Name: _________Ashley White Date: 5/14/16

Cornell Notes MDT College of Health Sciences

Text name:_________________________________ Chapter(s) ______4__________ Pages __57___ - __66___

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#Main Idea (turn headings into questions here)

Notes (Answer your questions here in your own words; do not copy definitions- instead, paraphrase the information)

57 What are tissues? They are groups of similar cells that perform a common function. 57 What are the four

categories of tissues?Epithelial- is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.Connective- The most widespread and varied, of all the tissues; serves to connect the body together and to support, bind, or protect organs.Nervous- has a high degree of excitability and conductivity. Muscular-tissue consisting of contractile cells or fibers that effect movement of an organ or body part.

57 What are the three layers cells organize into?

Ectoderm (outer) - give rise to epidermis and nervous system. Mesoderm (middle layer) – Gives rise to connective and muscle tissues.Endoderm (inner layer) - produces mucous membrane of respiratory tract, thyroid gland, secretor parts of pancreas.

57 What are stem cells? Specialized cell that can differentiate into many types of cells.*Differentiation- each layer gives rise to different types of tissue.

58 What are the three basic shapes that epithelial cells take?

Squamous- are flat and plate-like. The word squamous comes from a Latin word meaning “scaly.”Cubodial-are cubed shaped and contain more cytoplasm than squamous cells. Columnar- higher than they are wide, columnar cells are tall and cylindrical.

58 What are the cell layers? Simple Epithelia- every cell touches the basement membrane.Stratified Epithelia- some cells stack up on top of other cells and upper layers of cells don’t touch the basement membrane.

58 What is the glandular epithelium?

Type of epithelium consisting of glands that secrete a particular substance. 1. Exocrine gland- a gland that secretes its product into a duct, which then

emptiness onto a body surface or inside a wound. 2. Endocrine gland- a gland that secretes its product, called a hormone,

directly into the bloodstream. 3. Goblet Cells- are modified cells containing secretory vesicles that produce

large quantities of mucus.

59 What are the types of membranous epithelial tissue?

60 What are connective tissues?

They are the most wide spread, and the most varied of all the tissue; serves to connect the body together and to support, bind, or protect organs

.

61 What are the components of connective tissue?

The key component is extracellular matrix. *It allows connective tissues to be diverse. It is the frame work into which the cells of tissue are embedded.

61 What three fibers are found in connective tissue?

Collagenous fibers- these are strong and flexible but resist stretching; these are the most abundant fibers. Reticular fibers- these occur in networks and support small structures such as capillaries and nerve fibers. Elastic fibers- made of a protein called elastin, these fibers can stretch and recoil like a rubber band.

61 What are the classifications of connective tissue?

Fibrous connective tissue- an abundance of fiber characterized fibrous connective tissues.

1. Cartilage- firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints.Bone (Osseous)- bone tissue Blood- is unique among the connective tissues in that it exist s as a fluid. *Composed of various types of blood cells surrounded by a liquid matrix called plasma.

61 What are three types of loose connective tissue?

Areolar tissue1. Consists of collagen and elastin fibers in a soft, gel-like matrix. 2. Connects many adjacent structures in the body. 3. Lies underneath almost all epithelia.4. Surrounds blood vessels, nerves, the esophagus, and trachea.

Adipose tissue1. Dominated by fat cells.2. Forms supporting, protective pads around the kidneys and various other

structures.3. Acts as a storage depot for excess food. 4. Helps insulate the body to conserve body heat.

Reticular tissue1. Consists of a loose network of reticular fibers and cells.2. Forms the framework of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

61 What is dense connective tissue?

Consist of closely packed collagen fibers. These dense tissues form tendons and ligament, the cord-like structures charged with attaching muscles to bones (tendons) or bones to bones (ligaments).*Has few blood vessels. Also forms bands or sheets (called fascia) that bind together organs and muscles. This tissue also forms a protective capsule or sheath around the kidneys, spleen, and nerves.

62 What are three types of cartilage?

64 What are neurons (nerve cells)?

The units that conduct nervous impulses (action potentials).

64 What is neuroglia (“glia”=glue)?

They do NOT generate nerve impulses, they protect and assist neurons.

64 What are three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal-attaches to bones.Cardiac-heart muscleSmooth-involuntary and lines hollow structures (blood vessels, airways, digestive tract)

65 What two ways can tissue repair itself?

Regeneration-occurs when Damaged tissue cells are replaced with the same type of cells, resulting in functional new tissue. Cuts and scrapes, heal by regeneration.Fibrosis-occurs when damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue, which is composed mainly of collagen. Severe cuts or burns heal through fibrosis.

66 What are three types of membranes?

Mucous- lines body cavities that open to the exterior.EX. Digestive, respiratory, and urinary*Epithelia layer secretes mucus to lubricate the passageways.Connective tissue layer (areolar CT) binds to the underlying structures. (Provides epithelia layer with nutrients and oxygen.)Serous- lines body cavities that don’t open to exterior and covers organs.*Contains two outer layers: outer parietal layer (attaches to cavity wall) and inner visceral layer (attaches to organs).EX. Pleura, pericardium, peritoneumSynovial-lines joint cavities (areolar CT an adipose with collagen fibers), NO epithelia layer.*Contains cells (synoviocytes) that secrete synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes joints.

Summary of Section(List any important notes)

This chapter talks about how tissues are developed and the classifications of epithelia tissue. This chapter discusses the components, types, and characteristics of connective tissue.

Name: _________Ashley White Date: 5/14/16

Cornell Notes MDT College of Health Sciences

Text name: Integumentary System_________ Chapter(s) ________5__________ Pages ___71___ - ___79____

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Main Idea (turn headings into questions here)

Notes (Answer your questions here in your own words; do not copy definitions- instead, paraphrase the information)

71 What is the skin called?

Cutaneous Membrane*Consist of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis.Epidermis- The most outer layer- consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

1. Contain no blood vessels 2. Obtains oxygen nutrients by diffusion from the dermal layer beneath it.

Dermis- the inner, deeper layer is composed of connective tissue. 1. Contains an abundance of blood vessels in addition to sweat glands, sebaceous glands,

and nerve endings.2. Hair follicles are embedded in the dermis.

72 What are the layers of the epidermis?

73 What are melanocytes?

Scattered throughout the basal layer of the epidermis are cells.*These cells produce a substance called melanin.

73 What are two types of melanin?

A reddish phemoelanin and a brown –black eumelanin. A person’s skin color is determined by the amount, and type, of melanin. Melanocytes, which have long projections reaching between cells, release melanin. The keratinocytes then bring the melanin into their cells. The melanin forms a cap over the top of the cell nucleus to protect it from exposure to

the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. Prolonged exposure to sunlight stimulates the cells to secrete more melanin. This

protects the cell’s nucleus and also darkens the skin. 73 What are

abnormal changes in skin color?

Condition Skin Tone CausesCyanosis Blue tint A deficiency of oxygen in

circulating blood.Jaundice Yellow discoloration of

skin and the white of the eyes.

Impaired liver function.

Bronzing A golden brown skin color. A deficiency of hormones from the adrenal gland, such as occurs with Addison disease.

Albinism Extremely pale skin, white hair, and pink eyes.

A genetic lack of melanin.

Erythema Abnormal redness Increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels close to the skin’s surface; may result from heat, exercise, sunburn, or emotions such as embarrassment or anger.

Pallor Pale Skin Decreased blood flow, such as occurs from cold temperatures, fear,

emotional stress, low blood pressure, or blood loss.

Bruise (Hematoma)

Bluish, black, or yellowish mark on the skin.

The breakdown of clotted blood under the skin.

74 What are the functions of the skin?

75 What are the appendages of the skin?

Hair, Skin, and Nails1. Shaft- is part of the hair that extends above the skin’s surface.2. Hair Follicle- hair that lies within a sheath of epidermis.3. Bulb/Root- this is the lowest part of the hair and is where growth occurs. 4. Papilla- at the base of the hair is a cluster of connective tissue and blood vessels. 5. Arrector Pill- is small muscles attached to hair follicles.

75 What are the two types of melanin?

Eumelanin and Pheomelanin*Hair obtains its color from melanin.*Darker hair has greater concentration of eumelanin.

75 Where does hair grow from?

Hair grows from the base. Typically, the hair on the head lives between 2 and 6 years. Alopecia-excessive hair loss.Male Pattern Baldness- occurs only in individuals who have inherited a specific gene and who have high levels of testosterone, which is why it typically occurs in men.

76 What are nails?

They are tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells.

76 What is the nail body?

The visible portion, Free edge. It extends beyond the finger.

76 What is the nail root?

Underneath the skin, Lunula “little moon”. The whitish crescent shaped area. *Nail pink due to blood supply from dermis.*Nails grow due 1mm per week.*Nail growth influenced by age, health, nutrition, season, and temperature.*Nails protect digits, help grasp and scratch.

77 What glands Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous) - are located deep within the skin and they primarily function in

are associated with the skin?

temperature regulation. 3.4 million sweat glands. They secrete perspiration through pores or hair follicles.Sebaceous Glands-open into a hair follicle, secrete an oily substance called sebum.*Sebum helps keep the skin and hair from drying out and becoming brittle.Ceruminous Glands- modified sweat glands in the external ear.*Produces a yellowish, waxy secretion

77 What are two types of sweat glands?

Eccrine Gland- he major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaCl.Apocrine Gland- found in the axillary (armpit) and groin regions. It does not have and odor. It does not function until puberty, responds to stress and sexual stimulation.

78 What are burns?

Tissue damage caused by excess heat, electricity or chemicals that destroy protein in skin cells.

78 What are the burn classifications?

79 What are three types of skin cancer?

Basal Cell Carcinoma The most common type Seldom metastasizes, so is the least dangerous Arises from the cells of the stratum basal, typically on the nose or face Lesion first appears as a small, shiny bump; as it enlarges, it often develops a central

depression and a beaded, “pearly” edgeSquamous Cell Carcinoma

Arises in the epidermis and is slow growing Often occurs on the scalp, forehead, backs of the hands, and top of the ears Has a raised, red scaly appearance Some forms may metastasize

Malignant Melanoma Most deadly of all skin cancers Sometimes develops from melanocytes of a preexisting mole Metastasizes quickly and is often fatal when not treated early Risk is greatest in individuals who had severe sunburns as children

79 What are the disorders of the Integumentary System

Disorder CharacteristicsAcne Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, especially during puberty, in

which the follicle becomes blocked with keratinocytes and sebum; this results in whiteheads (comedos), while continued inflammation produces pus, causing pimples; oxidation of sebum turns whiteheads into blackheads.

Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin characterized by itching and redness, often the result of exposure to chemicals or toxins (such as poison ivy).

Eczema Itchy, red rash caused by an allergy; lesions initially weep ooze serum and may become crusted, thickened, or scaly.

Impetigo Contagious bacterial infection of the skin (usually caused by streptococci or staphylococci), producing yellow to red weeping, crusted or pustular lesions around the nose, mouth , or cheeks or on the extremities.

Psoriasis A recurring skin disorder characterized by red papules and scaly silvery plaques with sharply defined borders.

Tinea Any fungal infection of the skin; usually occurs in moist areas, such as the groin, axilla, and foot (athletes foot).

Urticaria Allergic reaction resulting in multiple red patches (wheals) that are intensely itchy.

Summary of Section(List any important notes)

Chapter 5 talks about the structure of the skin, nails, and the structure and function the hair.