotherapy and radiation treatment, some-

times for weeks or months at a time, that his

special strengths became most apparent. He

never complained nor lost his optimism. He

fought his illness every inch of the way, and in

so doing he inspired all of us who came into

daily contact with him. There was a time, a

year or so ago, when the only comfortable posi-

tion for him was lying down, so for several days

he conducted the business of the group from a

bed in his office. And during all the years of

his illness he managed to convey, time and again,

a sense of loyalty and support towards those who

worked with him in the group.

We can only hope that he felt our own loyal-

ty, support and admiration towards him. We will

miss him dearly.miss him dearly. -Ken Crook for the I&C Group

The first time I met Ken Mallory was at the

Stanford Microwave Lab in 1958. He had been at

the Hansen Labs since 1950, first as a Ph.D.

student doing his thesis on the Mark III acceler-

ator, then as a Research Associate. Among var-

ious activities, he was working on medical lin-

acs, supervising Ph.D. theses such as that of

Roger Miller, and teaching the Microwave Measure-

ments lab course under Ed Ginzton. I had just

joined the Project M group, and I needed to

solve a problem with microwave impedences and

Smith charts. After talking to a few people who

were unable to help me, I was told to see Ken

Mallory. At the time he was sharing an office

with his teaching partner, John Jasberg. From

the very first minutes of talking with Ken, I

realized that he was a very unusual character.

He understood my problem almost instantly, and

within a very short time he was giving me all

sorts of ideas and advice on how to go about

solving it. While standing at the blackboard in

front of me, he would nod his head up and down,

frequently interrupt his explanations to stare

at me with a wide grin, and generally convey the

impression that he had all day to talk to me.

I should add that I couldn't understand half of

what he was telling me, and that he always seem-

to be several steps ahead of me in his under-

standing and his explanations.

Subsequent conversations with others at the

Microwave Lab made it clear that my experience

with Ken was by no means unique; and that some-

times it would prove useful, after an arduous

conversation with him, to have his ideas re-

interpreted by his office-mate, John.

The last time I saw Ken Mallory, it was 21

years later and just a few weeks ago, at the

Stanford Hospital. He was very ill then, but his

mind had not changed at all. We talked about

solar energy, SLAC computers and 12 beam lines

for our Control Room, teaching science to young

children, and his family. On all of these sub-

jects he was as sharp and as unpredictable as

ever.

During the first part of his career, Ken was

predominantly a microwave specialist. At one

point he told me that he wanted to write a book

entitled Eighty Ways Around The Smith Chart. Un-

fortunately, he never found the time to complete

(Continued on next page)

_ __ __SLAC Beam Line, May & June 19794

SLA Bea Line Ma &__ Jue 97

that project. As he began work at SLAC and

assumed leadership of the I&C Group in Acceler-

ator Physics, he gradually became more and more

involved with computers. I have often thought

that this was not merely a coincidence, for Ken's

insight into computers and how to use them ele-

gantly was a natural reflection of the remarkable

computer he carried in his own head. Somehow,

his brain seemed to make connections unlike

everyone else's. He had an incredible intuition.

He loved to speak in enigmas and could often get

upset if one did not understand him. But it was

almost impossible to hold that against him be-

cause what he criticized was the intellectual

content with which he disagreed and never you as

a person. In all the years I knew Ken, I cannot

remember him making a derogatory comment about

anyone behind his back.

Those who did not know Ken were occasionally

turned off by his reactions. But those of us

who worked with him knew that behind his enig-

matic responses there was invariably a wealth of

information and insight. He had an amazing tech-

nical discipline and made it apparent in his

everyday design decisions. He retained these

characteristics throughout his illness. Until

almost the very end, he never seemed to give up

hope nor to show signs of feeling sorry for him-

self. With the same sharp judgment, he partic-

ipated with interest in discussions of SLAC plans

that would only materialize two or three years

hence. Few people could have done that.

Not long ago, I ran into Ken limping pain-

fully in the rain between two buildings at SLAC.

When I offered him a ride, he smiled and said,

"No thanks, my mother made me waterproof." Those

who knew and learned from Ken will miss him for

a long time.-Greg Loew

DON McMAHON IS LEAVING SLAC

Don "Mac" McMahon, Foreman of the SLAC Car-

pentry Shop for the past 10 years, will soon be

leaving SLAC to move to Clear Lake, California,

where he and his wife, Rosemary, plan to build

a home. Before starting this project, however,

the McMahons are planning to take a three-month

cross country trip in their new fifth-wheel

trailer. They will travel first to Oregon,

where they have many relatives; then to Nebras-

ka, visiting Mac's home town of Red Cloud; then

eastward to Chicago, which is Rose's home town.

From there they will travel on to New York and

down the east coast before turning back to Cal-

ifornia.

Mac and Rose have a large and close-knit

family of eight children, most of whom are now

grown and have left the nest. Mac originally

came to California from Nebraska in 1949 and

began work as a carpenter's apprentice. He

went on to the shingler's trade and then, in

the early 1950's, began working for United Air

Lines at the San Francisco airport as an A&E

mechanic. After a short time in the plant main-

tenance shop at UAL, Mac left to start his own

Formica business in Mt. View, where he remained

until he joined SLAC about ten years ago.

Mac has many hobbies. In his early days he

was a boxer, and he has always enjoyed bowling

and fishing. More recently, he and his family

have taken up scuba diving, and he and Rose also

enjoy dancing.

Mac has made many good friends during his

time at SLAC. All of us now join in wishing

him and his family a good life at Clear Lake.

-Don Ewings

SUMMER RENTALS?

Going on vacation? Would you like to have

a SLAC visitor as a renter/house-sitter? Sum-

mer listings are urgently needed for summer

visitors to SLAC: rooms, apartments and hous-

es, for long or short periods of time, and at

varying prices. If you have any such accomo-

dations that you are interested in renting,

please contact Gwen Bowen orCarolyn O'Brien at

SLAC extensions 2859 or 2351

Reminder: The open meetings sponsored by Al-

coholics Anonymous are held every Thursday,

from noon to 12:30 PM, in the Conference Room

(Room 126) of the Electronics Building. Any-

one interested in the recognition and treat-

ment of alcoholism is cordially invited to

attend.

5SLAC Beam Line, May & June 1979

6 SLAG Beam Line, May & June 1979

The main pieces of the MAC detector, PEP-6, are shown in this photo by project engineer Roger

Coombes. BIG MAC is described in the article by Bill Ash on the next page.

_ I �______ __SLAC Beam Line, May & June 19796

SLAC Beam Line, May & June 1979

WHAT'S IN A NAME?

PEP will be running before the year is out.

A large part of SLAC is working on it. There

should be some articles on all the things that

are going on, including the big detectors now

being built. Why not start with MAC (PEP-6)?

And don't make it just another technical descrip-

tion.

These were all fine suggestions from the

Beam Line, but the last point is a bit tricky.

A non-technical article on PEP is like talking

about current events without mentioning gasoline.

MAC has been growing out of the floor of the

Heavy Assembly Bldg. for about a year now, start-

ing with 300 tons of iron plate delivered last

Spring. Now it is nearly all together-big,

yellow and impressive. The photograph shows the

three main pieces: the six-sided central sec-

tion, and two end caps. Sometime this June these

pieces will be taken down to interaction Region

#4 at PEP on a very large, and very slow, truck.

There are many more than just these three

pieces to the MAC puzzle, however. From the Un-

iversity of Colorado will come a drift chamber

for the center of MAC. It weighs only a few

hundred pounds, but some of that weight will

come from about 10,000 hair-sized wires. Moving

this may prove to be more difficult than moving

the 300 tons of iron.

Northeastern University in Boston will sup-

ply hundreds of 20-foot-long, 4-inch-diameter

aluminum tubes to surround the iron. The Uni-

versity of Utah is sending long plastic scintill-

ation counters, and the University of Wisconsin

will ship out 700 big, flat chambers to slide

between the iron plates of the end caps. SLAC

will provide 1500 aluminum, tray-shaped chambers

to fit into the slots in the central iron, 6

heavy shower chambers, and a magnet coil.

This potluck affair is presided over by our

project engineer, Roger Coombes, who will have

the job of assembling all this stuff into an en-

gineering version of a sphere.

The small PEP beam pipe will pass through

MAC, but otherwise there is no way for anything

at the center (where the two beams collide) to

get out through all that iron-which is pretty

much the whole idea of the MAC detector. The

product of electron-positron collisions in PEP

is typically the creations of lots of new part-

icles of different kinds, having different ener-

gies, and heading in different directions.

One way of studying this particle-creation

explosion is to measure where all the energy

carried by the particles ends up. MAC does this

by leaving lots of open spaces in the iron and

filling those spaces with small detectors that

measure just how much energy is deposited here

and there throughout the system. Such energy-

measurement is called "calorimetry," a name that

goes back to earlier days when the energy being

measured was in the form of heat. One of the

first, in fact, was a block of ice: put in a

sample and measure how much ice is melted.

Techniques have changed a bit since those

days. MAC is enormous, but not because the

amount of energy being measured is very large.

In fact, it would take some thousands of years

of PEP operation to produce enough energy in

particles to melt a penny-sized piece of ice.

MAC is so large because this energy, although

small, is not easy to contain, and once contain-

ed is not easy to measure.

So, MAC is a calorimeter. But there is a bit

more. In spite of the size, it is fairly easy

to magnetize all the iron, and we can learn still

more from the way in which the magnetic field

affects the charged particles that are produced

in the PEP collisions.

And now back to the name. What else would

you call a BIG MAgnetic Calorimeter if not BIG

MAC? There were at least a half dozen suggest-

ions, in fact, but something about the detector

made our final choice seem inevitable. The de-

cision was clinched by the artwork shown here,

which came from a friend of one of the MAC col-

laborators.

Welcome, MAC. We'll do it all for you.

maPIGAT S.L.A.C.

ee DO IT ALL FOR Ip

'7

I.,~ ---.- 1 '- - - -L - - ----- -

/

h

I

8 SLAG Beam Line, Ma� & June 1979

PIEF'S 60TH BIRTHDAY

On May 4, a large number of Pief Panofsky's

friends and co-workers got together to mark the

occasion of his 60th birthday. The party washeld at the Stanford Faculty Club. After din-

ner, brief talks were given by President Rich-

ard Lyman of Stanford; Edwin McMillan, former

Director of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory;

and Dick Neal, Burt Richter and Joe Ballam of

SLAC. Pief was also given half a dozen presents

that marked various stages of his career in

physics and accelerator building.

Joe Faust took the photographs that are

shown on this and the next page. The cartoon

showing the SLAC "Wizard" being hauled up the

mountainside by Pief was drawn by Bob Gould.

This cartoon was a part of a large birthday card

that was signed by everyone who attended the

celebration.

_ __ __ ___8 SLAC Beam Line, May & June 1979

dr

SLAC Beam Line, May & June 1979 9

10_ SLA Bea Line May & un17

NEW POWER TRANSFORMER INSTALLED

Since 1963, SLAC's electrical power has been

supplied by a single main transformer rated at

50 MVA, 230 kV/12.47 kV. Because major repairs

to equipment of this kind may take as long as

18 months, and also because SLAC's electrical

load will increase significantly when the PEP

storage ring comes into operation, it was de-

cided to increase both the reliability and cap-

acity of the electrical plant by adding a sec-

ond 50 MVA transformer.

In order to install this new transformer

near the added PEP load, a special bus filled

with sulfur hexaflouride (SF6) was used so that

it could be extended below the existing 60 kV

line without building any new superstructure

and thus minimizing its aesthetic impact. The

SF6 bus and circuit breaker offer the highest

reliability and require the minimum space.

This will be the first SF6, 230 kV bus on the

Pacific Coast. It is expected that there will

be many visitors from West Coast utilities,

EPRI and large research labs to follow this new

trend in compact electrical substations.

The photograph of the new installation was

taken by Joe Faust. --Alex Tseng--Alex Tseng

10 SLAC Beam Line, May & June 1979

11

SLAC Beam Line, May & June 1979

SLAC'S HEART DISEASE GUINEA PIGS

Stanford's Heart Disease Prevention Program

has recently launched a new year-long project to

investigate the effects of regular vigorous phys-

ical activity upon components of cholesterol in

the bloodstream. Secondary benefits of this

study will be information about heart function

and behavioral changes induced by exercise.

Thirty of the eighty people involved are from

SLAC. Of the 80, 48 are labeled "exercisers,"

while the balance form a control group that will

not begin exercising until next year. All of

the "guinea pigs" in the study are men between

the ages of 30 and 55 who are currently in good

health but who were not engaged in vigorous phys-

ical activity on a regular basis prior to the

start of the study. Many of the volunteers had

participated in an earlier heart disease risk

survey that was conducted by the Stanford Heart

Disease Prevention Program in 1973-75. The pres-

ent study is an outgrowth of the earlier one.

The importance of cholesterol, the focus of

this new study, has been debated for years in

the medical community. New findings from the

Framingham (Massachusetts) Heart Study and from

the Stanford work now appear to resolving some

of the issues in the debate. In discussions

at Stanford with Ping Ho, Program Coordinator,

and Dr. Peter Wood, Project Director, I learned

the following information. When viewed under an

electron microscope, cholesterol appears like

tiny drops of oil in vinegar. These drops are

carried through the bloodstream by a group of

molecules called lipoproteins, of which there are

three kinds: high-density lipoprotein (HDL),

low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-dens-

ity lipoprotein (VLDL). The three types are

markedly different in size. The HDL's are small,

the LDL's about 100 times larger, and the VLDL's

about 100 times larger than the LDL's.

It is presently thought that the medium-sized

LDL's are the "bad guys" in heart disease. It is

the LDL cholesterol packed in the walls of art-

eries that reduces blood flow and in the end may

actually prevent it. Note that a certain amount

of cholesterol is required for normal human meta-

bolism. The LDL's pick up the necessary cholest-

erol from the food we eat or from the liver

(where some is manufactured) and transport it to

the cells for processing. If there is more chol-

esterol available than needed for normal meta-

bolic purposes, then some of the LDL's appear to

deposit this excess on the inner walls of the

arteries.

Perhaps the most interesting information com-

ing out of the new studies is that the build-up

of fat in the arteries does not seem to occur if

the ratio of HDL to LDL cholesterol is high

enough. The tiny HDL drops may have a scouring

action on the walls of the arteries, like a sand-

blasting tool, thus cleaning off the LDL mole-

cules. The fatty material that is chipped away

is then carried back to the liver and subsequent-

ly excreted from the body.

Some people seem to be naturally protected

from cholesterol build-up because they have in-

herited a high ratio of HDL to LDL. Such people

are able to eat high cholesterol foods without

any sign of cardio-vascular disease. In addit-

ion, women seem to have a higher HDL/LDL ratio

than men at comparable ages and thus to have

less heart trouble in general. (This is why the

present Stanford study is concentrating on men.)

However, if you are not one of the lucky

few naturally protected individuals, is there

anything you can do to produce a more favorable

HDL/LDL ratio? At Stanford, Drs. Peter Wood and

William Haskel have now collected enough data

to convince themselves that vigorous exercise

combined with a prudent diet will do just that.

These doctors observed that joggers have very

high HDL/LDL ratios compared with the national

average. With the better diets than joggers

seem to use, the quantity of LDL cholesterol is

reduced, thus making the ratio higher than it

otherwise might be.

With this background, the present study was

initiated to observe in a controlled manner any

changes in the ratio of HDL to LDL that occur in

the Stanford volunteers. All 80 people were

carefully weighed, measured and analyzed at the

start of the project. The conditioning for the

"exercisers" is supervised in a progressive,

individualized program of walking, jogging and

running. Eating habits and certain psychologic-

al characteristics have been noted and will be

monitored for any change during the year.

It will be interesting to report the results

of this study during the coming year. If each

of us can be assured of healthier living as a

result of exercise, there are probably many

people who would want to jog or take other forms

of exercise on a regular basis.

It is perhaps needless to say that anyone

who plans to begin a program of regular vigorous

physical activity should first have a thorough

checkup at SLAC or through his or her own doc-

tor. -Vernon Price

Nobody before the Pythagoreans had thought

that mathematical relations held the secret of

the universe. Twenty-five centuries later,

Europe is still blessed and cursed with their

heritage. To non-European civilizations, the

idea that numbers are the key to both wisdom

and power, seems never to have occurred.

-Arthur Koestler

The Sleepwalkers

_ __ ___ __ __ _� __11

I

12_ SLA Beam Lie Ma & Jun 1979 I

It has been shown by Rutherford that the at-

omic nucleus deflects an alpha particle as if

the force between them were one of electrical

repulsion between two charges. Thus by count-

ing the number of collisions occurring when a

group of alpha particles passes through a

known number of atoms we can determine the

charge on the nucleus. Measurements of this

kind have shown that the nucleus of the hydro-

gen atom has a positive charge equal to that

of one electron, helium that of two electrons,

lithium three, and so on down the list of

chemical elements to uranium. This suggests

that the nucleus of the atom may be built up

of units carrying a positive charge equal to

the negative charge of the electron. Such a

unit we find in the nucleus of the hydrogen

atom. It is perhaps surprising that the pos-

itive unit of electric charge should be assoc-

iated with a mass almost 2,000 times greater

than that associated with the negative unit.

Rutherford has, however, performed a series of

experiments that gives us good reason to be-

lieve our guess is correct. These experiments

consist in shooting alpha rays from radium

through various substances. It is found that

particles having the same charge and mass as

the hydrogen nucleus can be knocked out of

some of the lighter elements. An event of

this kind is shown in a remarkable photograph

taken by Mr. Blackett. The evidence seems

very strong that the nuclei of the various

atoms are indeed built up of an aggregate of

hydrogen nuclei, which are now called protons.

--Scientific American

February 1929

The tangible objects with which we are fam-

iliar are constituted of molecules. These in

turn are composed of atoms, and these of the

positively charged and massive protons and the

negatively charged and mobile electrons. The

light that makes plants grow and that gives us

warmth has the double characteristics of waves

and particles and is found to consist ultimat-

ely of photons. Having carried the analysis

of the universe as far as we are able, there

thus remains the proton, the electron and the

photon-only these three. We sometimes think

of standardization as being the distinctive

keynote of modern industry. But even a Ford

car has hundreds of parts that differ from one

another. What then shall we say of the Work-

man who by using only three different parts,

protons, electrons and photons, has made a un-

iverse with its infinite variety of beauty and

life? --Scientific American

March 1929

SLAC AMATEUR RADIO CLUB IS ON THE AIR!

WA6NUP

The SLAC Amateur Radio Club, which was or-

ganized in 1970, is looking for interested

people who work at SLAC. The only qualific-

ation is an interest in amateur radio. If you

have a CB or amateur radio background, so much

the better. We have an operational station

and code practice facilities on the middle

floor of the Central Control Room. At a recent

meeting, over 20 people participated in var-

ious planning and organizing activities. Code

and theory classes are currently going. Come

on down and learn. The Club is running a code

class every working day at noon in the station.

We are also in the process of constructing a

new antenna system so that worldwide contacts

can be made more easily.

Amateur radio field day activities will be

held at SLAC on the weekend of June 23-24,

1979. Why not plan to come out then and see

what amateur radio is all about?

For more details and date of the next

meeting, please contact

Roger Gearhart, ext. 2709

Dick Collins, ext. 2588

Dave Ficklin, ext. 2160

We hope to see you at our next meeting.

-Dave Ficklin

SLAC Beam LineSLAC Beam Linea Ae a Centr Joe Faust, Bin 26, x2429 PhotographyStanford Linear Accelerator Center

Stanford University Crystal Washington, Bin 68, x2502 Production

Stanford, CA 94305 Dorothy Ellison, Bin 20, x2723 Articles

Published monthly on about the 15th day ofeidner Bin 20, x2521 Associate EditorHerb Weidner, Bin 20, x2521 Associate Editor

the month. Permission to reprint articles

is given with credit to the SLAC Beam Line. Bill Kirk, Bin 20, x2605 Editor

0-3 7-2 13-54 23-28 34-4 52-9 61-21 67-10 73-13 81-61 87-14 95-43

Beam Line 1-24 8-4 14-2 24-18 40-120 53-47 62-40 68-11 74-7 82-10 88-22 96-20

Distribution 2-6 9-3 15-4 25-2 45-10 55-42 63-15 69-50 75-3 83-6 89-14 97-95

at SLAC 3-7 10-2 20-65 26-21 48-7 56-11 64-17 70-2 78-36 84-8 91-4 98-32

Total: 1629 4-17 11-18 21-4 30-47 50-20 57-14 65-32 71-26 79-86 85-27 92-2

6-17 12-117 22-19 33-24 51-60 60-19 66-10 72-3 80-8 86-6 94-19

__ __

SLAC Beam Line, May & June 197912