russian revolution. byzantine empire location: balkan peninsula, middle east and parts of italy...
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Byzantine EmpireLocation: Balkan peninsula, Middle East
and parts of ItalyCrossroads of Europe and AsiaNatural center for trade
Byzantine EmpirePreserved Ancient cultures:
copies of ancient Greek and Roman texts were saved despite destruction in the west.
New Form of Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church /Great Schism over icons 1054
Code of Justinian: Emperor: Justinian consolidated Roman laws into a single legal code. Strict Code/influenced later western legal systems
Engineering and Architecture: Church of Hagia Sophia
Byzantine Influence on Russia
Byzantine trade with early Russian Cities influenced Russia in significant ways.Cyrillic AlphabetEastern Orthodox ReligionArt and Architecture Style of government
Russia 800 AD Byzantine Empire 800AD
Absolute Monarchy in RussiaPeter the GreatGoal: Modernize and Westernize
RussiaWhy: Isolation by Mongols for 200
years. Missed out on Renaissance and Scientific Revolution.
How: visit western Europe; send Russians to study in Western Europe; hire western experts
Effect: modernize roads, ports, infrastructure: changed the way Russians dressed and ate.
Modernize military
BackgroundBIG IDEA: Long Term Causes
Industrialization and reform came more slowly to Russia than Western Europe:
Problems Political Economic Social
Reforms did not satisfy Russians
Absolute rulers feared losing control (Alexander III, some Nicholas II)
Serfs in debt to nobles
Urban workers worked long hours in cities, low pay
Rigid social structure
Persecuted all non – Russians including Jews (pogroms)
Small middle class (no power)
Leading to Revolution
Russian loss in Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)Japan emerged as a major threat to Russian interests in
the east Russia, lost confidence in the old regime.
Bloody Sundaypeaceful marchers were asking for higher wages, a shorter work day, better working conditions, a
legislative assembly, and universal manhood suffragehundreds dead and hundreds more wounded
Revolution of 1905 Duma established (legislative branch): little power
Impact of WWIRussia still not
industrialized
1915 over 2 million Russians die on the front
Soldiers do not have sufficient rifles, ammunition or medical care military defeats
Poor leadership from czar Nicholas II
Russian Revolution 1917(Two Revolutions: March and November)
CAUSES1.Heavy losses of WWI2.Food shortages3.Loss of military defeats4.Return of Lenin (leader of Bolsheviks)
1. Enemy of czar2. Called for classless society3. Communist (Marx)
Bolshevik Revolution 1917Goals1.Overthrow the czar and government2.Ideas of Karl Marx applied to Russia3.Lenin promised..
“PEACE, LAND & BREAD!!!”(slogan)
Bolshevik Revolution of 1917Results1.Bolshevik- run soviets (councils of workers
and soldiers)2.control government3.Ideas of MARX!!!!!!!! 4.End of private ownership of land5.Peace with Germany Treaty of Brest
Litovsk6.Outbreak of civil war
Civil War1. Whites (czar) vs. Reds
(communists)2. Reds win using brutal tactics
(secret police/ murdering of former czar & family)
3. New symbol of government – Red flag with entwined hammer and sickle symbolized union between peasants and workers
4. Bolsheviks renamed Communists…. Sound familiar???
Lenin Rules RussiaPolitical
1. 1922 Union of Soviet Socialists Republics were formed
2. Communist party has real power, not people
3. Communists were only legal party
Lenin Rules RussiaEconomic
1. Took over economy (disaster)
2. New Economic Policy (NEP)Gov’t controlled banks, industry, tradeSome private ownership
Lenin TO Stalin
(Soviet Leader 1917-1924)
GOALWants to create classless
society
PRACTICESAllows some private
business, peasants hold land
Standard of living rises
Soviet Leader (1924- 1953)
GOALMake USSR into modern
industrial power with all production under government control
PRACTICESCreates command
economyAll agriculture under
gov’t controlPeasants live on group
farmsStandard of living falls
Stalin
1924 Lenin dies and a fight to succeed him begins.
Creates a Command EconomyCommand economy: government
officials make all basic economic decisions
GOAL???
StalinTotalitarian Dictatorship
One- party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of citizens
Used propaganda to make himself a heroCensored newsAgainst capitalismTried to show good of communism
Stalin’s Domestic PoliciesWhat is meant by domestic policies?Policies enacted within the borders of a country.
What is meant by foreign policy?Policies enacted outside the borders of a country.
Domestic PolicyWhat was the main goal of Stalin’s domestic policies?INDUSTRIALIZATIONIncrease Industrial output so that the Soviet Union could become a world power
Increase agricultural production
Centralize his control through terror
Stalin’s Five year plan’sWhat were Stalin’s five year plans? What
did they entail?
Increasing Industrial and Agricultural output
In other words produce more goods
How?Through the use of communist principles and
terror.Huge spending plan on modernization.
Stalin’s Five Year PlansWhat type of industry was the focus of
Stalin’s five year plans?Heavy industry such as steel, electricity,
concrete, mines and railroads
Why did he focus on those industries?Necessary to strengthen the Soviet militaryAllowed the Soviets to compete in the worldInfrastructure of a country/roads, buildings,
bridges, tunnels, ports
Did industrial output increase? yes Extremely successful
1927 1932 1937
Coal35 million
tons64 mt (75 mt
target)128 mt (152 mt
target)
Oil12 million
tons21 mt (22 mt
target)29 mt (47 mt
target)
Iron Ore 5 million tons12 mt (19 mt
target)unknown
Pig Iron 3 million tons6 mt (10 mt
target)15 mt (16 mt
target)
Steel 4 million tons6 mt (10 mt
target)
18 mt (17 mt target)mt =
millions of tons
Agricultural ProductionPolicy of collectivization: forcing peasants
to give up small farms and live on state owned farms
Who were the Kulaks?Wealthy peasants who resisted Stalin’s
orders to collectivize.
Outcome of this resistance?Mass killings and forced migrations. Ukraine
(breadbasket of the Soviet Union)Mass starvationsGenocide killing of one race or ethnic group