s o c ia ls e c u r it ys y s t e ma n di t si n s u f f ic ie n c yi n...

SocialSecuritySystem anditsInsufficiencyinBangladesh:ACaseStudyofSocialRejectedPeople

MitsuhikoSano,PhD1),Md.MehediHasanKhan2),Md.MahfuzurRahman3),ShinjiSakamoto4),HidehisaOku,PhD5),KaoruTakanashi6),AkioNakagawa,PhD7),IsaoOjima8),HiroshiFurukawa,PhD9)

1)FacultyofRehabilitation,DepartmentofSocialRehabilitation,KobeGakuinUniversity2)ProgramOfficer,Multi-sectoralProgramonViolenceAgainstWomen,MinistryofWomenandChildrenAffairs,Bangladesh3)AssistantProjectManager,OccupationalRehabilitation,InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross(ICRC),Bangladesh4)FacultyofHumanitiesandSocieties,DepartmentofHumanities,KobeGakuinUniversity5)6)FacultyofRehabilitation,DepartmentofSocialRehabilitation,KobeGakuinUniversity7)FacultyofRehabilitation,DepartmentofMedicalRehabilitation,CourseofOccupationalTherapy,KobeGakuinUniversity8)FacultyofRehabilitation,DepartmentofMedicalRehabilitation,CourseofPhysicalTherapy,KobeGakuinUniversity9)FacultyofRehabilitation,DepartmentofMedicalRehabilitation,CourseofOccupationalTherapy,KobeGakuinUniversity

［Abstract］Ingeneral,rejectedpeoplemeansthepeoplewhoarerejectedinthesocietyintermsoffor-

malprofession,work,physicalcondition,socialstatusetc.ButinBangladeshmostcommonlydisable

peoplearementionedassocialrejectedpeople.ToensurerejectedpeoplerightsandinterestsGovernment

hastakenmanystepsfrom early70s.Sothattheycanbethepartofcountry'seconomicandsocialac-

tivitiesandthendeveloptheirlifestyle.TheConstitutionofBangladeshhasrecognizedfundamental

rightsfordisablepeoplebythearticle15(D).Inaccordancewithallinternationalcommitments,obliga-

tions,andchartersandunderthepurviewoftheNationalConstitution,theBangladeshGovernmentdevel-

opedabout25policiesacts,lawsandordinancesaspartofdevelopmentagenda.TheMinistryofSocial

Welfarewithallofitsfourdepartmentsworkingforthebettermentofsocialrejectedpeoplethrough30

speciallydesignedsocialsafetynetprograms.Budgetinsocialwelfaresectorisincreasingeveryyearand

involvementofotherministriesisgettingwider.Atnow13ministriesareworkingtogetherfordevelop-

mentoflivelivingconditionofthedisabledpeoplethroughspecialeducation,training,employmentfa-

cilities,establishmentoflegalrights,socialsecurity,recreationandequalopportunityforparticipationin

theactivitiesofnationaleconomicprogress.Inspiteofallinitiatives,theconditionofdisablepeopleis

notsogood.Mostvulnerablepeopledonotgetsocialsecuritysupportwiththeirneeds.Betterservice

deliverytodisablepeoplestaysondark.Reasonsbehindthisarecorruption,mismanagement,leadership

crisis,resourceconstant,lackofcoordination,lackofadequateinclusiveeducationprogramsetc.Besides

alltheseNGOsactivitiesfordisablepeoplearenotpraise-worthy.Around40,000NGOsharingthede-

velopmentworkinthecountryalongsidetheGovernment.Amongtheseonly400NGOsareworkingfor

disablepeoplewhicharenotenoughforwholedisabledevelopmentprocess.

KeyWords:Bangladesh,RejectedPeople,SocialWelfare,Security,DisabledPeople,Development,

NGOs,Resource,Budget,Article15(D).

105

Ⅰ Preface

Bangladeshathirdworlddevelopingcountryat-

temptingit'sbesttoensuresocial,economicand

politicaldevelopment.Asamemberof160mil-

lionpeopletheprocessofsocialdevelopmentis

notsoeasyforthiscountry.Socialwelfareand

socialsecuritysystem isthemechanism ofmeas-

uresacounty'sactualdevelopmentandsocialpro-

tection parameter.Becauseofresource constant

governmentofBangladeshcan'tprovideminimum

socialwelfareservicetothecitizencompletely.

Somepraise-worthyattemptshavetakenbythe

governmentlastfew yearswhichexpressgreater

intentionofingovernmentinsocialwelfareserv-

ice.BangladeshLaborLaw,ChildrenLaw -2013,

DisableLaw -2001andlastDisabilityRight&

ProtectionAct-2013aresomehighlightedexam-

plesoftheseattempts.Governmentalsoincreased

allocationofbudgetinthissocialwelfaresector.

TotalbudgetoftheFY2014-15isTk2,50,506

crore[1].Outofthesebigbudgetallocationfor

ministryofsocialwelfareisTk2904crore[2].

Governmenthadwidenedthescopeofoldageal-

lowanceandwidowallowanceupto65yearsand

money250to300perperson.Accordingtothe

statisticsofBangladeshgovernment31.5percent

or4.48croreofthetotalpopulationarepoor.

Among them ultra-poorpercentageis17.60 or

2.50crore.Sothetargetedpeopleofministryof

socialwelfareare2.50croreultrapoorand1.98

crorepoor[3].

AccordingtothestatisticsofUnitedNationsthe

numberofdisablepeopleis10% oftotalpopula-

tion,butthegovernmentreportdefinesnotmore

than3% to5%.Forensuringrejectedpeople's

rightsandinterestUN haspromulgated"United

NationsConventionontheRightsofthePersons

withDisabilities".Bangladeshinaccordancewith

thisconvention established appropriate measures

fordevelopingthelifestyleofrejectedpeople.

Themain aim ofsocialsecurity isto protect

membersfromafallinlivingstandardandanap-

proach presupposes certain levelof living of

populations.Theunderstandingofsocialsecurity

asreferringtomainlyspecificpublicprogramsin-

volvingsocialassistance,socialinsuranceandre-

distributionisbasedontheexperienceandsitu-

ationindevelopedcountries(Kotlikoff1987,At-

kinsonandHills1991)."Programsdesignedtoas-

sistthemostvulnerableindividuals,households

andcommunitiesmeetasubsistencefloorandim-

provelivingstandards."(ADB)

Ⅱ Social Security Systems inBangladesh

SocialSecuritySystemofBangladeshhascontinu-

anceform thetimeofitsindependence.Mostof

theSocialWelfarepoliciesandactsareenactedin

70sto80s.Welfareservicestartedearlierinthis

countrybutinstitutionalframeworkandinfrastruc-

turalfacilities are stillbelow the satisfaction.

Bangladeshhasplentyoflaws,policies,ordinance

toprovidebetterservicedeliverytothesociety

buthardly haveseen thisimplementation.The

constitutionofBangladeshhasrecognizedfunda-

mentalrightsoftheworkersatworkplacesin-

cluding-socialsecurityinthefamilyrole,neces-

sarysocialprotection.Globalizationandchanging

economiccondition influencing traditionalwork-

placevalues,natureofemployment,workingcon-

dition,welfarefacilities,industrialrelationsand

contemporarysocialprotectionsystem.

InBangladeshtherootofsocialsecuritysystem

andlawsarebaseduponrulesandregulationin-

troducedby theBritish Colonialregime.There

havebeendifferentinitiativesforsocialsecurityin

Bangladeshwhichhasthecorelaborlawsofthe

countryareIndustrialRelationOrdinance-1969,

106 Kobe Gakuin J Rehabil Res 2015；10（2）

Worker'sCompensationAct-1923,Paymentand

WagesAct-1936,MaternityAct-1939,Factory

Act-1965,Shops& EstablishmentAct-1965,

EmploymentofLabor-1965etc.Presentgovern-

mentofBangladesh'sinitiativesarefullyintended

supporttoallrighttargetaudiencesamongthe

marginalizedpopulationofthecountryandcover-

ageofSocialSafety-netprograms(SSNP)forade-

quatesupportforpoorpopulationtobecomea

partofeconomicandsocialactivitiesandtotal

numberofpopulationreducedto15% oftotal

populations. Majorityofthelaborlawsareback-

dated with week enforcement by concerned

authoritiesandmostimportantfaceofitisthatin

doesnotcoveredallsectionofworkers.Bangla-

deshhasawidespectrum ofsocialsafetynet

programs.Thereare30specificallydesignedsocial

safetynetprogramsdirectlyoperatedbytheGov-

ernmentofBangladesh.Inadditiontothese,there

are15fundstoprovidefurtherassistancetoim-

provetheoverallconditionofthepoor.Among

theexisting30programs,thereare8uncondi-

tionalprogramsofwhich4arefoodtransfersand

4arecashtransfers2ofthesefoodbasedpro-

gramsaregenerallyusedintimesofnaturaldisas-

tersorseasonaldownturns.Therearealso10con-

ditionalprograms,comprisingof7cashtransfers

and3foodtransfers.Bangladeshalsohas5credit

schemesand3conditionalsubsidyprogramsin

additionto4funds.Severalprogramshavebeen

discontinuedovertimeorreplacedbynewerpro-

grams,e.g.theWomenSupportCenterortheRu-

ralMaintenanceProgram.

A strongandexpandedsocialsafetynetisthe

mainemphasisofthepresentgovernment'svision

toprotectthepoorfrom alltypesofsocial,eco-

nomic and naturalshock.In the FY2010-11

budget,thegovernmentallocated14.8percentof

thetotalbudget(comparedto15.2percentinthe

previousbudget)and2.5percentofthetotal

GDP(comparedto2.25percentintheprevious

budget)forsocialsecurityandsocialempower-

ment.In Bangladesh,the allocation forSocial

Safety NetProgrammesisgradually increasing

overtheyears.Startingin1975ithasbeengrow-

ingfastinBangladesh.In1996,SocialSafetyNet

contributed 0.8 percentofthe gross domestic

product(GDP),5.7percentofthetotalpublicex-

penditure.SocialSafetyNetiscontributing5.6

percentoftotalBudgetof2014-15[4].Social

Safety netprogram includes-Vulnerable Group

Feeding (VGF),VulnerableGroup,Development

(VGD),OldAgeAllowances,Widow Allowance

Programme,RuralMaintenanceProgramme(RMP),

FundforRehabilitationofAcidBurntWomenand

the Physically Handicapped, Food for work

(FFW),TestRelief(TR:paymentsequivalentto

accidentcompensation),GratuitousRelief(GR).

Ⅲ Institutional Framework ofSocial Welfare System

Main responsibility ofproviding SocialWelfare

ServicetothepeopleinBangladeshbelongsto

theMinistryofSocialWelfare,Bangladesh.They

playsvitalroleonthiswelfareissue.Butitislit-

tlebitdifficulttoreacheverycitizenofthecoun-

tryproperly.SoMinistryofSocialWelfareestab-

lishedfourdepartments/organizationsthatareper-

formingSocialWelfareactivitiesundertheirdirec-

tion.MinistryofSocialWelfareofBangladeshis

dealingwithhumanresourcedevelopment,Poverty

alleviation,Welfare-developmentandempowerment

ofthebypassed,disadvantagedsegmentofpeople.

TointroduceBangladeshasaWelfarestatethe

ministryisimplementingprogramslikeoldageal-

lowances,allowancesforpersonswithdisabilities

grantsandaidstoacidburntvictimsTheministry

hasalsomultidimensionalandintensiveprograms

forthewelfareoftheby-passed,disadvantaged

107Social Security System and its Insufficiency in Bangladesh : A Case Study of Social Rejected People

segment,unemployed,landless,orphans,distressed,

vagrants,socially,mentallyandphysicallyhandi-

capped,poor,helplesspatients,juveniledelinquents

populationofbothruralandurbanareasofthe

country.

Mainresponsibilityofministryofsocialwelfare

containssomecommon features.Asthey men-

tioned�FormulationandImplementationofpoli-

ciesonsocialwelfare,Ensuring socio-economic

developmentofthedisadvantagedgroupoftheso-

ciety,Providinggovernmentassistancetovoluntary

socialwelfareorganizations,Providingfood,edu-

cation,trainingandrehabilitationtotheorphans,

destituteandvulnerablechildren,Education,train-

ingandrehabilitationofthepersonswithdisabili-

tiesandProbationandafter-careserviceforthe

vagrants,juveniledelinquents[5].TheMinistry

performsthesocialwelfareactivitiesandsocial

safetynetprogramsbythefollowingdepartments/

Organizations.Theseare-

[1]TheDepartmentofSocialServices

[2]BangladeshNationalSocialWelfareCouncil

[3]NationalFoundationforDevelopmentofthe

DisabledPerson

[4]SheikhZayedBinSultanALNahyanTrust

(BD)

Thediagramofinstitutionalprocessanditsoverall

structurecanbeshownasthefollowinggraph.

Whereministryofsocialwelfareplaysvitalrole

andleadallotherdepartmentswithproperguide-

lines.

Ⅲ-A The Department of Social Services

TheDepartmentofSocialServicesisworkingto

ensureSocialProtectionandSocialSafetynetsfor

thepoorvulnerablepeopleofthecountryaswell

associo-economicdevelopment,rehabilitationand

reintegration,poverty reduction,human resource

development,communityempowermentandother

developmentactivitiesforthevulnerableagedper-

sons,thepersonswith disabilities(PWDs),or-

phans,childrenatrisk,destitute,poorandhelpless

persons.Amongtheprograms,developmentserv-

icesprovideforjuveniledelinquents,trainingand

rehabilitationofthesociallydisadvantagedwomen,

counseling,trainingandrehabilitation oforphan

andvulnerablechildren,developmentandrehabili-

tationofvagrants,safecustodianwomen,adoles-

cent,destituteandhelpless.

Ⅲ-B Bangladesh National Social Welfare

Council

BangladeshNationalSocialWelfareCouncilisan

organizationunderthecontroloftheMinistryof

SocialWelfare.In1972theGovernmentofBang-

ladeshestablishedBangladeshNationalSocialWel-


fareCouncilbyaresolutiondated12April,1972.

Atpresentthecouncilisrunningundertheregu-

lationissuedon15thJanuary2003.Thereare82

membersofthecouncil.Theyareconcernabout

ensuringsocialwelfaretotheremotelevelofthe

country.Financinglocalwelfarecouncilsatupaz-

ilalevel,providingstipendstodisabledstudents,

deliveringmicrocredittohelplesspeople,organiz-

inglocalNGOsworkingfordestitutepoorpeople

etc.aresomecommonfunctionsofthisorganiza-

tion[6].

Ⅲ-C National Foundation for Development of

the Disabled Person

NationalFoundationforDevelopmentoftheDis-

abled Person wasestablished on 19th August,

1999bytheapprovalofcabinetdivision.This

foundationwasfoundedundertheprovision of

TheSocietiesRegistrationAct-1860.Mainaimof

thisfoundationisensurerightsandwelfareof

disabledpeopleoverthecountrywithaccordance

withministryofsocialwelfare.Establishingan

equalopportunitybasedsocietyforallpeopleis

concernofNationalFoundationforDevelopment

oftheDisabledPerson.

Ⅲ-D Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan

Trust (BD)

AL-NahyanTrust(Bangladesh)isanon-govern-

mentalorganizationundertheMinistryofSocial

Welfaredealingwithhumanresourcedevelopment,

welfare-development,povertyalleviation,education,

empowermentoftheorphansanddestituteseg-

mentofpeople.Thethenpresident oftheUnited

ArabEmirates,lateSheikhZayedbinSultanAl-

NahyanhasvisitedBangladeshinMay'1984and

expressedhisdesiretohelptheorphansofBang-

ladesh.Asaresult,SheikhZayedbinSultanAl-

NahyanTrust(Bangladesh)wasfoundedSheikh

ZayedBinSultanAl-NahyanTrust(Bangladesh)

in1987asatokenoftheSultan'sdeepsympathy

andprofoundtothedestituteChildrenandtheOr-

phans.Twoorphanagesarenowbeingrunbythe

Trust-oneatMirpurandtheotheratLalmonirhat.

Thesanctionedstrengthoftheseorphanagesisfor

400inmates.Theinmatesreceiveeducationand

vocationaltrainingfortheirfuturerehabilitation.

Thesourcetobeartheexpensesoftheorganiza-

tionistheincomefrom UAE MoitryShopping

andHousingComplex,Banani,Dhaka.

Ⅳ Policy and Legislation context

ThegovernmentofBangladeshhastakenlotsof

stepstowardsthesuccessfulimplementationofits

socialwelfareactivities.Theselaw/policiesrepre-

sentgovernment'sinitiativesinthissector.Here

lawandpoliciesarestatedbelow-

Ⅳ-A Act/Law

ChildrenAct-2013

ProbationofOffendersOrdinance-1960

ProbationRules-1971

RegistrationOrdinance-1

VagrancyAct-1943

DisabilityWelfareAct-2001

NeroDevelopmentalDisability

ProtectionTrustAct-2013

ParentsMaintenanceBill-2013

VagrancyRightProtectionAct-2011

DisabilityRight&ProtectionAct-2013

DisableLaw-2001

Ⅳ-B Policies

NationalSocialWelfare

NationalDisabilityWelfare

OldAgeAllowanceManual

OldAgeAllowanceApplicationForm

BedovaVataNitimala&Form

Policy-DisableAllowance&Form


InstitutionAllowanceForm

CapitationGrant,Policy&Form

NationalPolicyonOlderPersons-2013

Childlaborilluminationpolicy-2011

Ⅴ State of social rejected peoplein Bangladesh

Rejectedpeoplerefertopeoplewhoarerejected

inthesocietyinterm offormalprofession,work,

socialstatusetc.Disabled People,widow,old

agedpeople,bagger,rootless,helpless,orphansetc

areregardedrejectedpeopleinthesociety.Most

commonlydisablepeopleareindicatedassocial

rejected people in Bangladesh.In thiscountry

situationofrejectedpeopleisnotpraise-worthy

comparetootherdevelopingcountries.Facilities

providedbythegovernmenttotherejectedpeople

arenotfulfillingtheiractualdemands.Inaccor-

dancewithallnationalandinternationalcommit-

ments/obligations,andunderthepurview ofthe

NationalConstitution,theBangladeshigovernment

developedaNationalPolicyonDisabilityin1995.

ToimplementtheNationalPolicyonDisability

andtheDisabilityWelfareAct,thegovernment

formulatedaNationalActionPlanon24Septem-

ber2006.TheActionPlanisverycomprehensive,

involvingforty-sixMinistriesanddivisionsofthe

governmenttoundertakespecificactivitiesforper-

sonswithdisabilities.Bangladeshsignedandrati-

fiedin2007theUnitedNationsConventionon

theRightsofPersonswithDisabilities(CRPD).In

May2008thegovernmentsignedtheCRPD'sOp-

tionalProtocol.TheMinistryofSocialWelfare,

theDepartmentofSocialServicesandtheNa-

tionalFoundationforDevelopmentoftheDisabled

Personsarethethreegovernmentbodiesthatcater

totheneedsofpersonswithdisabilities.Stateof

disablepeopleinBangladeshcanbedescribelike

this-

Ⅴ-A Insufficient disabled Education : In

Bangladeshaccesstoeducationofchildrenwith

disabilitiesisextremelylimited.Anun-equaledu-

cationalsystem,arigidandunfriendlyschoolcur-

riculum,ignoranceandlackofawarenessofpar-

ents,compoundedwiththeinadequateknowledge

ofteachersandtheunfriendlyschoolenvironment

areobstaclestopromotingtheeducationofchil-

drenwithdisabilitiesinBangladesh.Itisesti-

matedthatonlyabout5percentofchildrenwith

disabilitiesareenrolledinexistingeducationalin-

stitutions.Andonly12,000studentswithdisabili-

tiesaregettingstipendwhile1.6millionchildren

withdisabilitiesarewaitingathometobeen-

rolledineducationalinstitutions.

Ⅴ-B Lack of employment facilities : Thegov-

ernmenthaddeclaredabouttwodecadesbacka

10percentemploymentquotaforpersonswith

disabilitiesandorphans.Butthisquotahasnever

beenproperlyimplemented dueto thelack of

sensitivityofemployersaboutthepotentialitiesof

personswithdisabilities,contradictoryemployment

policies,loopholesinthesystem,andalackof

propermonitoringsystem.TheCentreforServices

andInformationonDisability,anon-governmental

organizationstudyfoundthatonly5percentof

therespondentswereingovernmentjobs,17per

centinNGOsand 66 percentwereself-em-

ployed.Only22percenthadbeenabletofinda

sourceoffinancialcredit(ormicro-credit)support.

Ⅴ-C Disabled People accessibility crisis :

Publicandprivateoffices,educationalinstitutions,

publictransportation,utilityinfrastructures,recrea-

tionandtouristspots,marketplacesalmostallare

inaccessibletopersonswithdisabilities.Thegov-

ernmenthasdecidedtorequiretheestablishment

ofseparateticketcountersandreservedseatsfor

personswithdisabilitiesinpublictransports.But


thisdecisionhasnotbeenimplementedsincethe

publictransportsthemselveslackgeneralaccessi-

bilityfacilities.

Ⅴ-D Insufficient NGO activities : Bangladesh

hasaplentyofNGOsaround40,000sharingthe

developmentworkinthecountryalongsidethe

government.Among these existing NGOsonly

fourhundredareworkingforpersonswithdis-

abilities.Veryfew NGOslikeTheNationalFo-

rum ofOrganizationsWorkingwiththeDisabled

(NFOWD).BiwakoMillenniumFramework(BMF),

DisabledPeople'sOrganizations(DPOs,Actionon

Disability and Development(ADD),Bangladesh

ProtibondhiKallyan Shomity (BPKS).Butthis

stepisnotenoughforthewholedisabledevelop-

mentprocessinthiscountry.

Ⅴ-E Lacking of policy Implementation : From

theearly80stopresentcountryhasexperienced

plenty ofwelfare acts,ordinance and policies

whichtakenbythegovernment.Buthardlypeople

findthebenefitfrom thosepoliciesproperly.At

presentaround11laws,actsandvariouspolicies

areprevailingontheministry.Intruesensethose

policiesandactsarenotworkingtothenecessity

ofthepeople.InBangladeshpoliciesaremade

frequentlybuthardlyimplementedproperly.

Ⅵ Government steps for rejectedpeople's rehabilitation

GovernmentofBangladeshhastakenvarioussteps

forensuringbettersocialservicetothepeople.

TheministryofSocialWelfarewithallitsfour

departmentsworkingforthebettermentofsocial

rejectedpeopleand delivering sufficientwelfare

servicetothepeople.Plentyofprograms,projects

aretakeninresponsetowelfareservicedelivery.

Budgetin SocialWelfare sectoris increasing

everyyearandinvolvementofotherministryis

gettingwiden.Atpresent13ministriesarework-

ingtogetherinplanning,implementationandde-

liveringSocialWelfareServicetothemasspeo-

ple.Theseinclude:MinistryofSocialWelfare�

MinistryofWomenandChildAffairs�Ministry

ofLiberationAffairs�MinistryofFoodandDis-

asterManagement� Ministry ofLocalGovern-

ment,MinistryofAgriculture�MinistryofFisher-

iesandLivestock�MinistryofChittagongHill

TractsAffairs�MinistryofEducation�Ministry

ofPrimaryandMassEducation�MinistryofFi-

nance�MinistryofHealthandFamilyPlanning�

MinistryofCommerce�andMinistryofLabor

andManpower.Inadditiontotheseministries,the

BangladeshBankandPalliKarma-SahayakFoun-

dation(PKSF)arealsooperatingsocialsafetynet

programs.Somemajorprogramsoftheministry

forensuringSocialSecurityarecanbementioned-

Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF), Vulnerable

GroupDevelopment(VGD),OldAgeAllowances,

Widow Allowance Program,RuralMaintenance

Program (RMP),FundforRehabilitationofAcid

BurntWomen and the Physically Handicapped,

Foodforwork(FFW),TestRelief(TR),Gratui-

tousRelief(GR)etc.

Bangladesh considering the UN declaration on

equalrightsandopportunitiesofthepersonswith

intellectualdisability,adoptedNationalPolicyfor

theDisabledPeople-1995andReform onthatin

2006,BangladeshWelfareActfortheDisabled-

2001.BangladeshNationalCoordinationCommittee

fortheDisabledinaimingtoimplementthePro-

gramsfordevelopmentoflife-livingconditionof

thedisabledpeoplethroughspecialeducation&

training,employmentfacilities,establishmentofle-

galrightsandsocialsecurity,recreationandequal

opportunitiesforparticipationintheactivitiesof

national economical progress. Government has

takenlotsofstepsandprocedureforproviding


socialwelfareserviceto thepeople.Someof

theseinitiativesarementionedbelow-

Ⅵ-A Employment Generation Programs : To-

wardthelifestyledevelopmentthegovernmenthas

undertakenanumberofprograms.Thediscussion

herewilldealwith: (i)Food-for-Work(FFW)

Program,(ii)RuralDevelopment(RD)Program,

and(iii)100-dayEmploymentGenerationProgram

(EGP).ChildSensitiveSocialProtectioninBang-

ladesh,ServicesforChildren atRisk (SCAR).

SomeotherongoingprojectsofMoSW are-Pro-

motionofServicesandOpportunitiestotheDis-

abledPersonsinBangladesh,ConstructionofNa-

tionalDisabilitiesComplex,EstablishmentofHos-

telfortheVisuallyImpairedChildren(37Units),

EstablishmentofSonaimuriAndhaKalyonSamiti

EyeHospital,EstablishingofMultipurposeReha-

bilitationCenterforDestituteAge-Oldpeopleand

sociallyDisbledAdolescentGirls,Expanstionand

DevelopmentofNilfamariDiabeticHospital,Con-

structionofFiveStoriedtribalAssociationCentral

Office cum Community Hall at Balashpur,

MymensingandVerticalExtensionofSylhetDia-

beticHospital[7].

Ⅵ-B Institute for the Mentally Retarded Chil-

dren : TheMinistryofSocialWelfare(MoSW)

hasestablishedaninstitutionfortheMentallyRe-

tardedChildreninRoufabad,Chittagong.Special

educations,Medicare,training facilitiesarepro-

videdthereinaccordancewithcausesandseverity

ofthebeardedness.Thetotalcapacityofthisin-

stitutionis100.Childrenbetween6-12yearsare

allowedtobeadmittedintothisinstitution.Food,

lodgingandtrainingareprovidedfreeofcostin

thisinstitution.

Ⅵ-C Educational facility for disabilities : Ar-

rangementshavebeenmadefortheeducationof

18,000childrensufferingfrom disabilities,voca-

tionaltrainingfor1,800persons,andtheemploy-

mentof320personsonaverageperyear.This

hasbeenachievedthrougheducation,stipendpro-

vision,training,rehabilitation,andthroughincome

generatedbyoperatingtheBraillePressandplas-

ticmaterials,mineralwater,and artificiallimb

productioncentre.Asaresult,theskillsofthose

withdisabilitieshaveincreased.Byinitiatingin-

comegenerating programs,they are developing

themselvesonaselfemploymentbasis.

Ⅵ-D Rehabilitation of orphans and destitute

children : GovernmenthasallocatedofTk5,000

isprovidedperresidentabove18yearsofage

whentheyleaveShishuParbar(ChildrenFamily)/

orphanageforthepurposeoftheirrehabilitationin

thesociety.Endangeredchildrenareprovidedas-

sistancethroughtheoperationofdrop-incenters.

Asaresult,accommodation,nutrition,education

and medicaltreatmentare ensured for70,000

abandonedorphansanddistressedchildren.

Ⅵ-E Social security for the elderly and

widow people : Governmentprovidedanoldage

allowanceattherateofTk.300perpersonper

month to 22.50 lakh people.About11 lakh

widow, deserted by husband, and distressed

womengetallowanceseveryyearonaverageand

disabilityallowanceisprovidedto2.60lakhpeo-

ple.Theseactivitieswillhavedirectpositiveim-

pactonthereductionofrisksofhomelessness,

healthcare,improvednutrition,andreducepoverty

relatedproblemsofthewidows,desertedbyhus-

band and distressed women,elderly and those

withdisabilities.

Ⅵ-F Rehabilitation of disabilities and desti-

tute patients : TheMedicalSocialServicePro-

gram providesshortandlongterm freemedical


facilitiesto6.00lakhhelpless,destituteandprob-

lem riddenpatientsannually.Theseservicesare

providedin87hospitalsincludingdistricthospitals

freeofcost.In addition,Governmentfinanced

ServicesandAssistancefortheDisabledProject

hasbeenstartedprimarilyinfivedistrictsofthe

country.Throughthisprojectfreetreatmentand

therapyarebeingprovidedandassistivedevices,

accordingtothekindofdisability,willalsobe

distributed.

Ⅵ-G Activities of Ministry of Social Welfare :

CapitationgrantforNonGovernmentOrphanages,

ServiceandSupportcentreforthepersonswith

disabilities,InterestfreeMicrocredit,Livingstan-

darddevelopmentprogrammeforHizra(transqen-

der)community,Livingstandarddevelopmentpro-

gramme forBede (rivergypsy),Dalit(lower

caste)andHarijan(untouchable)community,Liv-

ingstandarddevelopmentprogrammefortheTea

garden labourand Financialassistance forthe

Cancer,KidneyandLiverCirrhosispatientsetc

aresomeburningactivitiesofMoSW [8]."Pro-

motionofServicesandOpportunitiestotheDis-

abledPersonsinBangladesh"aprojectpassedby

ECNECon12thJanuary,2011withtheestimate

costof15480.49lakhwhichhasfinishedinJune-

2014.Meanwhile20upazilasofthecountryhad

comeunderthisprojectwithwelfareservicedeliv-

erytothedisablepeople[9].

CurrentexpenditureofMinistryofSocialWelfare

forsectoralsocialwelfaredevelopmentcanbecal-

culated as-Tk 329843500 hasbeen given to

14784SocialWelfarerelatedOrganizations/Institu-

tions,Tk737304000givento18069peoplewho

areDisable,Helpless,Naturaldisaster,Road&

Fireaccident,Burn,DiseaseandPoorMeritorious

studentsandTk60000000isgivento12000peo-

plein3categoriesconsistsofIndigenouspeople,

RiverErosion,Slum Dwellers & Tea Garden

Workers[10].Incensementofbudgetallocation

and currentbudgetamountofMoSW can be

statedbythischart-

Ⅵ-H Activities of Department of Social Serv-

ices : DepartmentofSocialServicerecent(2010-

2013)activitiesincludeself-employmentopportuni-

tieswerecreatedthroughtheprovisionofinterest

freemicro-creditsandvocationaltrainingto8.00

lakhpoorandvulnerablepeople.75,000children

were taken care ofand theirrightsensured�

2,000childrenand8,000personscomingincon-

tactwiththelegalsystem werere-integratedinto

thesocietythroughdifferentdevelopmentcenters,

safehomes,protectionsheltersandprobationand

aftercareservices.

Ⅵ-I Bangladesh National Social Welfare

Council's performance : Duringthelastthree

years,BNSWC distributedTk.10crore82lakh

and31thousandasgrantsamong7thousandand

28SocialWelfareOrganizations.Asspecialgrants

Tk.3crore27lakhand24thousandweregiven

to8,637personsthatincludethepoor,thehelp-

less,personswithdisabilities.NationalSocialWel-

fareCouncilhasdistributedTk20.43croreas

grantsamong21,014organizationsand7,946dis-

tressedpersonsfrom 2010to2013.Inaddition,

1,000socialworkersweretrainedinorganization

managementandskilldevelopment[12].

Ⅵ-J National Disabled Development Founda-

tion's activities : 1 lakh 15 thousand people

wereassistedthroughDisabilityServicesandAs-

sistanceCenters,12thousandpersonswithdis-


abilitieswereprovidedfreeofcosthealthand

therapyservicesthroughMobileDisabilityServices

Centersof15Districts,and25thousandpersons

withdisabilitieswereprovidedassistivedevicesby

last3years.Further,disabilityrelated"Integrated

SpecialEducationGuidelines,2009"wasformu-

lated.Undertheguidelines,100% ofpayandal-

lowancesfor500teachersandstaffof55non-

governmentIntellectually Disabled Schoolswere

given.Specialeducationfor9thousandand500

studentswithdisabilitieshavealsobeenprovided.

5thousand700personswereprovidedcounseling

services through the Autism Resource Centre.

4,000personswithdisabilitieswereprovidedfree

ofcosthealthandtherapyservicesthrough15

DistrictDisabilityServicesandAssistanceCenters

and 62,000 Mobile Disability ServicesCenters,

and6,000personswithdisabilitieswereprovided

assistivedevices[13].

Ⅶ Insufficiency of Social WelfareService in Bangladesh

Bangladeshhaslotsofinsufficiencyinsocialwel-

fareservice.With agrowing numberofolder

peopleandalargeimpoverishedpopulation,Bang-

ladeshneedstoimprovesocialsecuritysupport

forthecountry'smostvulnerablegroups.Mostof

theseolderpeopleandmanyofthepoorinthe

country-about50percentofthepopulationlives

onlessthanUS$1aday,accordingtotheUN-

arenotcoveredbyanyform ofsocialsecurity.

About1.2millionpeopleareemployedbythe

governmentand are eligible forpensionsafter

theyretireatage57,butmostofthecountry's

laborforce,whichisrural,doesnotreceivea

pension.Another1.7millionpeopleover65who

areunabletoworkordonothavefamilysupport

receiveallowancesthroughaprogram introduced

bytheMinistryofSocialWelfare.Someproblems

ofSocialWelfaresysteminBangladeshmentioned

below-

Ⅶ-A Programs overlapping : Involvementof

multipleministriescausesconsiderableoverlapin

programsandadministrationwhichstretchthead-

ministrativeandresourcecapacityofthecountry.

Forexample,theMinistryofWomenandChil-

drenAffairsofferstheMaternityAllowancefor

thepoorlactatingmothersandtheMinistryof

HealthoffersMaternalHealthVouchers.Thereis

verylittleCoordinationamongtheministriesin

planning,targetingandimplementingthevarious

socialProtectionprogramsinthecountry.

Ⅶ-B Delay in service delivery : Government

organizationsarenotfullyreadyormentallypre-

paredtoprovidetheservicetothehelplesspeo-

ple.Theyintentionallymakedelaytoholdthe

authority.Insomecasesthisinconsistencedelay

resultsdissatisfactionofpeopleandtheygiveup

trustinggovernmentservice.Forexample,Ministry

oflaw has"LegalAid"branchineachdistrict

courtforprovidinglegalfacilitytothepoorand

destitute people with alliance of Ministry of

WomenandChildrenAffairsfreeofcost.Butin

realitytheymakehugedelaytofileacaseand

sometimestheytakebribefrom theaccusedside

andpoorvictimsdon'tgetjustice.Thisisareal

scenarioofNetrakonaDistrictCourtandalsoof

others.

Ⅶ-C Insufficient program administration :

SafetynetprogramsinBangladeshareadminis-

teredbynumerousagencies,includingmanyarms

ofgovernment,non-governmentalorganizations,as

wellasinternationalbilateralandmultilateralpart-

ners.Whiletheinvolvementofanumberofagen-

ciesinsocialprotectionprovidesahighvisibility

forthissector,itmayalsobecomeahurdlewhen


thereisaneedtocoordinateandnavigatethrough

manydifferentagenciestoachieveanobjectiveor

undertakeatask.

Ⅶ-D Sufferings for disabled ID cards : Dis-

abledID cardprojecthasbeenrunningbythe

governmentforensuringqualityservicetothedis-

abledperson.Whichsupposetoensureallowance

andothersocialfacilitieslike-lessfareinpublic

transport,preferencein getting governmentjob,

taxholidaysuptotk.0.35million[14],preference

in education and health service.Butin reality

mostofthecard holdersarenottreated with

rights.EventhoughdistributionofIDcardsdidn't

reachtoalldisabledpersonsof64districtsinthis

country.Somepeoplecomplainedthatsometimes

itneedsextramoneytogetdisabledIDcards.

Ⅶ-E Insufficiency in disabled recruitment

process : Disability Right& Protection Act-

2013haslotsofprovisionsfordisabledperson's

developmentbutthesearerareintouch.Giving

preferencetothedisabledpersonsingovernmental

recruitmentprocessisoneofthem forinvolving

themselves with government machineries. But

withouttaking100takafeesfromtheminsteadof

700takafrom generalpeopleinPSCexamination

noanyparticularexamplecanbeseenhere.There

isnoanyseparaterecruitmentpolicyfordisabled

peopleinBangladesh.Forthisreasonnow days

hardlyfinddisabledgovernmentofficeinpublic

sector.

Ⅶ-F Corruption : Oneofthemostburningob-

staclestosocialdevelopmentofdevelopingcoun-

trieslikeBangladeshiscorruption.Itaffectsthe

pooranddisadvantagedmorethanothersinthe

society.Manywelfarepoliciescannotshow the

desiredlightduetotheprevalenceofcorruption

inpublicsectors.AstatisticsdefinesthatinBang-

ladeshone-fourthofthetotalrevenuebudgetfor

developmentwastes every yearforcorruption.

Welfareservicesofgovernmenthardlyreachtoits

victimsduetounstoppablecorruption.

Ⅶ-G Resource Constant : As a developing

country governmentofBangladesh can'tdo its

bestprovidingwelfareservicetothepeoplebe-

causeoflowresources.Wementionedearlierthis

yearallocatedbudgetforMoSW isaround2904

thousandcrorewhichis5.6% oftotalbudget.But

thisallocatedmoneyisnotsufficientfordevelop-

ingthelifestyleofrejectedpeople.Tillnowold

ageallowanceisonly300permonthinBangla-

desh.Samescenariowecanseeinwidow and

disabledallowance.Doyouthinkthatthismoney

isquiteenough?Thissmallamountofmoney

doesn'tmakeanyradicalchangesintheirmiser-

ablelife.Carelessattitudeofgovernmentandfail-

ure to mobilize localresources are the main

causesforthisvitalproblem.

Ⅶ-H Lack of Focus Identification : InBang-

ladeshprogramsareveryruralfocusedbutthe

countryisgettingrapidlyurbanizedwithincreas-

ingproportionofthepoorlivinginurbanareas.

Programshavesignificantadministrativeleakages,

toomanyprogramsrunbytoomanyGovernment

departmentsandthusalargeadministrativeover-

headwhichcanbereducedandusedtoprovide

benefits.Toomanylayersofdecisionmakingin

selectionofbeneficiarieshampertheprocessof

servicedelivery.

Ⅶ-I Lack of Involvement : InBangladeshthere

isnoscreeningordiagnosisprogram forchildren

withintellectualdisabilityatschoolorcommunity

levelotherthanthefew organizationsandhospi-

tals.Alsodon'thaveadequateinclusiveeducation

program forintellectuallydisabledstudentsexcept


someintegratedclassprogram runbytheSociety

forthe Welfare ofthe Intellectually Disabled,

Bangladesh(SWID Bangladesh)andsomeother

few organizations.Agencies ofUnited Nations

(UN)inBangladesharelessinvolvedindisability

developmentprogram ratherthandevelopmentsec-

tor.

Ⅷ Concluding Remarks

Article15(D)oftheconstitutionofBangladesh

preservetherightsofpeopletogetSocialWelfare

Servicesfrom thestate.GovernmentofBangla-

deshalsoshowseagernesstorestoredemandsand

needsofsocialrejectedpeopleofthecountryin

accordancewithUnitedNation'sagendaforsocial

development.Various institutions and attempts

havemadebythegovernmentindifferenttimes

butresultsofalltheseattemptsarenotsatisfac-

toryatlast.Countryhasnumbersofsocialwel-

fare policies,acts,ordinances,Regulations but

thesearehardlyimplementedproperlybythegov-

ernment.Reasonbehindthisgovernmentmecha-

nismisnotaccountablefortheiroperationstothe

masspeople.Forthisbetterservicedeliveryto

thepeoplestayson darkness.Ministry and its

otherfourdepartmentsDepartmentofSocialServ-

ices,BangladeshNationalSocialWelfareCouncil,

NationalFoundationforDevelopmentoftheDis-

abled Person,Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan AL

NahyanTrust(BD)activitiesarenotsufficient,for

thisreasonpeoplearenotgettingexpectedtreat

fromthoseorganizations.

AllocationofTk.29,046,048thousandfor2.50

crorepoorpeoplemaynotbesufficientbutthe

mainreasonisthismoneydoesn'tuseproperlyin

disciplinedway.Ifsanctionofmoneycanbecon-

trolledandmaintainedproperly,situationmaybe

changed.Countrydoesn'tneedseriesofpolicies,

actsbutitneedsproperimplementationoflaw

evenitasingleone.Allocationofmoneyshould

beextendedbutmostimportantissueisproper

guidelines,maintenance,supervisionandwellman-

agement.Alongwiththatlocalresourcemobiliza-

tionanditsappropriateuseshouldbestrictlyen-

suredbythegovernment.

Acknowledgment

ThisworkwassupportedbyJSPS(JapanSociety

forthePromotionofScience)KAKENHIGrant-

in- Aid for Scientific Research (B) Number

24402041.

[FOOTNOTES]［1］BangladeshNationalBudget-2014-15,Ministry

ofFinance(http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=268&Itemid=1)

［2］BangladeshNationalBudget-2014-15,MinistryofFinance(http://www.mof.gov.bd/en/index.php)

［3］AnnualReport-2013-14,MinistryofSocialWel-fare,Bangladesh

［4］MinistryofSocialWelfare,Bangladesh(www.msw.gov.bd)

［5］WebsiteofMinistryofSocialWelfare,Bangla-desh(www.msw.gov.bd)

［6］Websiteof BangladeshNationalSocialWelfareCouncil[http://www.bnswc.gov.bd/index.php?op-tion=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=8]

［7］MinistryofSocialWelfare,DemandsforGrantsand Appropriations2014-15,GrantsNo.25,PageNo.-155,156

［8］MinistryofSocialWelfare,DemandsforGrantsand Appropriations2014-15,GrantsNo.25,PageNo.-155

［9］AnnualReport-2012,Chapter-03, MinistryofSocialWelfare

［10］MinistryofSocialWelfare,Medium Term Ex-penditure,GrantNo.24,Page-199, 405&463

［11］MinistryofSocialWelfare,DemandsforGrantsand Appropriations2014-15,GrantsNo.25,PageNo.-155-158

［12］FiveyearsAchievementofgovernment(Bengali),


pages-4-14[www.msw.gov.bd/home]［13］FiveyearsAchievementofgovernment(Bengali),

pages-6-11[www.msw.gov.bd/home]［14］WebsiteofBangladeshAwamiLeague[https://

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バングラデシュにおける社会保障制度とその未整備－社会的排除された人々の調査を通じて

佐野光彦1）、ムハマド・マフズル・ラーマン2）、ムハマド・メヘディ・ハッサン・カーン3）、坂本真司4）、高梨薫5）、奥英久6）、小嶋巧7）、中川昭夫8）、古川宏9）

1）神戸学院大学総合リハビリテーション学部社会リハビリテーション学科2）在バングラデシュ国際赤十字理学療法アシスタント・プロジェクト・マネージャー3）バングラデシュ女性・子ども省女性に対する暴力に関する多部門プログラムプログラムオフィサー4）神戸学院大学人文学部人文学科5）、6）神戸学院大学総合リハビリテーション学部社会リハビリテーション学科7）神戸学院大学総合リハビリテーション学部医療リハビリテーション学科理学療法学専攻8）、9）神戸学院大学総合リハビリテーション学部医療リハビリテーション学科作業療法学専攻

［要約］一般に排除された人々とは、職業、身体的特徴、社会的身分等の点で社会・共同体から排除さ

れた人々のことを指す。しかし、バングラデシュで最も一般的な社会的排除を受けている人々は障害者

である。70年台初頭から政府は、社会的排除を受けた人々の人権を保証するために様々な施策を取って

きた。そのため排除を受けた人々は、国家経済・社会活動の一翼を担うようになり、彼らの生活環境は

発展するはずであった。バングラデシュ憲法第15条（D）は障害者の基本的人権を認めている。バング

ラデシュ政府は、すべての国際的な責任、義務と憲章に基づき、また同国の憲法の範囲の下で、開発ア

ジェンダの一環として、25の政策方針、法律、条例を定めてきた。社会福祉省とその4部局は、社会的

排除を受けている人々のための改善に尽力し、30の社会的セーフティネットを整備した。社会福祉部門

の予算は、毎年増加しており、関係省庁の数も増加してきている。現在13の省が協働し、特別な教育、

トレーニング、就業施設、法的権利の確立、社会保障制度、国家経済の発展における活動への参加の機

会均等と保養施設を通じて、障害者の生活環境の改善に取り組んでいる。障害者の置かれた状況は、さ

まざまな改善策にもかかわらず改善されていない。最も援助を必要とする人々は、必要とする社会保障

を受けることができない。障害者に対するよりよい社会サービスの提供は、未だ闇の中である。その理

由は腐敗、マネージメントの不具合、リーダーシップの欠如、限られた資源、コーディネート業務の欠

落、包括的な教育プログラムの欠如などである。その他には、障害者に対するNGOの活動が賞賛に値

しないという点がある。開発事業に携わる約4万のNGOが政府と共に活動しているが、これらの内わ

ずか約400のNGOのみが障害者のために活動しているのに過ぎず、これは障害者に対する開発のために

十分であるとはいえないのである。

キーワード：バングラデシュ，阻害された人々，社会福祉，社会保障，障がい者，開発，NGOs，

資源，財政，バングラデシュ憲法15条（D）．


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