HW0210 Technical CommunicationTutorial 3 NotesLiterature Review1Outline1. What s a terature Revew (LR)?2. Organsaton of LR3. Paraphrasng and Summarsng4. Language FeaturesLanguage & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes2What s a literature review?ore-vew= to go through somethng and examne t coseyoterature= nformaton that s aready avaabeoTherefore, terature revew= to examne thoroughy nformaton that s aready avaabe on the topc; .e. those pubshed work by researchers n that edLanguage & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes3Reasons for ncudng a terature revewWhy is a literature review (LR) included in a technical reort?oLRs show that you are famar wth work done n your area.oLRs are ntegra n provdng authortatve support for your own work and endng credbty.oLRs hep pave the way for your own research (creatng a nche/reveang gaps).oLRs are mportant n estabshng a framework for your own research.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes4!unctions of a terature vewThe LR s an organsed coecton of "references" or "ctatons"oFunctons:Contnues the process started n the background of gvng your readers theoretca and/or hstorca nformaton needed to understand your study.Assures readers that you are famar wth mportant research that has been carred out n your area.Estabshes your study as one nk n a chan of research that s contrbutng to knowedge n your area.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes5Common it"alls n wrtng terature revewsStudents fa to use recent terature.Students are unabe to crtcay assess exstng terature.Students fa to nk the terature revew to hypotheses or research questons.Students nterpret the readngs (terature) ncorrecty.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes6Or#anisation of the Lterature Revew secton1$Oenin#% An overvew that encompasses the whoe terature revew secton2$&ody% Three common patterns n presentng the revew1st opton: a revew that moves from terature dstanty reated to the topc to terature cosey nked to the actua topc2nd opton: a revew that s organsed n a chronoogca or hstorca fashon3rd opton: a revew that compares and contrasts dherent works, or works of researchers wth opposng deas.'$Closin#% A bref summary of the terature revewed together wth concusons drawn from the revew(Krshnan et a., 2006)Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes71$ OverviewAn overvew s a genera statement/statement of fact eadng to the rest of your dscusson n ths secton of your report. Ths w gve the reader an dea of the knd of works that w be dscussed n the chapter.Exampe: Ths terature revew w focus on the dherent studes conducted on andsdes.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes82$ &ody% ClaimsThe man body of the revew can be organsed n many ways. Here are some tps:oFind a focus. What themes or ssues connect your sources? Do your sources present one or dherent soutons? How we do your sources present the matera? Do your sources revea a trend n the ed? A gap? A debate?Do not st your sources and descrbe each one n deta.oConstruct a working thesis statement.Argue for a partcuar perspectve on the matera.Exampe: The current trend n treatment for congestve heart faure combnes surgery and medcne.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes92$ &ody% Claims (contnued)What has been done before n ths area ?oYouneedtomakesomecamsaboutthecurrentresearch scene n your area of study.Exampe: Whe computer-drven RP has been n use snce 1988, the technoogy potenta has ony recenty begun to be expoted n medca appcatons.oYou need to support your cams wth reevant research done n your partcuar area of study.oYoucanetherparaphraseorsummarseprevousworks. Sometmes,youcanaddadrectquotefthewordsare mportantandyouwanttousetheexactwordsusedbythe author.oYouasoneedtoevauateandpresentyourownvewsabout the works you are referrng to.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes102$ &ody% (uortin# evidenceoConsder organsaton.Sgncance (most dstanty reated to most cosey reated): Sort the nformaton from the ess reated to the most reated works.Chronoogca: Sort the sources n order of year (or mportance).Thematc: Sort the matera accordng to the themes or topcs covered. Methodoogca: Compare works accordng to dherent methodooges, technques or ssues.oBe seectve: Seect ony the most mportant ponts n each source to hghght n the terature revew.oUse ctatons to hghght what you want to focus on.Informaton promnent ctatonAuthor promnent ctatonLanguage & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes112$ &ody% (uortin# evidence (contnued)o)arahrasin#nvovesusngdeasfromsourcematerabut expressngthemnyourownwords.Aparaphrasemustasobe attrbutedtotheorgnasource.Paraphrasedmaterasusuay shorterthantheorgnapassage,takngasomewhatbroader segment of the source and condensng t sghty.o(ummarisin#asonvovesexpressngthemandea(s)from sourcemateranyourownwords,butncudngonytheman pont(s). Once agan, t s necessary to attrbute summarsed deas totheorgnasource.Summaresaresgncantyshorterthan the orgna and take a broad overvew of the source matera.o*uotationsmustbedentcatotheorgna,usnganarrow segmentofthesource.Theymustmatchthesourcedocument word for word and must be attrbuted to the orgna author. (Purdue Unversty, 2010)Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes122. Body: Supportng evdence n technical writin#In technca wrtng, t s not common to use drect quotes from prevous researchers works because t s the dea that s mportant and not the way t s stated. Therefore, nformaton s usuay paraphrased or summarsed and then cted as part of your text. Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes132. Body: )arahrasin# & summarisin# supportng evdenceThe ori#inal assa#e%Studentsfrequentyoverusedrectquotatonntakngnotes,andasaresuttheyoveruse quotatonsnthena|research|paper.Probabyonyabout10%ofyournamanuscrpt shoud appear as drecty quoted matter. Therefore, you shoud strve to mt the amount of exact transcrbng of source materas whe takng notes. Lester, |ames D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.+ le#itimate arahrase%In research papers students often quote excessvey, fang to keep quoted matera down to adesrabeeve.Sncetheprobemusuayorgnatesdurngnotetakng,tsessentato mnmse the matera recorded verbatm (Lester, 1976).+n acceta,le summary%Students shoud take |ust a few notes n drect quotaton from sources to hep mnmse the amount of quoted matera n a research paper (Lester, 1976).+ la#iarised version% Students often use too many drect quotatons when they take notes, resutng n too many of themnthenaresearchpaper.Infact,probabyonyabout10%ofthenacopyshoud consst of drecty quoted matera. So t s mportant to mt the amount of source matera coped whe takng notes.(Purdue Unversty, 2010)Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes142. Body: )resentin# your own viewsYou shoud not ony present nformaton from a the reevant readngs but aso express your crtca opnon about them n reaton to your studys thess.However, you need to avod statng your opnons drecty. Exampe: The methodology used by Wong et. al. (1999) was not well documented so the interpretation of the results reported can be challenged.Exampe: The main drawback of this methodology would be the lack of wellde!ned landmarks for measurements.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes15'$ Closin#What s mssng from the prevous research?What does your research pan to acheve?oIn the concuson of the terature revew, dentfy the gap n the exstng research that needs to be addressed.oAso, refer to what your study s gong to be about.oThe cosng sgnas the end of the Lterature Revew.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes16Hed#in# - ,oostin#oHed#in# s a rhetorca strategy for reducin# the force of statements.o&oostin# s a rhetorca strategy for increasin# the force of statements.oWhy woud wrters want to use hedges and boosters?1. How certan / uncertan s a wrter about the cam he/she s makng?2. To what extent s the wrter abe to "defend" what he/she s sayng?3. What knd of atttude or sef-mage does a wrter wsh to convey to hs/her audence?(Hyand, 2005)Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes17./amles of hedgng & boostng verbso(tron#er endorsement (,oostin#):maintainagreemake cleara"rmo0eutralreport point out e#plain state obser$eoWea1 endorsement (hed#in#): claim suggest assume belie$e proposeLanguage & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes18./amles of hedgng & boostng expressonsa. %pending more hours on studying results in better grades.b. %pending more hours on studying may result in better grades for some.c. %pending more hours on studying will de!nitely result in better grades for all.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes19./amles of hedgng & boostng expressons (contnued)o&withintheconte#tofthemodule'andtoreaders (socialised)intothemindsetofthemodule'suchan assumption is not likely to be deemed *uestionable &o&withintheconte#tofthemodule'andtoreaders (socialised)intothemindsetofthemodule'suchan assumption is certainly deemed *uestionable &o&withintheconte#tofthemodule'andtoreaders (socialised)intothemindsetofthemodule'suchan assumption is not a strong plausibility &oIt is possible' howe$er' that an (outsider) may be less ready to accept that all such historical (facts) are really not contentious&Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes20(ummaryoThe terature revew s an mportant secton n your study/research/report.oIt shoud answer the foowng questons :1. What s ths secton about?2. What has been done before n ths area?3. What s mssng from the prevous research?4. What does ths research pan to acheve? oCrtcay comment on pror terature by usng some hedgng and boostng strateges.Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes21Re"erencesFnkesten, L. (2005). Pocket book of technical writing for engineers and scientists (2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw-H Hgher Educaton.Krshnan, L. A. (2006). +ngineering your report, -rom start to !nish (2nd ed.). Sngapore: Prentce Ha.Goaty, A. (2000). .ritical reading and writing, /n introductory coursebook. London: Routedge.Hnke, E. (2004). Teaching academic +%0 writing, Practical techni*ues in $ocabulary and grammar. Mahwah, N.|.: L. Erbaum Assocates. Hyand, K. (2005). 1etadiscourse, +#ploring interaction in writing. London; New York: Contnuum. Purdue Unversty (2010). The 2W0 at Purdue. Retreved |anuary 7, 2010 from the Word Wde Web: http://ow.engsh.purdue.edu/ow/Language & Communcaton Centre IHW0210 Technca Communcaton I Tutora 3 Notes22