Grammar Book

By : Amata Leno

Table of Contents

• 1. Nacionalidades• 2. Stem Changing Verbs• 3. Para• 4. IOP • 5. Pronoun Placement• 6. Gustar• 7. Affirmative & Negative Words• 8. Superlatives• 9. Reflexives • 10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement• 11. Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement• 12. Sequencing Events • 13. Preterite• 14. Trigger Words • 15. -car, -gar, -zar• 16. Deber& Infinitive• 17. Modal Verbs• 18. Present Progressive• 19. Adverbs

Nacionalidades

UruguayoParaguayo

PuertorriquenoPanamenoSalvadorenoHundureno

Stem Changing Verbs

e i

Pedir : to ask for

Yo: PidoTu: PidesEl/ella/Ud. : Pide

Nosotros :PedimosEllos/ellas/uds. : Piden

o ue

Volver : to returnYo: vuelvoTu: vuelvesEl/ella/Ud. : vuelve

Nosotros: volvemosEllos/ellas/Ud. : vuelven

e ie

Perder : to lose

Yo : pierdoTu: pierdesEl/ella/Ud. :pierde

Nosostros: perdemosEllos/ellas/Ud. :pierden

Para

Para can come before an infinitive

In this case, it would mean; to

Para is also used for purpose

In this case it would mean; for

IOP

Indirect Object Pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects

Singular

Me: meYou: teYou, him, her: le

Plural

Us: nosYou, them: les

Pronoun Placement

Placement: When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb the pronoun comes beforethe verb.

But when the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end of the infinitive.

Examples:

Rosa lecompraunaolla a sumadre.

before

Rosa quire comprarleuna olla a sumadre.

attached

Gustar

Gustar: (like/please)

Gusta:

I: meYou: teHe/she: le

We: nosThey: les

2 or more infinitives = gusta in the singular form

a mi : me gustaa ti : tegustaa el/ella/ud. : le gustaa nosotros : nosgustaa ellos/ellas/uds. : les gusta

Emphasis

Affirmative & Negative Words

Affirmative Words:

Algo : somethingAlguien : someoneAlgun/Alguno(a) : someSiempre : alwaysTambien : also

Negative Words:

Nada : nothingNadie : no oneNingun/Ninguno(a) : none, not anyNunca : neverTampoco : neither, either

Superlatives

Used to describe a noun

definite article + noun + mas/menos + adjective + de

ReflexivesIn a reflexive construction, subject = object.A person does and receives object

:

1) Yomelevanto a lasocho de la manana.

2) Pepa se lava.

Placement:

In front of conjugated verb:1) meacuesto a lasdiez de la noche.2) meestoyacostandoahoramismo.

Attached to a gerund:1) estoyacostandomeahoramismo.

Attached to an infinitive:1) voy a acostarmeahoramismo.

Lavarse: to wash oneselfMelavoNoslavamosLe lavas Se lavanSe lava

Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

Drop the ‘S’

Irregular Commands:

Infinitive: Affirmative Command:

Decir Di

Hacer Haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Ser Se

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

1) Put in ‘yo’ form2) Change vowel3) Add ‘s’

Tener No Tengas

Venir No Vengas

Dar/Decir No Des/Digas

Ir No Vayas

Ser No Seas

Hacer No Hagas

Estar No Estes

Saber No sepas

Irregular Commands:

Example:

InfinitiveYo FormNeg. Command

HablarHablo No Hables

Sequencing Events

Sequencing Events

Primero First

Entonces Then

Luego/Despues Later/After

Por Fin Finally

Antes de/Despues de Before/After

Por la manana/tarde/noche In/During the…

Los lunes, etc. Monday, etc.

PreteriteAR ER/IR

Yo e i

Tu aste iste

El/ella/ud. o io

Nos amos imos

Ellos/ellas/uds.

aron ieron

Preterite: past tense

Trigger Words

English Translation:

One dayOnceYesterdayAt nightA year agoAlreadyLast monthDay before yesterdayFor one hourFinallyAt eightOn February fifth

Preterito:

Un díaUnavezAyerA nocheHace un añoYaEl mespasadoAnteayerPorunahoraPor finA lasochoEl cinco de febrero

-car, -gar, -zar

-Car Yo que

-Gar Yo gue

-Zar Yo ce

*Note –car ending preterite verbs in the yo form will change to –quein order to keep the hard ‘c’ sound:

Ex: Yosaque (sacar) la basuraayer.

Deber&Infintive

Deber : Should (out to)

Yo : DeboNos : Debemos

Tu : DebesEllos/Ellas/uds : Deben

El/ella/ud. : Debe

Infinitive

Modal Verbs

The first verb is conjugated, while the second verb remains in the infinitive form.

Examples:

No puedonadar.No quiero comer.

Present ProgressivePlacement: 1) Put pronouns before the

conjugated formEstar.2) Attach them to the end of a

present participle

AR ER IR

Ando iendoyendo

Examples:

1) Estoyesperando2) Leo leyendo

AdverbsFor adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –menteto the feminine form to make adverb.

Adjective Adverb

Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente

Rapido Rapidamente

Lento Lentamente

Tranquilo Tranquilamente

When an adjective ends in e, l, or z, simply add –menteto the end.

Adjective Adverb

Reciente Recientemente

Frecuente Frecuentemente

Facil Facilmente

Normal Normalmente