s. muralidharan & v. dhananjayan s. muralidharan & v. dhananjayan persistent organochlorine...

S. MURALIDHARAN &

V. DHANANJAYAN

S. MURALIDHARAN &

V. DHANANJAYAN

PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FISHES OF INLAND WETLAND OF

SOUTH INDIA

PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FISHES OF INLAND WETLAND OF

SOUTH INDIA

SÁLIM ALI CENTRE FOR ORNITHOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY(An autonomous centre aided by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India)

Anaikatty P.O., Coimbatore - 641 108. INDIA

Wetlands in India are increasingly facing several anthropogenic pressures. Survey of 140 major sites across various agro-climatic zones identified anthropogenic interference as the main source of wetland degradation (Anon.1993).

The current wetland loss rate in India can lead to serious consequences, where 74% of the human population is rural (World Development Report, 1994) and many of these people are wetland resource dependent.

Although growing human population, large scale changes in land use, burgeoning development projects and the improper use of watersheds are all responsible for decline of wetland resources, significant losses have created due to industrial and agricultural operations.

Pesticide consumption pattern in various states of India

UP AP

Punjab

Harya

na

Gujara

t

Mah

aras

htra W

B

Karna

taka

Rajasth

an TN MP

Bihar

Assam NE

0

2

4

6

8

Pesticides are the ubiquitous contaminants

Fishes, Birds and Humans are the worst victims

India is now both the largest manufacturer and consumer of pesticides in South Asia. Despite the proliferation of different types of pesticides, organochlorine such as HCH and DDT still account for two thirds of the total consumption in the country because of their low cost and versatility in action against various pests.

About 70% of the pesticides used in agricultural fields reach adjoining water bodies through rain or irrigation (Ridgway et al., 1978) or by their direct use in the water bodies for control of aquatic weeds (Li, 1975). These chemicals are toxic to many aquatic organisms.

Few studies have indicated the presence of pesticide residues in fishes (Amaraneni and Pillala 2001), foodstuffs (Kannan et al., 1992) and birds (Muralidharan 1993, Senthilkumar et al. 2001).

Some surveys are also available in northern and central India, but information regarding situation in fishes of inland wetlands is very rare. Fish are long-living animals accumulating toxicants integrating over time and space which turn resulting organochlorine toxicity in human being (Kumari et al 2001).

To prioritize Indian wetlands for conservation action, documenting the contamination status of fish is an essential tool.

OBJECTIVES

1. Assess the contamination profile of fishes

of inland wetlands of South India

2. Generate a data base to prioritize conservation measures

3. Evaluate the possible toxic impact on the consumers (man).

• Hierarchy in food chain

• Accumulative capacity

• Nutritional abundance

• Sampling convenience

• Tissue levels reflect current and past exposures

• Hierarchy in food chain

• Accumulative capacity

• Nutritional abundance

• Sampling convenience

• Tissue levels reflect current and past exposures

Fishes - Ideal indicators?Fishes - Ideal indicators?

STATES INCLUDED FOR THIS STUDY

Collection method Collection method

Transportation of the fish samples to lab

Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh KaranatakaAlwarkurichi Kolleru West Godhavari Krishnaraj Sagar Reservoir

Ariyakulam Chinna tumbalam tank Tailur kere

Avalpoodurai Nandalur tank Salagaon village tank

Gundur big tank Draksha Rama Bannur

Kappalure Uppalapadu Guntur Tumkur

Koothapar big tank Jataprole Rarandur Kere

Kunnathur Madurai Kazipet tank Nagavalli Amanikere

Mappedu Mandhyal Tank Mandakhalli-kere

Palli karanai Marsh Jankam pet Karigala Kere

R.S. Mangalam Samundar talab

Suchindaram Heche

Sulur Cauvery river stretch

Vaduvoor Marchalli kere

Vandiyur tank

Vembanur

Chembarambakam

List of Wetlands included in this study

SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

S.No. Name of the species No. of Individuals

1 Clarias batrachus 9

2 Labeo rohita 20

3 Anabas testudineus 6

4 Catla catla 13

5 Tilapia mossambica 9

6 Cyprinus carpio 9

7 Channa striatus 8

8 Channa orientalis 5

9 Heteropneustes fossilis 8

10 Cirrhinus mrigala 6

Total 93

SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OF TAMIL NADU

S.No. Fish Count

1 Hypophythalmiethys molitrix 10

2 Mystus vittatus 19




6 Labeo rohita 12

7 Channa orientalis 12

8 Channa punctatus 25

9 Anabas testudineus 15

10 Channa striatus 30

Total 211

SPECIES OF FISHES RECEVIED FROM WETLANDS OF KARNATAKA

S. No. Name of the species No. of individuals

1 Anguilla bicolor bicolor 21

2 Catla catla 11

3 Channa striatus 11


5 Clarias batrachus 9

6 Cyprinus carpio 20


8 Labeo rohita 19


Total 134

On receipt of fish, Physical measurements and other details were

recorded on a datasheet.

Tissues are separated and stored at –20°C for

chemical analyses

Laboratory procedures

Alpha HCHBeta HCHGamma HCHDelta HCHHeptachlorHeptachlor epoxideEndosulfan 1Endosulfan 2Endosulfan sulfatep,p’- DDEp,p’- DDTp,p’- DDDDieldrin


ANALYSISANALYSIS



Total organochlorine residues (ppm)-Andhra Pradesh

Draks

ha Ram

a

Janka

m p

et

Uppalap

adu

Jata

prole

Kolleru

Kazip

et ta

nk

Man

dhyal T

ank

Nandal

ur tan

k

Chinna

tum

balam

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

m

Claria

s bat

rach

us

Labeo

rohita

Anabas

test

udineu

s

Catla

cat

la

Tila

pia m

ossam

bica

Cyprin

us ca

rpio

Channa

stria

tus

Channa

orienta

lis

Heter

opneust

es fo

ssili

s

Cirrhin

us m

rigal

a0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

RESULTS

SPECIES

WETLANDS

Total organochlorine residues (ppm) -Tamil Nadu

Kappal

ure

Gundur big

tank

Vaduvo

or

Sulur

R.S. M

angal

am

Alwar

kuric

hi

Map

pedu

Vandiy

ur tan

k

Kunnathur M

adura

i

Koothap

ar b

ig ta

nk

Avalp

oodurai

Suchin

daram

Ariyak

ulam

Palli

kara

nai M

arsh

Vemban

ur

Chembar

mbak

am

Singan

allu

r

Theroor c

omple

x0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

m

Hypophth

alm

icth

ys m

olitrix

Mys

tus

vitta

tus

Tilapia

moss

ambic

a

Cirrhin

us m

rigal

a

Heter

opneust

es fo

ssili

s

Labeo

rohita

Channa

orienta

lis

Channa

punctat

us

Anabas

test

udineu

s

chan

na st

riatu

s0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n i

n p

pm

RESULTS Con..

WETLANDS

SPECIES

Total organochlorine residues (ppm) - Karnataka

Heche

Man

dakhal

li-ke

re

Nagav

alli A

man

iker

e

Tum

kur

Krishnar

aj S

agar

Salag

aon v

illag

e ta

nk

Cauve

ry ri

ver s

tretc

h

Samundar

tala

b

Bannur

Tailu

r ker

e

Raran

dur Ker

e

Mar

chal

li ke

re

karig

ala

Kere

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

m

Heter

opneust

es fo

ssili

s

Cirrhin

us m

rigal

a

Cyprin

us ca

rpio

Catla

cat

la

Channa

stria

tus

Tila

pia m

ossam

bica

Claria

s bat

rach

us

Labeo

rohita

Anguilla

bicolo

r bic

olor

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

m

WETLANDS

SPECIES

Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Tami Nadu0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Variation in total organochlorine residues

Impact on the consumers?

How safe are the fishes for human consumption ?

If a person consumes 250 g of fish per week, what would be the Daily Dietary Intake of organochlorine pesticide?

SUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTIONSUITABILITY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

Name of the pesticide

C.punctatus C.striatus C.mrigala H. fossilis L.rohita

BHC 3.13 4.68 3.21 0.57 4.77

DDT 0.61 1.11 1.23 0.82 0.38

Dieldrin 0.03 0.00 0.14 0.07 0.12

Heptachlor 0.94 0.11 0.50 1.15 0.66

Chloridane 0.65 1.91 0.09 0.78 0.19

Endrin 2.88 2.21 0.52 7.01 0.45

Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) Limits

for pesticide [ug/person(60Kg)]

Pesticide Statutory agencies

Total DDT

Total HCH

Dieldrin

Endosulfan

Heptachlor epoxide

300

18

6

450

60

FAO/WHO 1971

Health Canada, 1996

(IARC)*

FAO/WHO 1971

FAO/WHO 1971

Concentration

in ug

* International Agency for Research on Cancer

Residues of one or more persistent pesticides were detected in fishes (100 %) from all

wetlands

HCH isomers were detected about 80 % of the fishes

Heptachlor epoxide (78%)

Endosulfan (66%)

DDT and its homologs (p,p’-constituents) were measured in 76 % of fishes

Inference

These pesticides are termed as endocrine disruptors, known to elicit their adverse effects by mimicking or antagonizing natural hormones in the body which are responsible for maintaining and controlling the normal development.

Although, pesticide concentrations measured in fishes from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu are safe for human consumption if the same concentrations continue to exit, in long run they will exert toxic effects.

UNDP

MOEF

SACON

and

State co-coordinators

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to

KARNATAKA

Naveein, O.CBangalore – 560 046. Mr. K. Manu,Mandya Dist.

Vijay Mohan Raj,Deputy Conservator of Forests, Gadag,

Mr. Gurunath Desai,31, Ashok Nagar,

K. Raghothama Rao, SEEK Foundation,Bangalore 560 019,

Mr. S. Sreevatsa,Bustard Nature Club,Raichur 584 101.

Mr. Manjunath Hegde,Hosabale 577 434,

Mr. Ameen Ahmed,Wildlife Aware Nature Club,Tumkur 572 101.

Mr. P.D.Sudarshan,Soil Health Centre,

Uttara Kannada District.

TAMIL NADU

Dr. M.ArunachalamAlwarkurichi

Dr T Badhri NarayananMadurai - 625 020

Dr. Robert B. GrubhNagarcoil -629003

Dr.K.ThiyagesanMayiladuthurai - 609 305

Mr Daniel Wesley, HTiruchirapalli – 620017

Dr.K. Sampath,Chidambaram 608 001.

Dr. RJ. Ranjit Daniels,Chennai – 600061

Mr. Preston Ahimaz,Chennai 600 018.

Dr. V. Kalaiarasan,Chennai 600 022.

Dr. V. KrishnamurthyChennai 600 114

Dr. S. Balachandran,Kanyakumari Dt.

ANDHRA PRADESH

Aasheesh PittieHyderabad 500034

Dr V. Vasudeva RaoHyderabad 500030

Dr B.V. Seshagiri RaoBhimavaram 534202

Siraj A. TaherHyderabad 500034

Mr. S. Sreevatsa,Raichur 584 101.

Rajeev MathewHyderabad 500082

K. Mrutyumjaya RaoKakinada

Sushil KapadiaHyderabad 500082

Dr C. SrinivasuluHyderabad 500007

S. Ashok KumarHyderabad 500033

Dr V. SantharamMadanapalli

Kiran K.Hyderabad

RajashekarSecunderabad 500017

State –coordinators

1. Mr S A Hussain (Karnataka)

2. Mr Aasheesh Pittie (Andhra Pradeh

3. Dr RJ Ranjit Daniels(Tamil Nadu)

s. muralidharan & v. dhananjayan s. muralidharan & v. dhananjayan persistent organochlorine...

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