s19 louisiana state university ltc2013
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Hydrocarbon Fouling of Reverse
Osmosis MembranesGroup 3 Senior Design Project
Fall 2012
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Task: Hydrocarbon Removal
• Design cost-effective pretreatment system for hydrocarbon fouling of a polymeric ROmembrane
• Must be demonstrable in applications where200 ppm of hydrocarbons exist and must beremoved from industrial water
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Design Considerations
• Hydrocarbon recipe is a 50/50 (byvolume) mixture of mineral spirits anddiesel (non-vegetable oil or ethanoladditive)
• The water sample is 3000ppm NaCl and180ppm of the hydrocarbon mixture
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What is Reverse Osmosis (RO)?
• Desalination process used to treatprocess wastewater/hydrocarbonrecovery water
• Apply pressure (enough to overcomeosmotic pressure) to feed water so thatit moves through a semi-permeable
membrane• Removes ionic and molecular sized
substances
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http://www.sustainableplant.com/2012/04/make-the-most-of-reverse-osmosis-membranes/
http://www.lenntech.com/membrane-fouling.htm
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Potential Solutions
• Pre-treatment of influent – Ultrafiltration
• clogging
–
Biological treatment• sludge disposal
– Mechanical Removal
• activated carbon
• Fouled Membrane Treatment – Chemical removal of hydrocarbons
• Expensive, destroys membrane, downtime
–
Replace Membrane
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Rice
http://www.scu.edu/profiles/images/green_technologies.jpghttp://www.ricehusk.com/content/menu_102/productshttp://www.marksdailyapple.com/is-rice-unhealthy/
720 mil ton
158 mil ton
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Rice Production
• United States:20 billion lbs.
• Louisiana: 2.7billion lbs.
http://www.menurice.com/all-about-rice/meet-us-rice-farmers http://www.usarice.com/doclib/188/219/3677.PDF
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Organic material andmoisture73.85%
Al2O31.23%
Fe2O31.28%
CaO
1.24%
MgO0.21%
SiO222.11%
MnO20.07%
Content of Rice Husk (wt%)
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a-cellulose45.59%
Lignin23.17%
D-xylose18.45%
L-arabinose6.88%
Methylglucuronicacid
3.44%
D-galactose2.47%
Amount Organics present in RH (wt%)
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Silica(SiO2)87.59%
Aumina(Al2O3)4.30%
Sulfur trioxide(SO3)0.85%
Iron oxide(Fe2O3)0.45%
Calcium oxide(CaO)4.20%
Magnesium-oxide(MgO)
0.27%
Sodiumoxide(Na2O)
0.73%
Potassiumoxide(K2O)
1.59%
Amount Present in Rice Husk Ash (wt%)
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Rice Husk ASH
• What is it
– Rice husk that have been combusted in anoxygen deprived environment
• How we used it
– ASH has an affinity for hydrocarbon
• Why
– Sustainable use of waste byproduct
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Ash Production in Bulk
• Limit the amount of Oxygen entering thereaction during the burning of the ricehulls
• Retains more volume
• Better Absorption
•
More efficient use of the rice hulls• Less cost
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Ash Production in Bulk cont.
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Standard for Measurement
Lab Standard based on 1 L
1L Deionized H2O+
3,000mg NaCl
+
.24mL Hydrocarbon solution
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GC Peaks
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Calibration Curve
y = 177.58x + 282.4R² = 0.98773
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
G C P e k A r e a
Concentration (mg/L)
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• Used Langmuir Isotherm to approximate massof Ash needed for lab standard (~17g)
y = 4.9053xR² = 0.99607
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
C s / C e
Ce (mg/L)
Langmuir Isotherm
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Physical Application of
Rice Hull Ash – Direct application to LNAPL (manually on top)
• Determine ash affinity for hydrocarbons
– Ash as a simple filter
• Ash packed in cylinder
– Turbulent action utilizing density separation
•hydrocyclone
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Prototype
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Turbid Effluent
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Cyclone – separation by density
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Test Results
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Full Scale (1,000 gpm)
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What is the cost of this ash?
0
51015202530
35404550
Arkansas Louisiana California AverageSouthern
States
$/ton
4 Feb 2013 Rice Market News
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What is the cost of this ash?
$1,460 per day for ash
$534,000 annually for ash
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
C o s t ( $ )
Miles
Transport of Rice Hulls
Cost per Ton
2004
2012
2004: $1.45 vs. 2012: $1.76
http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
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What is the cost of this ash?
$1,460 per day for ash
$534,000 annually for ash
+ $47,000 to transport from local source+ $267,000 in operational costs (i.e. wages, etc.)
= $848,000 for an entire year
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Cogeneration Power
• Rice hulls as a biomass: 3.66 kwh/kg
• Generation of power from biomass: 0.12
$/kwh• Gain from burning: 0.44 $/kg
• Daily gain from kwh produced: $29,100
•
Annual gain from kwh produced:$10,600,000
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Capital costs gains/losses
• Transformation of waste to use
• Recovers product and gains $700,000
in energy from burning hydrocarbons• Neglecting facility operational costs, a
factor of 12.5 EROI
•
Note with estimated costs and EROI of 6.8
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Conclusion of Experiments• Filter design
– Great hydrocarbon removal
– not efficient and turbid effluent is problematic
• Cyclone design
– Good hydrocarbon removal
– Good mass separation
• Dispersed air floatation
– Combines best qualities of both designs
– Use of dispersed air increases hydrocarbonremoval
– Achieves goal of hydrocarbon removal
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Special Thanks
• Dr. Malone - LSU C.E.
• Dr. Constant – LSU B.E.
• Dr. Theegala – LSU B.E.
• Dr. Dismukes – LSU E.C.E.
• David Hawley - Geosyntec
• Alex GC
• Adam Dassey
• Michael Cheatham