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S4.D EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES

Assessment AnchorS4.D.1.1

Eligible ContentS4.D.1.1.1S4.D.1.1.2

S4.D.1 Describe Basic Landforms in Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania LandformsPennsylvania’s Assessment Anchors Met

S C I E N C E A S S E S S M E N T A N C H O R S • G R A D E 4

R E A D I N G A S S E S S M E N T A N C H O R S • G R A D E 4

S4.D Physical SciencesS4.D.1.1 Describe basic landforms in Pennsylvania.

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

S4.D.1.1.1 Describe how prominent Earth features in Pennsylvania (e.g., mountains, valleys, caves, sinkholes, lakes, rivers) were formed.S4.D.1.1.2 Identify various Earth structures (e.g., mountains, watersheds, peninsulas, lakes, rivers, valleys) through the use of models.

R4.A Comprehension and Reading SkillsR4.A.2.2 Identify and apply word recognition skills.

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.A.2.2.2 Define and/or apply how the meaning of words or phrases changes when using context clues given in explanatory sentencesR4.A.2.4 Identify and explain main ideas and relevant details

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.A.2.4.1 Identify and/or explain stated or implied main ideas and relevant supporting details from the text.

R4.B Interpretation and Analysis of Fictional and Nonfictional TextR4.B.1.2 Differentiate fact from opinion in nonfiction text.

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.B.1.2.1 Identify, explain, interpret, compare, and/or describe connections between texts.R4.B.3.3 Identify, compare, explain, and interpret how text organization clarifies meaning of nonfiction text

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.B.3.3.1 Identify, explain, and/or interpret text organization, including sequence, question/answer, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, orproblem/solution..

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Pennsylvania Landforms

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S4.C.1 Describe Basic Landforms in Pennsylvania

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Pennsylvania LandformsAssessment Anchors Met

S C I E N C E A S S E S S M E N T A N C H O R S • G R A D E 4

R E A D I N G A S S E S S M E N T A N C H O R S • G R A D E 4

S4.D Physical SciencesS4.D.1.1 Describe basic landforms in Pennsylvania.

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

S4.D.1.1.1 Describe how prominent Earth features inPennsylvania (e.g., mountains, valleys, caves, sinkholes, lakes,rivers) were formed.S4.D.1.1.2 Identify various Earth structures (e.g.,mountains, watersheds, peninsulas, lakes, rivers, valleys)through the use of models.

R4.A Understand Nonfiction Appropriate to Grade LevelR4.A.2.2 Identify and apply word recognition skills.

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.A.2.2.2 Define and/or apply how the meaning of wordsor phrases changes when using context clues given inexplanatory sentences

R4.A.2.4 Identify and apply word recognition skills.ELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.A.2.4.1 Identify and/or explain stated or implied mainideas and relevant supporting details from the text.

R4.BUnderstand Concepts andOrganization of NonfictionalTextR4.B.1.2 Differentiate fact from opinion in nonfiction text.

ELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.B.1.2.1 Identify, explain, interpret, compare, and/ordescribe connections between texts.

R4.B.3.3 Identify, compare, explain, and interpret how textorganization clarifies meaning of nonfiction textELIGIBLE CONTENT

R4.B.3.3.1 Identify, explain, and/or interpret textorganization, including sequence, question/answer,comparison/contrast, cause/effect, or problem/solution.

.

O L

PennsylvaniaLandforms

by Laura Portalupi

S4.D.1 EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES




• Titusville

•Erie

Philadelphia •

• New Castle

• Pittsburgh• Johnstown

• State College

HARRISBURG •

Gettysburg •York •

Lancaster •Norristown •

Reading •Allentown •

Bethlehem •

Hazleton •

Wilkes-Barre •

POCONO MTS.

PennsylvaniaLandforms

by Laura Portalupi

Curriculum materials for your content standards

F O C U S curr iculum




S4.D.1 Describe Basic Landforms in Pennsylvania Table of ContentsIntroduction:What Are Landforms? . . . . . . . . 4

Chapter 1:Creation of Landforms . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 2:Types of Landforms . . . . . . . . . 8

Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Valleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Sinkholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Caves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Chapter 3:Using Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22To Find Out More . . . . . . . . . . 23Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Predict: What do you think you willlearn from reading this book?

4

Have you ever hiked up a mountain? Haveyou ever swum in a river or lake? Have youever ventured into a dark cave? If you so,then you have explored a landform.

A landform is a natural feature of Earth’ssurface. A landform can be as big as anocean or as small as a pond.

Imagine that a road needs to be builtbetween two towns. Landforms willdetermine how the road will look. If there isa mountain range between the towns, theroad may include several tunnels. If there isa large lake between the towns, the roadmay have to go around it.

What Are Landforms?

I N T R O D U C T I O N

landform: a natural feature of Earth’s surface

5

There are two main ways that landforms arecreated: tectonic activity and erosion.Tectonic activity is the shifting of the earth’ssurface due to changes below the surface.Erosion is the wearing away of land by water,ice, or wind.

Tectonic ActivityThe outer shell of Earth is broken into severalhuge plates. These plates move very slowly—less than one inch to four inches every year.

Usually the plate movement is so slow thatwe do not notice any changes. But when twoplates collide or move away from each other,an earthquake or volcano can occur. Theseoccurrences cause landforms such asmountains and valleys to form over time.

Creation of Landforms

C H A P T E R 1

tectonic activity: the shifting of Earth’s surface due to changesbelow the surfaceerosion: the wearing away of land by water, ice, or windplates: the hard layers of Earth’s surface

6

ErosionErosion is what happens when large thingsare naturally broken down into smallerthings. Running water can create valleys.As the water rushes along, it removes tinypieces of the land. Over time, this processmay make the river wider or deeper. Thewearing away of the rock over time creates aV-shaped valley.

A glacier is a slowly moving mass of icethat can carve the earth’s surface over time.A glacier creates a U-shaped valley.

Wind erosion occurs when the windblows small particles of sand against largerrocks, steadily chipping away at the surface.

glacier: slowly moving mass of ice

7

Erosion takes place over many years. A river carves aV-shaped valley. A glacier carves a U-shaped valley.

Contrast: What is the difference betweenerosion and tectonic activity?

V-shaped valley formed by a river

U-shaped valley formed by a glacier

8

Different types of landforms exist in differentparts of the world. Pennsylvania has a widerange of landforms.

MountainsMountains are formed by the slow movementof the earth’s plates. Folded mountains occurwhen two plates push against each other. Thepressure causes one plate to fold over theother plate and push upward.

One of the country’s greatest mountainranges runs through Pennsylvania. TheAppalachian Mountains are folded mountainsthat were once as high as 20,000 feet. Nowthey reach to about 3,000 feet.

Rain, rivers, and glaciers eroded themountains over millions of years. TheAppalachian Mountains are approximately480 million years old, making them the oldestmountains in North America.

Types of Landforms

C H A P T E R 2

9

Predict and Explain: What do you think theAppalachian Mountains will look like in anothermillion years? Will they be shorter or taller? Why?

plateau: a high, flat piece of land

Folded mountainsoccur when twoplates push againsteach other.

When a large, flat piece of land risesabove the rest of the land it is called aplateau.

Over the years, rivers or glaciers mayerode parts of the plateau until mountainsare formed. These are called residualmountains. The Allegheny Mountains areresidual mountains.

10

ValleysPennsylvania has many valleys, some as deepas 1,000 feet. Some were formed whenmountains were formed. The space inbetween the mountain peaks are valleys.Most were formed by erosion due to rivers,so they are called V-shaped valleys.

As a river flows, it erodes the rock. Atfirst, it can carry those bits of rock easily.The rapid flow of the river creates steepsides to the valley. Over time, the sides ofthe valley are worn down, making the valleywider. When a valley reaches old age, itsfloor is at its widest and its sides aresmooth.

Most of the valleys in Pennsylvania are inthe middle stage.

11

Valleys exist in one of these three stages.

Young Stage

Middle Stage

Old Stage

12

RiversThe beginning of a river is called a source.A source occurs when underground waterbreaks through to the surface or when snowon a mountaintop melts.

Rivers can be divided into threecategories: youthful rivers, mature rivers,and old age rivers. A youthful river movesquickly and cuts deeply into the rock. Youcan see the water foaming and splashing. Amature river flows more slowly and widensbecause other streams have joined it. Theriver is carrying a heavier load, and some ofthe stones and pebbles settle on the riverbed. A river is usually widest when itreaches old age. At this stage, the river bedis thick with sand.

source: beginning of a river

13

More than 3,500 rivers and streams flowthrough Pennsylvania. Three great rivers standout among these: the Susquehanna, the Ohio,and the Delaware.

NAME LENGTH (Miles)

Ohio 981

Susquehanna 444

Delaware 360

Allegheny 325

Youghiogheny 135

Schuylkill 130

Monongahela 128

Clarion 110

Lehigh 103

Juniata 90

Conemaugh 70

Connect and Analyze: Can you think of a rivernear your town? Is it a youthful river,a mature river, or an old age river?

Pennsylvania Rivers

14

LakesWhile there are more than 2,500 lakes inPennsylvania, only 50 formed naturally.Natural lakes form due to erosion by aglacier, river, or wind. The formation of amountain range can create a hollow thatcollects water to become a lake.

Pennsylvania borders Lake Erie, one ofthe Great Lakes. During the Ice Age,glaciers covered the central part of thecountry. As the glaciers began to melt, thewater gathered in an area where ancientrivers had once run. This was the beginningof the formation of the Great Lakes.

15

All lakes are temporary. Most shrink overtime as erosion wears down the sides andthe lake begins to fill with stones and soil.

These lakes were formed by the collectionof water in the hollows of mountains.

Recall: What are some ways we use lakes?

16

SinkholesA sinkhole is formed when soil and rockmove downward. It can occur naturally dueto erosion. It can also occur due to humanactivities such as pumping groundwater andmining.

Usually, this downward movement occursover a very long period of time. When thesupport is taken away, the surface of theland sags. Then, the land collapses quickly,leaving a hole.

Sinkholes only exist in the eastern andcentral areas of Pennsylvania. The averagesinkhole in Pennsylvania ranges from 4 to20 feet across and 4 to 20 feet deep.Sometimes a group of sinkholes jointo form a large sinkhole.

17

Infer: Do you think it would be safeto build a house near a sinkhole?

A sinkhole destroyed this road.

18

CavesMost caves are formed in a soft rock calledlimestone. Rain slips through small cracks inthe rock and erodes the limestone. Theprocess takes thousands of years. Eventuallyit carves out tunnels and open spaces belowEarth’s surface.

The water that drips into a cave containsa mineral called calcite. This mineral createsrock formations inside of caves. Stalactiteshang down from the ceiling. Stalagmitesgrow up from the floor. When a stalactite andstalagmite join together, they form a column.

stalactites: rock formations that hang down from the ceilingstalagmites: rock formations that grow up from the floor

19

Some caves are open to the public. InPennsylvania you can visit nine different caves.

CAVE COUNTY

Coral Caverns Bedford

Crystal Cave Berks

Indian Caverns Huntingdon

Indian Echo Caverns Dauphin

Laurel Caverns Fayette

Lincoln Caverns Huntingdon

Lost River Caverns Northampton

Penn’s Cave Centre

Woodward Cave CentreA cave is formed as water trickles through cracksin the rock.

Pennsylvania Caves

20

A model is a smaller representation ofsomething else. If you wanted to create amodel of a piece of land how would you doit? First, you might want to look at a map.

Physical MapsA physical map can show the natural andmanmade features of an area. A map alwayshas a legend, which is a guide explainingwhat the map’s different symbols, colors,patterns, and shapes mean.

Look at the physical map on the nextpage. Symbols, colors, or patterns may beused to show different things on a map.What can you say about Pennsylvania basedon this map?

Using Models

C H A P T E R 3

legend: a guide explaining what the map’s different symbols,colors, and shapes mean

21

See if you can identify a mountain range,a river, and a lake on this map.


• Titusville

•Erie

Philadelphia •

• New Castle

• Pittsburgh• Johnstown

• State College

HARRISBURG •

Gettysburg •York •

Lancaster •Norristown •

Reading •Allentown •

Bethlehem •

Hazleton •

Wilkes-Barre •

POCONO MTS.

LandformsAllegheny Plateaus

Ridge and Valley

Piedmont

Coastal Plain

22

Glossary

erosion—the wearing away of land by water, ice,or wind

glacier—slowly moving mass of ice

landform—a natural feature of the earth’s surface

legend—a guide explaining what the map’sdifferent symbols, colors, and shapes mean

plateau—high, flat piece of land

plates—the hard layers of the earth’s surface

source—beginning of a river

stalactites—rock formations that hang down fromthe ceiling

stalagmites—rock formations that grow up fromthe floor

tectonic activity—the shifting of Earth’s surfacedue to changes below the surface

23

To Find Out More . . .Want to learn more about landforms?

Try these books

Plates: Restless Earth by Roy A. Gallant.Benchmark Books, 2003.

Rivers and Oceans by Barbara Taylor. KingfisherBooks, 1993.

Access these Web sitesGeology for Kidshttp://www.kidsgeo.com/geology-for-kids/

BrainPOPhttp://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/

Write for more information

Department of Conservation and NaturalResourcesRachel Carson State Office Building 30P.O. Box 8767400 Market StreetHarrisburg, PA 17105-8767

24

Index

tectonic activity, 5

erosion, 5, 6

mountains, 8–9

valleys, 10–11

rivers, 12–13

lakes, 14–15

sinkholes, 16–17

caves, 18–19

maps, 20–21

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AssessmentsPennsylvania Landforms

Print pages 20–22 of this PDF for the assessments.

O n L e v e lS4.D EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES




PENNSYLVANIA LANDFORMS OL


Check UnderstandingShade the circle next to the correct answer.

1. What statement is a correct conclusion about landforms?

� Most landforms develop in less than one year.

� Landforms affect the way that people plan their lives.

� All types of landforms can be found in every part ofthe world.

� Landforms start small but always become biggerover time.

2. Which statement best describes how the AlleghenyMountains formed?

� Rivers eroded parts of a large, flat piece of land calleda plateau.

� Two plates pushed against each other until one foldedover the other plate.

� Soil and rock moved downward over time due to thepumping of groundwater.

� A glacier carved valleys in the land until the sideswere steep.



Check Understanding3. Valleys usually form in one of two ways. Look at the pictures below.

Part A: Describe how Valley A formed. Part B: Describe how Valley B formed.

Valley A Valley B



Assessment Scoring Guidelines1. S4.D.1.1.1 Describe how prominent Earth features in

Pennsylvania (e.g., mountains, valleys, caves, sinkholes,lakes, rivers) were formed.

� Most landforms develop over hundreds, thousands, ormillions of years.

� Key: Landforms affect the way that people live their livesbeause we must build around them.

� Some landforms can be found around the world; otherlandforms only exist in certain places.

� Landforms such as mountains erode, or get smaller, overtime.

2. S4.D.1.1.1 Describe how prominent Earth features inPennsylvania (e.g., mountains, valleys, caves, sinkholes,lakes, rivers) were formed.

� Key: The Allegheny Mountains are residual mountains,which means rivers eroded parts of a plateau.

� This is how folded mountains form.

� This is how sinkholes form.

� A glacier carving valleys in the land would simplyproduce valleys, not mountains.

3. S4.D.1.1.1 Describe how prominent Earth features inPennsylvania (e.g., mountains, valleys, caves, sinkholes,lakes, rivers) were formed.

Score 2 if the student demonstrates a thoroughunderstanding of valleys by explaining that Valley A wasformed by rushing water while Valley B was formed byglaciers.

Score 1 if the student demonstrates a partialunderstanding of valleys by explaining that Valley A wasformed by rushing water while Valley B was formed byglaciers.

Score 0 if the student provides insufficient evidence todemonstrate understanding of the content being tested.

O n L e v e l

Reading ActivitiesPennsylvania Landforms

Print pages 24–28 of this PDF for the reading act iv i t ies.

READING • GRADE 4

R4.A.2.5 R4.A.2.5.1

Assessment Anchors Eligible Content

R4.B.1.2 R4.B.1.2.1

R4.B.3.1 R4.B.3.1.1

R4.B.3.3 R4.B.3.3.3

Context Clues

ELIGIBLE CONTENT: R4.A.2.2.2PENNSYLVANIA LANDFORMS OL

You can often figure out the meaning of an unfamiliarword by the way it is used in a sentence or paragraph.For example, read the sentence below. You can figure outwhat the word mature means, even if you’ve never seen itbefore, by understanding what the other two wordsdescribing rivers mean.

The word mature means “fully developed, or middle-aged.”

Underline words or phrases from the paragraphs toanswer each question.

1. Which words or phrases tell you that a hollow is atype of hole?

While there are more than 2,500 lakes inPennsylvania, only 50 formed naturally. Natural lakesform due to erosion by a glacier, river, or wind. Theformation of a mountain range can create a hollow thatcollects water to become a lake.

2. Which words or phrases tell you that residual means“what remains”?

When a large, flat piece of land rises above the rest ofthe land it is called a plateau. Over the years, rivers orglaciers may erode parts of the plateau until mountainsare formed. These are called residual mountains.

3. Which words or phrases tell you to venture requirescourage?

Have you ever ventured into a dark cave? If you so,then you have explored a landform.

4. Which words or phrases tell you that a riverbed is thebottom of the river?

The river is carrying a heavier load, and some of thestones and pebbles settle on the riverbed. A river isusually widest when it reaches old age. At this stage, theriverbed is thick with sand.

T R Y T H E S K I L L

Rivers can be divided into three categories:youthful rivers, mature rivers, and old age rivers.

Main Idea and Supporting Details

Sometimes, the main idea of a paragraph is stated in oneof its sentences. In this example from PennsylvaniaLandforms, the main idea is stated in the first sentence.The other sentences are details.

Read each paragraph from Pennsylvania Landforms.Underline the sentence that tells the main idea. On thelines below the paragraph, list one or two details thatsupport the main idea.

All lakes are temporary. Most shrink over time aserosion wears down the sides and the lake begins to fillwith stones and soil.

1. __________________________________________

__________________________________________

ELIGIBLE CONTENT: R4.A.2.4.1

A sinkhole is formed when soil and rock movedownward. It can occur naturally due to erosion.It can also occur due to human activities such aspumping groundwater and mining.

2. __________________________________________

__________________________________________

As a river flows, it erodes the rock. At first, it cancarry those bits of rock easily. The rapid flow of the rivercreates steep sides to the valley. Over time, the sides ofthe valley are worn down, making the valley wider.When a valley reaches old age, its floor is at its widestand its sides are smooth.

3. __________________________________________

__________________________________________

Mountains are formed by the slow movement ofEarth’s plates. Folded mountains occur when two platespush against each other. The pressure causes one plate tofold over the other plate and push upward.

4. __________________________________________

__________________________________________


There are two main ways that landforms arecreated: tectonic activity and erosion. Tectonicactivity is the shifting of the earth’s surface due tochanges below the surface. Erosion is the wearingaway of land by water, ice, or wind.


Make Connections

A text can be a piece of writing, a film, a picture,another object, or even an experience.

Below are two texts. What connections do you seebetween them? Read the passage from PennsylvaniaLandforms and the second passage about volcanic caves.Then answer the questions.

1. What do limestone caves and lava tubes have incommon?

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

2. How are limestone caves and lava tubes different?

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

ELIGIBLE CONTENT: R4.B.1.2.1


Most caves are formed in a soft rock calledlimestone. Rain slips through small cracks in therock and erodes the limestone. The process takesthousands of years. Eventually, it carves out tunnelsand open spaces below the earth’s surface. Water mayflow through these passages as underground rivers.

Some caves are formed quickly as a result of avolcano’s eruption. Hot lava flows across the earth’ssurface. Sometimes the lava hardens on the outsidewhile the lava inside is still flowing. The liquid lavaflows away until there is an empty hollow under thehardened lava. These are called lava tubes.


ELIGIBLE CONTENT: R4.B.3.3.1

Text Organization

Thinking about how text is organized as you read canhelp you understand it better. Here are some examplesof different ways writers organize text.

SequenceAs the water rushes along, it removes tiny pieces of theland. Over time, this process may make the river wideror deeper. The wearing away of the rock over time createsa V-shaped valley.

Problem/solutionA model is a smaller representation of something else. Ifyou wanted to create a model of a piece of land howwould you do it? First, you might want to look at a map.

Comparison/contrastThis mineral creates rock formations inside of caves.Stalactites hang down from the ceiling. Stalagmites growup from the floor. When a stalactite and stalagmite jointogether, they form a column.

Cause/effectWhen the support is taken away, the surface of the landsags. Then, the land collapses quickly, leaving a hole.

On the line following each paragraph, indicate whether itexplains a sequence, problem and solution, comparisonor contrast, or cause and effect.

1. A youthful river moves quickly and cuts deeply intothe rock. You can see the water foaming and splashing.A mature river flows more slowly and widens becauseother streams have joined it. The river is carrying aheavier load, and some of the stones and pebbles settleon the riverbed.

__________________________________________

2. During the Ice Age, glaciers covered the central part ofthe country. As the glaciers began to melt, the watergathered in an area where rivers had once run.

__________________________________________

3. A glacier is a slowly moving mass of ice that can carvethe earth’s surface over time. A glacier creates a U-shaped valley.

__________________________________________

4. If there is a mountain range between the towns, theroad may include several tunnels. If there is a largelake between the towns, the road may have to goaround it.

__________________________________________



Answer Key

Context Clues1. erosion; collects water; become a lake

2. erode parts of the plateau

3. dark cave; explored

4. settle; thick with sand

Main Ideas and Supporting Details1. Main idea: All lakes are temporary. Supporting details:

Erosion wears down the sides. The lake begins to fill withstones and soil.

2. Main idea: A sinkhole is formed when soil and rockmove downward. Supporting details: It can occurnaturally. It can occur due to manmade activities.

3. Main idea: As a river flows, it erodes the rock.Supporting details: The rapid flow of the river createssteep sides. The sides of the valley are worn down. Whena valley reaches old age, its sides are smooth.

4. Main idea: Mountains are formed by the slow movementof the earth’s plates. Supporting details: Two plates pushagainst each other. The pressure causes one plate to foldover the other plate.

Make Connections1. They are formed naturally. They are shaped by rivers

(water and lava).

2. Limestone caves take a long time to form. Lava tubesform quickly. Limestone caves are shaped by water. Lavatubes are shaped by lava.

Text Organization1. Comparison/contrast

2. Sequence

3. Cause/effect

4. Problem/solution


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