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SSSSSaraswatiaraswatiaraswatiaraswatiaraswatiMMMMMULTIMEDIAULTIMEDIAULTIMEDIAULTIMEDIAULTIMEDIA & W & W & W & W & WEBEBEBEBEB T T T T TECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGYECHNOLOGY

New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Strictly in accordance with the latest syllabus

[A TEXTBOOK FOR CLASS XII]

New Delhi-110002, INDIA

Reeta Sahoo M.C.A.

Montfort SchoolAshok Vihar, Delhi

Gagan Sahoo M.C.A.

By

Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600Fax : +91-11-43556688E-mail : [email protected] : www.saraswatihouse.comCIN : U22110DL2013PTC262320Import-Export Licence No. 0513086293

Branches:

Reprint 2016

ISBN:

Published by:19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

©

manual, photocopy or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any

Printed at:

M&WT--XII

Preface

This revised edition provides you with updated knowledge about web technologyincluding MS-Access, Networking concepts, HTML, JavaScript, PHP and Flash.Thisbook has been divided into four units.

UNIT–1: INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMThis unit contains simple database method to handle data in electronic media usingMS-Access.

UNIT–2: NETWORKING AND OPEN STANDARDSThis unit contains networking concepts with open source concepts.

UNIT–3: WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENTThis unit contains the real web development concepts containing HTML, DHTML,JavaScript and PHP. The major guidance is given on JavaScript and PHP, whichprovides for writing server side scripting programming.

UNIT–4: MULTIMEDIA AND AUTHORING TOOLSThis unit contains a multimedia designing tool Flash for web.

The book contains a free CD (...\MMWSourceXII) which includes unit-wisesub-folders with solved examples. For easy practice, explore the directories/foldersand test in your own computer. Many solved (including latest CBSE Sample Papersand all examination papers till today) and unsolved examples are provided at theend of the chapter. These questions (examples) will enable students to test theirability. Practically, this book provides students everything they need to learn aboutinformation technology under one cover.

We would also like to convey our sincere thanks to all supporting members of NewSaraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd. and its dedicated team for bringing out this book inan excellent form.

Suggestions for further improvement of the book will be gratefully appreciated.

Reeta Sahoo & Gagan SahooPhone: 011-42953418

Mobile No.: 9818588644E-mail: [email protected]

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S Y L L A B U SUNIT-WISE MARKS (THEORY)

Duration: 3 Hours Total Marks: 70

Unit No. Unit Name Periods Marks

Th. Pr. Tot. Th. Pr. Tot.

1. INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE 20 15 35 05 05 10

MANAGEMENT

2. NETWORKING AND OPEN STANDARDS 30 0 30 10 0 10

3. WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENT 60 45 105 40 15 55

4. MULTIMEDIA AND AUTHORING TOOLS 40 30 70 15 10 25

240 100

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Introduction to database concepts and its need;Database Terminology: Data, Record/Tuple, Table, Database;Concept of Keys: Candidate key, Primary key, Alternate key, and Foreign key;Database Tool: Using any toolcreating and saving table, defining primary key, inserting and deletingcolumn, renaming column, inserting records, deleting records, modifying records, table relationships;

UNIT 2: NETWORKING AND OPEN STANDARDS

Computer Networking: Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, WWW, Internet;Network Topologies: Bus, Star, Tree;Types of Network: PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN;Wired Technologies: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber;Wireless Technologies: Bluetooth, infrared, radio link, microwave link, radio link and satellite link;Network devices: Hub, switch, repeater, gateway – and their functions;Identifying computers and users over a network: Basic concept of domain name, MAC (MediaAccess Control) and IP Address, domain name resolution;Wireless/Mobile Communication: GSM, CDMA, GPRS, WLL, 3G, 4G;Internet Applications: sms, voice mail, email, chat and video conferencing;

Network Security Concepts: Cyber law, firewall, cookies, hackers and crackers;Open Source Concepts: Proprietary and open source software(OSS), common FOSS/FLOSSexamples

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(e.g., GNU/Linux, Firefox, OpenOffice, Linux, Mozilla web browser, Apache server, MySQL,Postgres, Pango, Tomcat, PHP, Python);Indian Language Computing: character encoding, UNICODE, different types of fonts (open type vstrue type, static vs dynamic), Entering Indian Language Text – phonetic and key map based;[Note: Teacher can introduce the students to these websites www.sourceforge.net, www.openrdf.org,www.opensource.org, www.linux.com, www.linuxindia.net, www.gnu.org.]

UNIT 3: WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENT

Review of HTML/DHTML, JavaScript covered in Class XI;Installation and Managing WEB-Server: Internet Information Server (IIS));PHP: Concept of PHP, features of PHP, other equivalent tools – JSP, PHPIncluding PHP in web page;Data types: integer, double, string, boolean, null, array, object, resources;Variables: Using variables in PHP; Explicit and Implicit declaration of variables;Constants: Using constants in PHP, constant() function:;Output data to Screen: echo and print statementsOperators:

Arithmetic: +, – (Unary and Binary), *, /, %, **Assignment Operators =,+=,–=,*=,/=.%=String Operator(concatenation) .,.=Comparison: <, >, <=, >=, !=, ==,===.!===Incrementing/Decrementing Operators:++,– –Logical: AND, OR, !,&&,||;Array Operators :union(+),equality =,identity ===,inequality <>,!=,non identity !===Operator precedence;

Functions

String Manipulation Functions: strtoupper(), strtolower(), strlen(), ltrim(), substr(), rtrim(), trim(),strrev() , strcasecmp(),strcmp(),stripslashes()Time & Date Functions: Date(),getdate(),gettimeofday(),Mktime(),strtotime(), cal_days_in_month()Arrays: Declaration and use of indexed arrays(1 dimensional); sort(),rsort() inbuilt functions;Conditional statements: if else, if...elseif....else, switchLoops: While, Do While , For, For each;Unconditional exit from loop /switch Break;User Defined Functions: Passing parameters/arguments; Pass by value, pass by reference,returnvalue,default valueGlobal Variables – Superglobals

$GLOBALS,$_SERVER,$_REQUEST,$_POST,$_GET,$_FILES,$_ENV, $_COOKIE,$_SESSIONPHP Forms: Form Handling,Form Validation, Form URL/E-mailText Files: Opening a file,Reading a file,Writing a file,Closing a file

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Other Features: PHP File Upload, Cookies,Sessions(start,modify and destroy), Error HandlingWorking on Database: Connecting with Databases: opening and closing databaseInserting, retrieving, modifying/updation of records from tables in databases

UNIT 4: MULTIMEDIA AND AUTHORING TOOLS

Movie File Formats: AVI, MPEG, SWF, MOV, DAT;Embedding: Audio/Video on the web page;Multimedia Authoring Using Macromedia Flash: Making of simple movie, setting properties, framerate, dimensions, and background color;Movie Frames: Concept of frame, frame buffer, and frame rate, creating a key frame;Inserting text into the frame, inserting graphical elements into the frame, converting text/graphicsto symbol, inserting symbol into the frame, setting symbol property (graphics/button/movie),inserting blank key frame, selecting all/specific frames of a layer, copying/pasting selected frames;Scene: Concept of scene, duplicate scene, add scene, delete scene, and navigating between scenes;Layers: Concept of layer, layer properties, layer name, show/hide/lock layers, viewing layer asoutline, adding/deleting a layer;Types of Layer - normal/guide/mask;Special Effects: Motion Tweening, Shape Tweening, Inserting Sound Layer;Testing a Scene and Movie;Import/Export (Movie/Sound and other multimedia objects);Publishing: Publishing a movie, changing publish settings, producing swf(flash movie), html page,gif image, jpeg image (*.jpg), png image, windows projector (*.exe), macintosh projector (*.hqx),quick time (*.mov), real player (*.smil);Testing with Publish Preview;Multimedia Application: Education (use of CAL tool), entertainment, edutainment, virtual reality,digital libraries, information kiosks, video on demand, video phone, video conferencing andtelemedicine.

PracticalsDuration: 3 Hours Total Marks: 30

1. Hands on Experience 15

A website based on a particular topic has to be to be developed by each student using variouscommands covered in HTML and PHP with at least 4 web pages.Web page should be designed with following features.

• HTML basic tags (html/head/title/body/B/I/U/BR/HR)• Functions• Conditional and control statements• Form Handling, Form Validation, E-mail Validation

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• Image editing using Photo Shop /Corel draw/GIMP• Merging layers /Moving and copying layers• Use of multimedia authoring (like Macromedia Flash)

2. Practical File 05

The practical file should be made on a domain specific area (with supported documents andprintouts):

• Make a simple web page containing almost all the tags of HTML and view that web page onthe browser.

• Develop a home page for income tax department (simple and textual) and store it in thedirectory used for web services on the web-server.

• Enhance the home page by providing links to other sample pages (e.g. Income Tax Zone).• Income Tax Detail form for an individual, Income Tax Notification, Income Tax News etc.).• Embed Time and Date on the home page.• Further enhance the website by providing User Registration Page. Collect the user details

and Display a new web page showing “Thanks For Registration”. Also write appropriatefunctions to validate form inputs.

• Give a login facility to the user with anonymous name and maintain the session till the userlogs out.

• For user log in attempts, maintain a visitor count.• Change the login module of the web page and now connect it to the IncomeTax User database

on the server. This is to be done to store the registration detail and facilitate login to the user.• The login page is to be made in a way that it should also provide facility to change password,

if user forget password.• Store some of the created or edited sound files on the web-server and provide links to play it.• Change the appearance of the web page using pictures at appropriate places (e.g. logo of

income tax department, photograph of income tax building etc.)• Visit websites (State Govt./ Local language newspaper) and get 5 different printouts in

local language.(Note: Student can also improve the case study from class XI and enhance it further withdatabase and multimedia support. Also they can create a website on a new topic).

3. Project Based on Case Study 05

Case Studies are to be divided into following parts:Case study Part 1(collection, editing and creation of website resources):Create an electronic movie with various pictures, audio clipping, movie clippings, and factualtext related to school / organization;

• Embedding video and audio in web pages.• An introduction to interactive walk-through.• Embedding walk-through into web pages.

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Case Study Part 2(development of web content with resources):Case studies covered in class XI with database support with Login, Online Registration, Bookingand/or ordering facility.Sample Case Study(Note: Other similar type of case studies can also be used for the project work)Mr. Verma is the CEO of copsisoft drinks (I) Ltd. His company is having a wide network ofdistributors for copsibranded soft drinks. With the increase in sales and distribution network, itis required to adopt a new technological intervention in the existing system. He wants that thecompany should have a global presence over the widely popular medium, called world wideweb. Assume that you are appointed as the senior person of the development team. You arerequired to collect the company information and its current requirement. For your easiness wehad collected the details of the company which are as follows:The company Information:Name of the Company: copsisoft drinks (I) Ltd.Zone: East, West, North and SouthDistributors: All over the world.Mr. Verma said that the web site should be able to reflect company in terms of :• Home Page• Product & Promotion Page• Distributor Login Page / Password Recovery Page• Distributor Specific Details Page• Registration Page for Distributor-ship• Company News and Flashes• Company ProfileTechnical Details:• Web site Introduction is to be made in movie making software.• Proper database is to be maintained for the distributor information.Note:• For developing the above sites/movies collect the actual information from various sources.• It is advised to break up the above-mentioned case studies into smaller modules as per

coverage of the course.• Teachers can provide alternative case studies also of similar kind.

4. Viva Voce 05

During the final practical examination, oral questions will be asked from the syllabus coveredand the project developed by the student(s).

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C O N T E N T S

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Chapter–1 Database Concepts ........................................................................................ 1.1–1.24

1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1.11.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .................................................................................. 1.1

1.2.1 Advantages of DBMS ......................................................................................... 1.21.2.2 Disadvantages of DBMS .................................................................................... 1.2

1.3 COMPONENTS OF A DATABASE ....................................................................................... 1.31.4 HOW IS DATABASE ORGANIZED? ..................................................................................... 1.31.5 RELATIONAL DATABASE .................................................................................................... 1.61.6 KEYS ........................................................................................................................... 1.8

1.6.1 Primary Key ....................................................................................................... 1.81.6.2 Foreign Key ........................................................................................................ 1.91.6.3 Candidate Key ................................................................................................. 1.111.6.4 Alternate Key ................................................................................................... 1.121.6.5 Composite Key ................................................................................................. 1.12

Points to Remember ....................................................................................................... 1.12SOLVED EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................... 1.13REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 1.24

Chapter–2 Database Tool (Ms-Access) ......................................................................... 1.25–1.60

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1.252.2 STARTING MS-ACCESS - 2010 ........................................................................................ 1.26

2.2.1 Access Interface .............................................................................................. 1.302.3 CREATING DATABASE ..................................................................................................... 1.362.4 WORKING WITH TABLE ................................................................................................. 1.38

2.4.1 Data Types ....................................................................................................... 1.392.4.2 Setting Primary Key ......................................................................................... 1.43

2.5 ENTERING DATA RECORD ............................................................................................... 1.462.6 CLOSING A TABLE .......................................................................................................... 1.492.7 CLOSING DATABASE ....................................................................................................... 1.492.8 OPENING DATABASE ...................................................................................................... 1.502.9 CREATE TABLE BY ENTERING DATA (USING DATASHEET VIEW) ........................................ 1.502.10 MODIFYING FIELD STRUCTURE ..................................................................................... 1.53Points to Remember ....................................................................................................... 1.56SOLVED EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................... 1.56REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 1.59LAB EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................... 1.59

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Chapter–3 Working with MS-Access Table Records ................................................... 1.61–1.82

3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1.613.2 MANIPULATING RECORDS ............................................................................................. 1.623.3 USING CUT, COPY AND PASTE ........................................................................................ 1.633.4 ADDING, EDITING AND DELETING RECORDS .................................................................. 1.633.5 MODIFYING TABLE APPEARANCE .................................................................................. 1.693.6 SORTING AND FILTERING DATA RECORD ........................................................................ 1.753.7 MODIFYING TABLE ........................................................................................................ 1.783.8 PREVIEWING AND PRINTING DATASHEET RECORD ........................................................ 1.79Points to Remember ....................................................................................................... 1.80SOLVED EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................... 1.81REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 1.81LAB EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................... 1.82

UNIT 2: NETWORKING AND OPEN STANDARDS

Chapter–1 Computer Networking ................................................................................... 2.1–2.62

1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2.11.2 WHAT IS A NETWORK? .................................................................................................... 2.11.3 NEED FOR NETWORKING ................................................................................................ 2.11.4 ELEMENTARY TERMINOLOGY OF NETWORKS .................................................................. 2.21.5 TYPES OF NETWORKS ...................................................................................................... 2.2

1.5.1 Local Area Network (LAN) .................................................................................. 2.21.5.2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ................................................................... 2.31.5.3 Wide Area Network (WAN) ................................................................................ 2.31.5.4 Personal Area Network (PAN) ............................................................................ 2.4

1.6 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN AND WAN ............................................................................. 2.41.7 EVOLUTION OF NETWORKING ........................................................................................ 2.5

1.7.1 ARPANET ............................................................................................................. 2.51.7.2 The Internet ....................................................................................................... 2.51.7.3 The InterSpace ................................................................................................... 2.5

1.8 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES ............................................................................................... 2.61.9 DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES ...................................................................... 2.61.10 TRANSMISSION MEDIA ................................................................................................... 2.7

1.10.1 Twisted Pair Cable ............................................................................................. 2.71.10.2 Coaxial Cable .................................................................................................... 2.81.10.3 Optical Fiber Cable ........................................................................................... 2.91.10.4 Ethernet Cable ................................................................................................... 2.9

1.11 WIRELESS NETWORKING ................................................................................................ 2.91.11.1 Microwave ....................................................................................................... 2.101.11.2 Radio Wave ..................................................................................................... 2.101.11.3 Satellite ........................................................................................................... 2.111.11.4 Infrared Wave Communication ...................................................................... 2.111.11.5 Bluetooth ......................................................................................................... 2.121.11.6 WiFi ................................................................................................................. 2.12

1.12 NETWORKING DEVICES ................................................................................................. 2.12

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1.12.1 Modem ............................................................................................................. 2.121.12.2 RJ-11 Connector .............................................................................................. 2.131.12.3 RJ-45 Connector .............................................................................................. 2.131.12.4 Ethernet Card ................................................................................................... 2.131.12.5 Hub .................................................................................................................. 2.141.12.6 Switch .............................................................................................................. 2.141.12.7 Repeater .......................................................................................................... 2.151.12.8 Bridge .............................................................................................................. 2.151.12.9 Router .............................................................................................................. 2.151.12.10 Gateway .......................................................................................................... 2.16

1.13 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES ............................................................................................... 2.161.13.1 The BUS ............................................................................................................ 2.161.13.2 The Ring ........................................................................................................... 2.171.13.3 Star or Radial Topology .................................................................................. 2.181.13.4 Tree Topology ................................................................................................... 2.191.13.5 Mesh Topology ................................................................................................ 2.19

1.14 NETWORK PROTOCOLS ................................................................................................. 2.191.14.1 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) ................................................................ 2.191.14.2 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) ............................................................................ 2.201.14.3 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) ........................... 2.211.14.4 SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) ................................................................. 2.211.14.5 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) ......................................................................... 2.211.14.6 NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) ........................................................ 2.221.14.7 Remote Login (Telnet) ...................................................................................... 2.22

1.15 WIRELESS/MOBILE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS ..................................................... 2.221.15.1 GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications ....................................... 2.221.15.2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) .......................................................... 2.231.15.3 GPRs (General Packet Radio Service) ............................................................. 2.231.15.4 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) .............................................................................. 2.231.15.5 Telephone Technology ..................................................................................... 2.231.15.6 Short Message Service (SMS) .......................................................................... 2.251.15.7 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) ........................................................... 2.25

1.16 ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOL ...................................................................................... 2.251.16.1 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) ........................................................... 2.251.16.2 POP (Post Office Protocol) .............................................................................. 2.261.16.3 IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) ............................................................ 2.26

1.17 VoIP PROTOCOLS .......................................................................................................... 2.261.17.1 Wi-Fi and WiMAx ............................................................................................ 2.26

1.18 OTHER NETWORKING CONCEPTS .................................................................................. 2.271.18.1 Internetworking ............................................................................................... 2.271.18.2 Host ................................................................................................................. 2.271.18.3 Backbone Network ........................................................................................... 2.271.18.4 Network File System (NFS) ............................................................................... 2.27

1.19 WEB SERVICES .............................................................................................................. 2.271.19.1 HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) .............................................................. 2.281.19.2 Dynamic HTML (DHTML) .................................................................................. 2.281.19.3 eXtensible Markup Language (XML) ................................................................ 2.281.19.4 World Wide Web ............................................................................................. 2.28

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1.19.5 Web Server ...................................................................................................... 2.291.19.6 Website ........................................................................................................... 2.291.19.7 Web Page ......................................................................................................... 2.291.19.8 Web Browser ................................................................................................... 2.291.19.9 Web Hosting .................................................................................................... 2.301.19.10Web Scripting .................................................................................................. 2.301.19.11Web 2.0 ........................................................................................................... 2.31


Chapter–2 Network Security and Internet Applications............................................... 2.63–2.78

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 2.632.2 INDIAN IT ACT ............................................................................................................... 2.63

2.2.1 Cyber Law ........................................................................................................ 2.632.2.2 Cyber Crime ..................................................................................................... 2.642.2.3 IPR Issues ........................................................................................................ 2.64

2.3 NETWORK SECURITY ..................................................................................................... 2.652.3.1 Virus ................................................................................................................ 2.652.3.2 Worm ............................................................................................................... 2.652.3.3 Trojans ............................................................................................................. 2.652.3.4 Spam ................................................................................................................ 2.662.3.5 Spyware ........................................................................................................... 2.662.3.6 Malware .......................................................................................................... 2.66

2.4 PREVENT YOUR NETWORK ............................................................................................ 2.662.5 HACKERS AND CRACKERS .............................................................................................. 2.682.6 DOMAIN NAME ............................................................................................................. 2.682.7 UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL) ........................................................................... 2.692.8 NETWORK ADDRESSING ................................................................................................ 2.69

2.8.1 MAC Addresses ................................................................................................ 2.702.8.2 IP Address ....................................................................................................... 2.70

2.9 INTERNET APPLICATIONS .............................................................................................. 2.712.9.1 Chat ................................................................................................................. 2.712.9.2 Voice-Conferencing and Video-Conferencing ................................................. 2.712.9.3 Voice Mail ....................................................................................................... 2.722.9.4 Electronic Mail ................................................................................................ 2.72


Chapter–3 Open Source Concepts ............................................................................... 2.79–2.92

3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 2.793.2 FREE SOFTWARE ............................................................................................................ 2.793.3 WHAT IS AN OPEN SOURCE? ......................................................................................... 2.793.4 FREEWARE ..................................................................................................................... 2.823.5 SHAREWARE .................................................................................................................. 2.823.6 PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE .............................................................................................. 2.82

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3.7 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE/ FREE SOFTWARE ................................................................ 2.823.8 WEBSITES SUPPORTING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE ...................................................... 2.853.9 INDIAN LANGUAGE COMPUTING .................................................................................. 2.86

3.9.1 UNICODE .......................................................................................................... 2.863.9.2 ISCII (Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange) ............................ 2.873.9.3 ISFOC Standard for Fonts ................................................................................ 2.873.9.4 INSCRIPT Keyboard Layout .............................................................................. 2.873.9.5 Font Types ........................................................................................................ 2.87

3.10 ENTERING INDIAN LANGUAGES ..................................................................................... 2.883.10.1 Phonetic Based ................................................................................................ 2.883.10.2 Key Map Based ................................................................................................ 2.88


UNIT 3: WEB PAGE DEVELOPMENT

Chapter–1 Review of HTML ............................................................................................. 3.1–3.68

1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 3.11.2 WEB APPLICATION MODEL ............................................................................................. 3.11.3 PHASES OF WEB APPLICATION ........................................................................................ 3.11.4 WORLD WIDE WEB ......................................................................................................... 3.21.5 INTERNET ADDRESSING—DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) ............................................... 3.21.6 UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL) ............................................................................. 3.31.7 WEB SERVER ................................................................................................................... 3.41.8 CLIENT SERVER MODEL ................................................................................................... 3.41.9 HTML PROGRAMMING ................................................................................................... 3.51.10 DOCUMENT TAGS ............................................................................................................ 3.61.11 UNDERSTANDING TAGS ................................................................................................... 3.61.12 UNDERSTANDING ELEMENTS ........................................................................................... 3.71.13 BODY ELEMENT ............................................................................................................... 3.81.14 FONT ELEMENT ............................................................................................................. 3.111.15 BASEFONT, PARAGRAPH AND CENTER ELEMENTS .......................................................... 3.121.16 HR (HORIZONTAL RULE) AND HEADING (Hn) ELEMENTS ................................................ 3.121.17 FORMATTING TAGS ....................................................................................................... 3.131.18 LIST TYPES ..................................................................................................................... 3.151.19 IMG TAG ........................................................................................................................ 3.181.20 BASIC TABLE COMMANDS ............................................................................................. 3.211.21 USING THE <A> TAG ....................................................................................................... 3.251.22 FRAMESET TAG .............................................................................................................. 3.281.23 HTML FORM .................................................................................................................. 3.321.24 STATIC PAGES VS. DYNAMIC PAGES ................................................................................ 3.36Points to Remember ....................................................................................................... 3.37SOLVED EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................... 3.39REVIEW QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 3.64LAB EXERCISES ......................................................................................................................... 3.66

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Chapter–2 Review of JavaScript - I ............................................................................. 3.69–3.146

2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 3.692.2 JAVASCRIPT ................................................................................................................... 3.692.3 JAVASCRIPT SYNTAX ....................................................................................................... 3.71

2.3.1 The JavaScript Keywords ................................................................................. 3.712.3.2 The <SCRIPT> Tag ............................................................................................. 3.712.3.3 External JavaScript .......................................................................................... 3.732.3.4 Writing First Script ......................................................................................... 3.74

2.4 JAVASCRIPT VARIABLES .................................................................................................. 3.762.5 JAVASCRIPT DATA TYPES AND LITERALS .......................................................................... 3.772.6 OPERATORS ................................................................................................................... 3.792.7 JAVASCRIPT POPUP BOXES ............................................................................................ 3.84Points to Remember ....................................................................................................... 3.852.8 FUNCTIONS ................................................................................................................... 3.86

2.8.1 Function Returning Value ................................................................................ 3.882.8.2 Function Using Arguments/Parameters .......................................................... 3.89

I2.9 JAVASCRIPT BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS .................................................................................... 3.92Points to Remember ..................................................................................................... 3.1022.10 CONDITIONAL CONTROL ............................................................................................. 3.102

2.10.1 If Statement (Selection) ................................................................................. 3.1022.10.2 if-else Statement ............................................................................................ 3.1032.10.3 Nested if ........................................................................................................ 3.1052.10.4 The switch...case Statement .......................................................................... 3.107

2.11 LOOPING STRUCTURE ................................................................................................. 3.1082.11.1 The while Loop ............................................................................................... 3.1082.11.2 The do...while Loop ........................................................................................ 3.1092.11.3 for Loop ......................................................................................................... 3.110

2.12 THE LOOP CONTROL STATEMENTS ............................................................................... 3.1122.13 ARRAYS 3.115Points to Remember ..................................................................................................... 3.123SOLVED EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................... 3.124REVIEW QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 3.143

Chapter–3 Review of JavaScript - II .......................................................................... 3.147–3.192

3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3.1473.2 USER-DEFINED OBJECT ................................................................................................ 3.1473.3 BUILT-IN OBJECTS ........................................................................................................ 3.149

3.3.1 The String Object ........................................................................................... 3.1493.3.2 The Window Object ....................................................................................... 3.1513.3.3 The Document Object .................................................................................... 3.1533.3.4 The Location Object ...................................................................................... 3.1543.3.5 The History Object ......................................................................................... 3.1553.3.6 The Form Object ............................................................................................ 3.156

Points to Remember ..................................................................................................... 3.1573.4 EVENTS AND EVENT HANDLER ...................................................................................... 3.1573.5 BUTTON OBJECT .......................................................................................................... 3.158

Saraswati Multimedia & WebTechnology A Textbook For Class-XII

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9789351990895Author : Reeta Sahoo,Gagan Sahoo

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