rwsn7 paper presentation - wordpress.com

Le 7ème Forum du // 7th Forum of the Rural Water Supply Network : Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (29.11.2016 – 02.12.2016)

Towards Achieving A

Sustainable Community-led

Rural Water Supply

Management Model in

Zambia: Strides or Rhetoric

Sankwe Michael Kambole


1: Introduction

• 60% of population live in rural areas

• In 2005, 37% had access to safe water

supply; 41.9% in 2006 and 51.4% in 2010

• Driver was sector-wide reforms initiated

mid 1990’s new institutions and legal

frameworks

• NRWSSP elaborated and developed in

2005 guiding all interventions and

investments in WSS in rural areas


1: Introduction

• NRWSSP O&M component designed to

endure 70-80% water supply working all

time

• SOMAP as O&M core approach adopted

• Two aspects of adopted reform critical to

strengthening community-based mgmt.:

→Promoting community mgmt. and integrating

hygiene education in WSS;

→Human resource capacity development and

WASHE training in rural areas


2.Objectives

• Primary objective: Measure impacts made

by RWSS interventions and investments

• Secondary objective: Assess functionality

of community-based mgmt. structures of

RWSS


3: Context • RWSS from two projects assessed, i.e.

Central Province RWSS (2000-2007) and

NRWSSP (2010-2015)

• A total of 3,477 water points provided for in

CPRWSSP and 2,653 water points

planned under NRWSSP

• Breakdown for NRWSSP: 777

rehabilitations and 1,876 new water points

• BUT only 1,847 new water points

constructed and 1,847 V-WASHE

Committees established


4. Methodology

• Household questionnaires; FGD and

Interviews of Key Informants used

• Data collected from four districts (Kapiri

Mposhi and Serenje – CPRWSSP;

Samfwa and Kasama – NRWSSP)

• 300 HHQ each administered in Kapiri

Mposhi and Kasama, and 200 HHQ each

administered in Serenje and Samfya

• Stratified systematic sampling employed

for primary data collection


5. Results and Analysis

Uses

Water source types (percent)

Kapiri Mposhi and Serenje districts Samfya and Kasama districts

Borehole Protected well Unprotected

well

Surface

waterbodies Borehole Protected well

Unprotected

well

Surface

waterbodies

Drinking 80.6 5.2 10.0 4.2 68.5 16.5 6.8 8.5

Cooking 80.4 5.0 10.6 4.0 68.5 16.5 6.8 8.5

Bathing 79.6 5.4 10.8 4.2 73.1 13.8 5.4 7.7

Washing

clothes 79.6 5.8 10.4 4.2

74.6 13.1 4.6 7.7

Washing

utensils 79.6 5.4 10.8 4.2

74.6 13.1 4.6 7.7

• BH was primary source of drinking water

supply

→Effective O&M fundamental for continued

operations of BHs

→Common for community using multiple

sources of water supply


5. Results and Analysis • Multiple water points abandoned by

communities

• 61.2% abandoned between 1 and 4 water

supply sources while 38.4% had none

abandoned

Reason

Kapiri Mposhi and Serenje districts Samfya and Kasama districts

Frequency Valid per cent Frequency Valid per cent

Dried up water points 74 26.4 11 3.6

Declining groundwater levels 6 2.1 - -

Long distances to water points 3 1.1 112 36.4

Restricted access; borehole personalised 7 2.5 1 0.3

Poor water quality; i.e. rusty, dirty water 36 12.9 31 10.1

Water points broken down and not functioning 154 55.0 144 46.8

Failure to contribute towards O&M - - 1 0.3

Protected well collapsed - - 8 2.6

Total 280 100.0 308 100.0


5. Results and Analysis →Broken down hand pumps pointed to the lack

of maintenance A function of area pump

menders (APMs)

→APMs absent in majority of communities in all

the four districts assessed

• Only 31% in Samfya and Kasama districts

had active and dedicated APMs; and

30.8% in Kapiri Mposhi and Serenje

districts

• Only 9% contributed regularly towards

maintenance of water point in Samfya and

Kasama; and 8.1% in Kapiri and Serenje


7. Discussion • Absence of effective system at community

level supporting O&M As and when a

pump breaks down versus HH regular

monthly contributions

• Non-responsive and weak link between V-

WASHE and D-WASHE APMs ability to

manipulate the system with impunity

• Community as ‘means’ for smooth

programme implementation and not as

‘equal partners’ Absence of post project

implementation community mobilization


7. Discussion • High iron as the main cause of poor quality

of BH water High corrosive environment

versus naturally rich iron groundwater

• Establishing quality of groundwater prior to

completing BH installation Equal

weighted priority with establishing

functional community-led system

• Water quality data to inform technical

decision A usable water point versus a

unusable water point????


9. Lessons Learned • Nurturing V-WASHEs needs time

• Software key to community-led RWSS

• Full community participation key

• Groundwater quality vital input to good

borehole

• D-WASHEs oversight of V-WASHEs

vital in improved management of RWSS

• Linking V-WASHEs into already

established community-led initiatives

particularly in health sector is vital


9. Conclusion • Adequate investment a must for effective

community-led management structures --

time and training

• Adequate time essential for software

implementation in RWSS projects

• Effective D-WASHEs leads to effective V-

WASHEs – building strong community-led

management structures are a continuous

process

• Technologies to be responsive to local

environments


Thank You

rwsn7 paper presentation - wordpress.com

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