S556 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN

Week 9

Team Process Presentation on April 4

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15 minutes Present your teamwork process, not the

findings about the project Use artifacts Everyone should be involved in the

presentation

Idea for Design/Usability Testing Report

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The report should include three components: Idea for design (this can be a sketch, etc.) Usability testing report Feedback from users/clients

2-3 pages

Feedback Meeting (Block, 2011)

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Be honest & authentic

Consolidated Models

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Show where the breakdowns and bottlenecks are

Elevate what would otherwise be a bunch of anecdotes to reveal systemic problems

Give the IT dept a way to talk back to the business about prioritization decisions

Consolidating Sequence Models

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Show the common structure of a task across a customer population

Use the flow model to identify the important tasks

Only consolidate tasks that the system will support, that you will redesign, or that you need to understand in detail

Example of Consolidated Sequence Model

Prepare study guide for class/make lecture notes available to students

Activity Intent Abstracted Steps Breakdowns

Create study guide

Create additional materials based on course lecture to help students prepare for assignments

Finding digital versions of images that match the text book imagesList image #s (DIDO #s or textbook #s) to be reviewedList terms necessary

Share lecture/ study guide

Share lecture Upload lecture to OncourseSchedule office hours to review lecture

20 MB per PPT lecture requirement in Oncourse which either suggest faculty to break up lectures or to meet size requirements

Share study guide with students

Upload study guide to Oncourse SLSI S556

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Consolidating Flow Models

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Step 1: generate complete list of responsibilities for each individual

Step 2: examine each responsibility Step 3: recognize when different people

play the same roles Step 4: how roles map to individuals Step 5: consolidate the artifacts and

communications between people

Consolidated Flow Model: Consider Roles First

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Head chef- Keep track of what’s in the kitchen- Provide oversight & instruct other cooks as necessary- Make sure cooks are working together- Communicate exact needs to shopper- Decide on desired meals for special event with event planner- Find out what’s needed to restock inventory

Cook- Negotiate meals and who will make them with other cooks- Coordinate with head chef on use of kitchen- Make sure ingredients for planned meal are available- Coordinate with head chef on how to make meal

Shopper

- Find out from head chef what to buy and when to go- Make on-the-spot decisions about substitutions- Bring accounting of expense to fund manager

Event planner

Funds manager

Consolidated Flow Model: Add Artifacts & Interactions

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Head chef- Keep track of what’s in the kitchen- Provide oversight & instruct other cooks as necessary- Make sure cooks are working together- Communicate exact needs to shopper- Decide on desired meals for special event with event planner- Find out what’s needed to restock inventory

Cook- Negotiate meals and who will make them with other cooks- Coordinate with head chef on use of kitchen- Make sure ingredients for planned meal are available- Coordinate with head chef on how to make meal

Shopper

- Find out from head chef what to buy and when to go- Make on-the-spot decisions about substitutions- Bring accounting of expense to fund manager

Event planner

list of ingredients Manage cooks

Funds manager

Consolidating Artifact Models

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Individual models show the structure and usage of the things people create and use

Consolidated artifact models shows common organizing themes and concepts that people use to pattern their work

Consolidating Artifact Models

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Step 1: group artifacts of a similar type

Step 2: identify the common parts of the artifacts

Step 3: identify structure, intent, and usage within similar parts

Step 4: identify differences & determine how to integrate them

Consolidated Artifact Model

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How it chunks Use the structure of the artifact to guide

the structure of the system Maintain the distinctions that matter to

users What it looks like

Determine the intent of the presentation details

Mimic the intent of presentation details, not the details themselves

Consolidating Physical Models

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Individual physical models show the workplace and site for each user interviewed

Consolidated physical models show the common physical structure across the customer population & the key variants that a system will have to deal with

Consolidating Physical Models

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Step 1: separate the models into types of spaces

Step 2: catalog the common large structures & organization, e.g., buildings, rooms, walls, sitting area, etc. Identify types of hardware, software, and

network connections

Consolidating Physical Models

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Step 3: identify constraints a system must live with & problems it might overcome

Step 4: identify movement on the physical models

Consolidated Physical Model

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The reality check Don’t depend on what’s not there Account for movement and multiple

locations Take advantage of what is there

Consolidated Physical Model

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Pitfalls Not taking the physical environment

seriously E.g., if people don’t have printers by their

desks, don’t build a system that requires frequent trips to the printer

E.g., If your users walk around all the time, don’t try to tie them to a desk by giving them a product that only runs on a desktop

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Consolidating Cultural Models

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Indicates a direction for the design Shows within that direction what

constraints have to be accounted for

Consolidating Cultural Models

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Step 1: walk through each individual model, cataloging and grouping influences (bubbles)

Step 2: consolidate influences. Reduce redundancies

Step 3: focus on influences, not on communication flow (See B&H Figure 9.24, p. 196)

Consolidated Cultural Model

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Managers need to monitor and manage the values of an organization

Make sure the changes you introduce will cause someone in the customer population to take notice (get buy-in)

Consolidation

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The affinity diagram: Data from individual users to groups

Consolidation helps us understand intent, strategy, structure, concepts, and mind-sets to support customers

Comparing Various Consulting Models (Schwen, 1995)

Product consulting Prescription consulting Collaborative (Process) consulting

~= Block’s Flawless consulting

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Dealing with Resistance (Block, Chapter 9) Step 1: Pick up the cues Name the resistance Be quiet, let the client respond

Consulting with a stone (p. 157) Don’t take it personally

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Feedback Session (Block Ch 14, p. 223)

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User Language That Is

Avoid Language That Is

Descriptive Judgmental

Focused Global

Specific Stereotyped

Brief Lengthy

Simple Complicated

Feedback Session (Block Ch 14) Consultant as

witness

Consultant as judge

Consultant as jury Consultant as

prosecutor Consultant as

defendant

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A Structure of a Feedback Meeting (Block, p. 229, 2nd ed.) Problem statement Why the problem exists What happens if the problem is not fixed

In the short term In the long term

Recommended solutions Expected benefits

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AFFINITY DIAGRAM

The Affinity Diagram (see Chapter 8 in HWW)

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Shows the scope of the customer problem Defines the key quality requirements on

the system, e.g., reliability, performance, hardware support, etc.

The hierarchical structure groups similar issues

A designer can learn the key issues and the data

It is recommended to build the affinity in a day

The Affinity Diagram

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Problem Label

Labels

Sub-problem

Sub-problem Sub-problem

data data

data

Contextual Design for Invention

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Get diverse perspectives Inquiry into the consolidated work

models Brainstorms new work practice Develop multiple solutions

Using Models for Design

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Synthesize across the models Discuss the models and possible

metaphors in the team, which leads to shared understanding and perspectives

Data consolidated models design

Goals of Work Redesign

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To look across the different models and see a unified picture of work practice

To use multiple perspectives to reveal the issues

To use multiple possibilities to drive the invention of a creative design solution

Affinity Model Exercise

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Goal: Build affinity model based on these cards

Each team will fill out 20 index cards (interpretation notes) + 5 color index cards (category notes)

Write down “data (e.g., The principle includes a personal note on each printed e-mail that he sends to the teacher)” from either interviews or observations on the 20 index cards

Chunk these 20 cards into some categories

Use the color index cards to label these categories

Affinity Notes

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