ruth maher and the cuny/wpu students; international sustainability field school in orkney2012

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Page 1: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012
Page 2: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

ROUSAYInherited Landscapes, Coastal Erosion & 

Sustainability Ruth Maher, PhD., Adjunct Lecturer  William Paterson University

Julie Bond, PhD. , Senior Lecturer, Bradford UniversitySteve Dockrill, Senior Lecturer,  Bradford University

Page 3: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

First Goal:  Community Archaeology

Creating a Vested Interest in the Past

– Kids Programs– Visitor Days– Established Tour Guides– Guest Book– Community Meet & Greets

Page 4: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Second Goal:  Undergraduate & Graduate Education

Student Outcomes• To learn archaeological techniques and 

teamwork• To understand and incorporate scientific 

methods of data collection• To apply that knowledge to overall 

research project• To study (and experience) the effects of 

Coastal Erosion and Climate Change

Page 5: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Third Goal:  Scientific Research 

– Human Interactions with the Landscape

– Impacts of Coastal Erosion & Climate Change

– Secrets to a Sustainable Future

Page 6: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012
Page 7: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012
Page 8: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Background of The Orkneys

• 5000+ years of agricultural success– With subsistence fishing, of course

• a/k/a “The Heart of the Neolithic”– Quite a strong showing of brochs too

• Windy, temperate climate• Salty winds and sprays attributed to healthy agricultural conditions and healthy animals

Page 9: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Rousay Archaeology

Page 10: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Neolithic:  3,700 ‐ 2,200 BCE

Page 11: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Neolithic Settlement:  RinyoExcavated in 1938 and 1946

Stone tools and Unstan Ware

long slabs separating spaces

Page 12: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Neolithic Period Space

Page 13: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Maes Howe Chambered Tomb

Page 14: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Bronze Age:  2,200 – 700 BCE

Page 15: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Burnt Mound:  Excavated 2009

Page 16: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Bronze Period Space

Page 17: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Iron Age:  700 BCE – AD 400

Page 18: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Mousa Broch, Shetland

Page 19: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Iron Age Space

Page 20: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Viking/Norse 800‐1200

Page 21: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Rousay provides the opportunity to study the resilience of an island community to climatic and environmental change from the Neolithic to 

the modern day.

Coastal Erosion is an unavoidable issue and research is targeting vulnerable sites with very limited life spans in terms of survival but with 

multi‐period occupation sequences.

Research at Swandro

Page 22: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Current Research

• Focus – Swandro• Norse Hall adjacent to other remains

• Broch?– Maybe still…

• Neolithic Chambered Tomb– 5000 years continuous use

• Test Pits• Survey• Auguring• Excavation

Page 23: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Test Pits in Surrounding Fields

Midhowe Broch, 2010 Swandro, 2011

Page 24: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Deep Time Agricultural Soils

• Throughout fields, substantial evidence long‐term agricultural activity

Page 25: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Landscape Model• Two early trenches• GIS interpolated surface reveals overall 

characteristics of mound• 2011 Excavation

– Revealed a “Broch”

Page 26: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

2012 Revealed a Chambered Tomb

Page 27: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Could there have been more?

Compiled by Mark Littlewood

Page 28: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Well‐Constructed Feature Coming 

Through…

Page 29: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Area D • Series of wall features • Perpendicular to the sea• At similar level (and 

below) nearby Norse Hall

Page 30: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Climate:  Past & Future• The Mid‐Holocene saw 

substantial changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns. 

• In the North Atlantic, sediment cores suggest sea surface temperatures warmed between 8000 & 5000 ka

• We see increasing temperatures out of the Bronze Age increasing through the Viking Age

• We are back to levels we saw 2000 years ago

• Understanding the Sociocultural changes and adaptations will help us in the future

Page 31: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Race Against Time

Page 32: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012
Page 33: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012
Page 34: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012

Potential on Rousay• We already see long‐term occupation at Swandrofrom the Neolithic through Norse periods.  

• As work continues, we have the opportunity to study all details of this sequence (before the sea swallows it up) providing the opportunity to– Create models which will lead us to a more complete occupation and use of landscape in Rousay and the Orkneys

– Create models of past adaptations to climate change, both abrupt and gradual as well as effective and ineffective approaches

– Prepare for wherever the future takes us

Page 35: Ruth Maher and the CUNY/WPU students; International Sustainability Field School in Orkney2012