SUBJECT : RURAL ECONOMICS

SECTION I – INTRODUCTION TO THE INDIAN ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENT

Basic Characteristics of Indian Economy:

• Per capita income,• Occupation, • Unemployment,• Poverty,• Population pressure etc.

1. LOW PER CAPITA INCOME :– Low per Capita Income :- India is a

Developing Country.– Developing Economies are marked by the

existence of low per capita income. – The per capita income of an Indian in 2005

was $ 720, which have been increased to $ 950 in the year 2007 (as per World Development Report, 2009).

– During 2007-08 the per capita income of an Indian was Rs. 37,328/-.

– During 2008-09 the per capita income of an Indian was Rs.38,695/-.

– During 2009-10 the per Capita Income of an – Indian was Rs.40,745/-

• The Per capita Income is still low as compared to other developing countries.

Per Capita National Income (in $) of 10 Countries :

Country GNP (in Billion $) Per Capita National Income (in $) USA 13886.5 46040

Japan 4813.3 37670Germany 3197.0 38860U.K. 2608.5 42740China 3120.9 2360France 2447.1 38500Italy 1991.3 33540Spain 1321.8 29450Canada 1300.0 39420India 1069.4 950

(Source :World Development Report , 2009).Figures pertains to the year 2007.

• OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN IS PRODUCING (Agriculture):

– One of the basic characteristics of an underdeveloped/developing country is that it is primary producing.

– A very high population is engaged in Agriculture, which contributes a large share in the NATIONAL INCOME.

• About 58% of its population is engaged in Agriculture and its contribution to NATIONAL INCOME is about 18.5 %, Whereas in developed countries very few percent population is engaged in production of Agriculture.

% OF ACTIVE POPULATION ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN OF GDP IN 2005

Country Total Population Agril. Industry Services engaged In Agril.

U.K. 1 1 26 73U.S.A. 4 1 22 77JAPAN 5 2 30 68THAILAND 45 10 44 46PAKISTAN 52 22 25 53CHINA 47 13 47 40INDIA 58 19 27 54

Source : World Bank Report (2007)

• Indian Economy is producing because Agriculture contributes about 19% of its National Income while 58% of population is engaged in Agriculture.

• Productivity per person in India is very low.

HEAVY POPULATION PRRESSURE

i. High Level of Birth Rate (with falling level of death rate).

ii. Growth Rate during the Census period was as under :

– 1941-50 1.31% , 1980-1991 : 2.14%

– 1991-2001 1.93%– 2000-2005 1.50 (on average basis)– 2005-2009 1.54% (tentative basis)

iii. Rising population imposes greater economic burdens.

iv. Rising population leads to more unemployed.

EXISTENCE OF CHRONIC UNEMPLOYMENT & UNDER EMPLOYMENT :• More population pressure more unemployment.• Low Capital availability, slow expansion of

Industries. Entire population cannot be employed.

• More population is engaged in Agricultural production than required(58.54 per cent)

• Absence of alternative employment opportunities in villages, force our population to remain busy in Agricultural work.

• Rate of unemployment during 1990-2000 was 7.32% which has risen to 8.36% during 2004-05.(Unemployment increased) which has further increased to about 10% during 2007-08.

LOW RATE OF CAPITAL FORMATION • There was Capital deficiency in India during

1950-60.• Amount of capital per head available was low.• The Rate of Capital formation was also low as

compared with other developed countries.

• Savings are low i.e. 23% in 2003-04 which has increased to 34.8% in 2006-07. Thus there is an improvement in Capital Formation during last few years, and have further increased to 39.1% in 2007-08.

• More capital more Investment. More savings are required for development of India. Present rate of savings is very low as compared to developed countries.

• MALDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH/ASSETS (Disparities in Income Distribution) :-

– High disparity in income/wealth distribution in India, i.e. wide gap is there.

– 39% of Rural population possesses only 5% of all the rural assets while, on the other hand, 8% top households possess 46% of total rural assets.

• Income disparities are more in Urban areas as compared with those of Rural areas.

DOMINANCE OF AGRICULTURE AND HEAVY POPULATION PRESSURE ON AGRICULTURE :

– Land labour ratio is not favourable in India.– Per Capita Land availability is very low and on the

contrary, labour use per Hectare is very high in India.

– Agriculture sector provides livelihood to about 65% of the total population and contributes 18.5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

OVER-POPULATION :– Indian population as per 2001 census was

102.87 Crore which is 16.7% of the world population and India holds only 2.42% of total land area of the world.

– Population growth rate is about 1.5% per year after the last Census held in 2001.

UNBALANCED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:-• India has not yet achieved the goal of

balanced economic development.• About 64% of total labour force is dependent

on Agriculture,• 16% labour force is dependent on Industries

and • 20% labour force is dependent on Trade,

Transport and other services.

• LACK OF INDUSTRIALISATION (Prevalence of low level of Technology)

– India lacks in large industrialisation based on Modern and Advanced Technology resulting slow development in the Economy.

– It is due to low level of Capital available in India. Industrialisation needs investment.

Industrial Growth remained as under (as per Plan Period)

(including Mining, Manufacturing and Power Generation):

(a) 6th Plan 3.5%(b) 7th Plan 8.5%(c) 8th Plan 8.1%(d) 9th Plan 4.5%(e) 10th Plan 8.7%(f) 11th Plan 10.0% (expected)

LOW LEVEL OF LIVING OF THE AVERAGE INDIAN (Poverty in India) :-

– An average Indian is not taking a balanced diet.– There is low calorie intake and low level of

consumption of Protein.– Minimum intake of calories requires for sustaining is

2100 calories whereas intake of Indian is 2496 (in 1999) and the average calorie intake of food in most of the developed countries is over 3400 calories.

• In 2004-05 nearly 28% of the population in India lived below the poverty line which now by 2008-09 have reduced to about 18% of the population and it is doubtful whether the poor get a minimum intake of even 2100 calories.

• In balanced diet intake of Fruits, fish or meat, butter and sugar , vegetables and protein along with cereals is included but it is doubtful that poor population of India (about 20%) is getting a balanced diet.

• Malnutrition- Drinking Water, Milk, Protein diet, etc. are not available to average Indian as is available to people of developed countries like USA, UK, Japan, France, Canada, etc.

• HOUSING POSITION : There are Permanent, Semi-permanent and Temporary type of houses. About 52% of the households were living in permanent houses, about 30% were living in Semi-permanent and 18% were living in temporary houses i.e. Kuccha house.

• DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN UNDER DEVELOPED COUNTRY:

(i) High density of population exists in India as compared to developed countries.

(ii) Average expectation of life is low and infant mortality rates are high.

• Density of population in India and other developed countries is as under (comparative position):

S.No. Name of Country Density of Population per Sq. Km.

1. India 373 (2006)2. U.S.A. 333. Canada & Australia 44. China 1415. Other countries 50 (average)

• The population of children is higher in India than in the advanced countries in the age group of 0 to 14 years (33.5%), 15 to 64 age group the population is 61.5% and remaining above the age group of 65 years.

• Thus non-productive population is higher. There is decline in children below the age group of 15 years in 2006 (32.1% as compared to 33.5% in 2001.)

• ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF STANDARD OF LIVING:

– There are so many Socio-economic indicators which shows that India is far behind the developed countries so far as these indicators of standard of living are concerned.

Countrywise Per capita daily intake

Fats Protein Calories• India 45 gms 59 gms. 2496• China 71 ,, 77 gms. 2897• Japan 83 gms. 96 gms. 2932• U.S.A. 143 gms 112gms 3699• U.K. 141 gms 93gms 3276

(Source : Tata Services Ltd. Statistical Outline of India (2000)

• Illiteracy rate is also very high in India.• About 25% are illiterate in India as

compared to developed countries where less than 5% are illiterate.

• Literacy rate in India (2001) – 64.8%• State with highest Literacy – Kerala

(90.90%)• State with lowest Literacy-Bihar (47%)

INDIAN ECONOMY• GDP. GROWTH RATE & PER CAPITA INCOME:• YEAR. PER CAPITA INCOME GDP GROWTH RATE.• 2002-03 18,885 3.8%• 2003-04 20,871 8.5%• 2004-05 23,198 7.3%• 2005-06 26,003 9.5%• 2006-07 29,524 9.7%• 2007-08 33,283 9.0%• 2008-09 38,084 6.7% • 2009-10 40,745 6.9%

RURAL ECONOMY – CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS.INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE RURAL ECONOMY :-

• Prosperity of a country depends directly upon the Development of –

AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRY and SERVICES

I) AGRICULTURE: Agricultural production requires :(a) Agril. Land(Development of waste- land),(b) Irrigation(Flood control and CAD),(c) Credit facility. (For Inputs – Seeds, Fertilizers etc.),(d) Transport Facilities,(e) Warehouses for Storage.

II.INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION REQUIRES:-

• Land, Machinery & Equipments,• Skilled Manpower, (Tech. qualified)• Management, (Professionals)• Power/Energy (Electricity, Coal, Oil, Gas

Solar Energy etc.)• Banking and Insurance facilities (for Credit

needs and Security).

• Marketing Facilities (including Raw Material and Finished Goods)

• Transport Services : ---it includes –• Roads (High ways, State ways etc.)• Railways,• Shipping facilities,• Air Cargo facilities,• Communication facilities ( Posts &

Telegraphs, Telecommunication services etc.)

All these facilities and services which help in Industrial and Agril. Production constitute collectively Infrastructure of Economy.

III – SERVICE SECTOR: Service sector is increasing every year. During last two Plan periods, India’s GDP

towards Service Sector is around 57%.

The Development and Expansion of these facilities are an essential pre-condition for increasing Agricultural and Industrial Production in a country.

• NATURAL RESOURCES & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:-

Natural Resources means:-• Land• Water Resources• Fisheries• Mineral Resources• Forests• Marine Resources• Climatic Conditions• Rainfall.

• Some of the above mentioned Natural Resources are known to people. There are un-discovered (hidden) resources which are hidden under the earth, for example:--

• Minerals (Calcium, Phosphates, limestone etc.)

• Metals (Gold, Silver, Copper, Zinc, Iron etc.)• Water (Drinking water and Sea Water with

other products of sea)• Oil & Natural Gases.

Man needs to develop techniques of knowing UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES through –SATELITE (as discovered by developed countries like U.S.A. France, Canada, Germany, Japan etc.)

TWO TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES ARE THERE:-

• RENEWABLE RESOURCES (Land, Water, Forests, fisheries etc.

• EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES: (Minerals,• Mineral Oils & Gases.

These exhaustible resources can be used ONCE ONLY.

Total Land available to INDIA is 329 Million Hectares

.LAND RESOURCES:(in Million Hectares):

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Particulars. AREA(MH) Percent

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. TOTAL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 329 1002. BARREN LAND (Not in use) 19 143. AREA UNDER FORESTS 69 234. PERMANENT PASTURES LAND 11 3

(For grazing by animals-grass, bushes)5. CULTIVABLE WASTE LAND 18 6

6. FALLOW LAND (Not used for last 1 yr.) 22 8Due to shortage of water.

7.Net Area Sown (sown more than once in 141 46A year (double crop area)

8.Area sown more than once (double/ 49 16Triple crops—Vegetable crops or Grass).

9.TOTAL CROPPED AREA 190 62(7 + 8 )—About 57% of total land available.

Note : Upto 2003 the cultivable land use was 43% only which have increased by 14% in last 7 years.Source : C.S.O.

LATEST POSITION OF LAND-USE :

– Net sown area by 2001 was 145 Million Hectare.

– By 2008 , it was 150 Million Hectares.– By 2009, it was about 160 Million Hectares.– Land use have been increased in past 10

years.

(B) Cultivated and cultivable land is disappearing (reducing) due to Construction of Building and metalled roads and Good Agricultural Land is destroyed to produce Bricks for House Construction.

B. Scope for Agril. Production :- (i) Most of the land is under-utilized, un-irrigated,

Single-cropped and low-yielding. Still Scope for Agricultural Production is

Available and Land can be used Scientifically.(ii) More area can be brought under irrigated and

Cultivable land, so SCOPE –EXISTS FOR AGRI. PRODUCTION.

QUESTION

Why Agricultural Production?

ANSWER : • A. Population is 102.87 Crores (Census 2001)• Estimated population is About 115.0 Crores upto

2010. • B. India needs 400MT of Food-grains (Million

Tonnes).• C. Presently Production is 233MT(foodgrains)

Deficit is ---- -- 167 MT (foodgrains) D. Population is increasing – 17 million/year

• (Growth rate is 1.5% annually).

INDIA CAN MEET THIS CHALLENGE AS PER OUR AGRICULTURAL SCIENTISTS AND MORE FOOD-GRAINS CAN BE PRODUCED (The need of Second Green Revolution) by Use of Hybrid Seeds.

Again Question arises – What is needed ?

Answer : • Agriculture Needs : • LAND + WATER + SUNLIGHT

AND INDIA HAVE IT SO AGRIL. PRODUCTION CAN BE INCREASED.India have :

- Un-irrigated Land’ - Single Cropped area of land, - Low-yielding Land.

So, DOUBLE CROPPING IN INDIA IS POSSIBLE.=============================

FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA

• Definition :- Food Security means access by all people at all-times to enough food for an active & Healthy Life.

• (- World Development Report-1986)• Food Security means –ensuring that all

people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic Food they need.

• ( Food and Agriculture Organisation’83)

• Thus Food Security means –• (i) Adequate Physical availability of

Food to entire population of country.• (ii) People have enough purchasing

power so that they can acquire the Food they need.

• (iii) Food should be of Good Quality and in Adequate Quantity with nutritional value.

• (iv) Food should be available timely, and on a Long-term basis.

• A country has to ensure the food Security when Population is increasing and demand also increases. So more production of food has to be ensured for future.

• STAGES OF FOOD SECURITY FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRY (Like INDIA):- Four Stages are there:-

Stage –I : To make available an adequate quantity of Cereals available to all. Cereals means Food-grains i.e. WHEAT, RICE, MAIZE, BAJRA etc.

• Stage 2.:Food Security as adequate availability of CEREALS & PULSES:

• Cereals : Wheat, Rice, Maize, Bajra etc.• Pulses : Gram, Peas, Beans, Moong,• Arhaar, Urad etc.• Stage 3 : Availability of Cereals + Pulses

+ Milk and Milk Products such as Butter, Ghee, Paneer, Curd, Lassi , Chach etc.

• Stage -4: Cereals + Pulses + Milk & Milk Products + Vegetables & Fruits along with

• Fish, Egg & MeatSELF-SUFFICIENCY IN FOOD & FOOD

SECURITY:-• Till 1965-66, India was borrowing Food-

grains from USA & other countries under PL-480 Programme. In the year 1965-66 there was SEVERE DROUGHT existed.

• Prime-Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi brought the concept of GREEN REVOLUTION.

• Dr. M.S. Swaminathan designed the policy of giving subsidized SEED & Fertilizers to Farmers with water facility and it took about 10 years to over-come the problem of Food Security.

• India felt self sufficent in Food in 1975-76.

• Effects of Green Revolution:-• 1) It reduced imports of Food grains.• 2) India became self-sufficient by 1976.• 3) Food security situation exists from

1976 onwards till today in our country.• SPECIAL ATTENTION FROM IXTH PLAN

WAS GIVEN FOR FOOD SECURITY (1997-2002) & CONTINUING IN X & XI Plan.

• India started building-up Food-security system to face the threats of FAMINE & DROUGHT CONDITIONS.

• In last 50 years, India has not faced any severe Famine.

• Thus, Indian Farmer’s efforts in Production of Food-grains are a success.

• PROGRESS ON FOOD-GRAINS FRONT REVEALS THE FOLLOWING :--

• (a) Food-grain Production:– 1950-51 51 Million Tonnes.– 2006-07 213 Million Tonnes.– 2007-08 217.3 Million Tonnes.– 2008-09 231.7 Million Tonnes.– 2009-10 220.0 Million Tonnes– Food-grain production is > 4 times of 1950-51.

• (b) Population Growth :– 1950-51 361 Millions.– 2000-01 1020 Millions.– 2001-2010 1170 Millions

Population growth is 3.1 times of 1950-51.(c) Share of Wheat and Rice increased as under:

1950-51 - 53% 2001-02 - 78% 2006-07 - 92.9%

• Share of Cereals increased as under:-• 1950-51 84% - All Food-grains.• 2006-07 94% - All food-grains.

– Share of Pulses declined from 16% to 6% in last 10 years. So there is a need to grow more various pulses in the country.

• BALANCED DIET :• Balanced diet is still not available to every

Indian which consists of :--– 1. Needed Cereals (Wheat, Rice, Maize etc.)– 2. Necessary quantity of Pulses (Gram,Peas)– 3. Needed Green Vegetables & fruits

including Fish, Egg & Meat, Milk and Milk products.

• GOVT.’S FOOD SECURITY SYSTEM:• PDS System : Food-grains & other items

of food are available in open-market for every-one. But for poor people and for BPL families Govt. have separate distribution system known as PDS, which is through some Agencies i.e. PACS, or Authorised Dealers or Ration Shop.

• Govt. is making available Food-grains to Poor/BPL families through PDS at Subsidized rate i.e. at Lower rate than market rate. But it is not reaching to all needy house-holds.

• Govt. needs to improve its existing system as Under :-

• (i) Increasing Employment Opportunities by opening more distribution Depot/center

• ii) Promoting Rural Dev. that focuses on the poor (i.e. opportunities of Employment to earn so that they can buy Food-grains & other items as Nutrition-food. Examples are- MNREGP & PMGSY (earning through employment in rural area).

• (iii) Allotment of Land to poor people & access to Natural Resources (to grow something or start some Economic Activity like DAIRY, GOAT/SHEEP rearing etc.)

• Example – Through SHG Finance.• (iv) Providing Cheap Credit to poor

house-holds through following Agencies:• PACS, SHGs, NGO’s-RRB, CCBs & CBs.

• (v) Introducing income transfer scheme (Maha- NREGA) including provision of PDS system of subsidized Cheaper Food.

• PACS/Banks have started financing in many parts of our country (in Remote area).

• (vi) Keeping constant the price of Food.• (vii) Special arrangement of Food during

National disasters like Drought, Flood etc.

NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION:• (Under XIth Plan 2007-12)• National Development Council have

decided to increase the production of RICE, WHEAT & PULSES by 10, 8, & 2 Million Tonnes respectively, by the end of XIth Five year Plan period.

• FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION:• In India, under-nutrition is a problem

for :--a) Pregnant and Lactating women.b) Vitamin –A deficiency exist in newly born

child.c) Iron deficiency in women & child.d) Iodized salt is not in the reach of all poor

(Non-availability of Balanced Diet.).

• PDS have been redesigned as Targeted PDS (TPDS) where higher rates of subsidies have been given to the poor and the poorest among poor.( For Tribals in Hilly and Desert & Remote area).

• Govt. have introduced Food Coupons. Poor person has better choice to buy outside the PDS outlets. Smart Card system have also been introduced by Govt. (it will reduce bogus Ration-cards)

• *************

• BALANCED DIET :• Balanced Diet is still not available to

every Indian which consists of :-• 1. Needed Cereals (Wheat, Rice, Maize)• 2. Necessary quantity of Pulses (Gram,

Peas, Urad, Moong, Arhar, Soyabean etc.)• 3. Needed Vegetables & Fruits • 4. Fish, Egg, Meat etc.

• GOVT.’S FOOD SECURITY SYSTEM :--• (PDS STSTEM): Food-grain and other

items of food are available in open market for every-one. But for poor people and BPL families Govt. have developed a system of distribution known as P.D.S.

• Govt. is making available Food grains to poor/BPL families through PDS at …..

• Subsidised rates i.e. at lower rate than market rate. But still it is not reaching to all needy house-holds.

• GOVT. NEEDS TO IMPROVE ITS EXISTING SYSTEM AS UNDER :--

• (I) Increasing Employment opportunities (by opening more distribution depot or centers).

• (ii) Promoting Rural Dev. that focuses on the Poor (Employment opportunities to earn so that they can buy food-grains and other items as Nutrition-Food.).

• (iii) Allotment of land to poor people and access to Natural Resources (to grow something or start some Economic Activity like Dairy, Goat/Sheep rearing etc.)

• (iv) Providing cheap credit for poor house-holds through following financial agencies:– 1. PACS– 2. NGO’s– 3. MFI’s– 4. RRBs– 5. CCBs– 6. Commercial Banks(including private banks

• (v) Introducing income transfer scheme i.e. NREGA including provision of PDS system of subsidised cheaper food.

• PACS/RRBs and other banks have started it, in many parts of our country.

• (vi) Keeping constant the Price of Food-grain.

• (vii) Special arrangement of food during….

• National Disasters like Drought, Flood, Earth-quack and other Natural- calamities.

• NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION (Under XIth plan 2007-2012):-

• National Development Council decided to increase the production of Rice, Wheat, and Pulses by 10,8 and 2 Million Tonnes respectively, by the end of the plan period.

• FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION :-• In India, under-nutrition is a problem for –• (i) Pregnant and Lactating women.• (ii) Vitamin-’A’ deficiency exist in newly

born child.• (iii) Iron deficiency in women & Child.• (iv) Iodised Salt is not in the reach of all

poor.

ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHN- OLOGY IN RURAL DEV.

• IT is the industry in which Computers and other supporting equipments are used for spread of knowledge.

• IT means Computers and Communication Technology along-with associated Software.

• IT is IVth Factor of production (for Rural people/farmers).

Factors of Production are :

• I - LAND• II- LABOUR• III- CAPITAL• IV- INFORMATION (through –• Technology)• Thus, Information is used as a Raw-

Material of knowledge.

• IT has integrated the world by the use of INTERNET.

• It is possible to download Information from any part of the world after the introduction of WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW).

• TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: Two Types:

• (1) Basic Communication Infrastructure.• (2) New Communication Technology.

• 1. BASIC COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE:

• (A)News-paper– (B) Radio– (C) Television– (D) Telephone(2) NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY:

(a) Computer (b) Mobile (c) Internet/ Broad-band and (d) Fax with Phone & Photo

• GOI Programmes on Net-work planned as under ( for Rural Development):-

• 1. Educational Programme through Satellite (1975-76) for Farmers started.

• 2. Health Programmes on TV.• 3. Family Planning Programmes

(through Inset system in 1983.• 4.Distance Education system (Television)

• Audio-Visual Medium started in 1986.• Other Rural Dev. Programmes through

Television Sets. (At Gram Panchayat Level for villagers).

• GOI has made arrangements for linking all the Agril. Institutions and KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA’s (Farm Science Centers) at District level for Farmers Capacity Development Centers.

• Agril. Universities (46 + 1 CAU) - 47• Krishi Vigyan Kendras -589• Farmers has been connected with these

Institutions/Kendra upto 2007.• KISAN CALL CENTRES: (Toll Free-1551):• Farmers are getting information through

KCC from any part of country. Queries of Farmers are answered on Telephone.

• Farmers can contact AGRIL. SCIENTISTS between 9.00 AM to 6.00PM to clarify their doubts and get Technological and marketing information on :--

• (i) Agriculture, (2) Animal Husbandry,• (iii) Fisheries, (4) Horticulture and

allied fields.

• SYSTEM OF ANSWERING TO QUERRIES OF FARMERS:-

• Level -1 : Agril.Under-graduates answer • the queries of Farmers• (Students are trained).• Level -2 : Scientists of the University • answer the queries (SMS)

• SMS are from Agronomy, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Soil Science ,Dairy Technology etc.

• Level – 3 : Nodal Agency gives the reply • within 72 hours to the caller.• Nodal Agency may be any one of the

following: -1. Agril. University.• 2. Agril. (Govt.) Department.

• Extension Education Department,• Outsource Agency (well identified and

notofied ).• Information to farmers and rural people is

given through following means of IT :-• 1. RADIO MEDIA : Chopal, Gram

Sansar, Krishi-Varta, Kheti Aur Kisan, Krishi Gyan,Krishi Darshan etc.

• 2. FM –RADIO: Gyan wani (At Fixed time).

• 3. Television Media: Govt. Programmes are providing information to farmers from time to time.

• 4. E-tv.- Gives Agril. Programmes.• 5. E-Governance :- It is an official Website of

State Govt. to know the information on Agril. and Rural activities.

• 6. INTERNET KIOSKS: e-mail and voice-mail for use by Bankers for Rural people. Information about loan facility, interest rates etc.

• Thus, now a days the Technological guidance is available at the village level to improve the production and earn more with market information- for better living.

• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY has to be transformed to villages. It will reduce poverty. Vision-2025 can be achieved.

• Traditional systems are Cost-effective so far as information knowledge is required to be made available to Rural people as compared to Information Technology.

• INFORMATION NEEDS TO BE :• (a) Authentic• (b) Timely available• (c) To all rural people, for Rural Dev.

• WORK DONE ON I.T. BY SOME STATES: • 1. Tamil Nadu (Veterinary & Animal Sc.

University)• 2. Karnataka (Agril. University).• 3. Rajasthan (Agril. University).• 4. Like-wise other Universities are also there.• I.T. and Rural Extension have been done by

T.N. University in India.

• THEME: Some villages have to be identified as HUB or Centre for information in every block/district to cater to the needs of Farmers and other rural people. Following Experts requires at such Centre:

• 1.Agril. Deptt.• 2. Animal Husbandry Dept.• 3. Health Department.

• INFORMATION MAY BE GIVEN TO YOUTH REGARDING FOLLOWING AREAS:

• 1. About various Crops.• 2. Seeds, Hybreed Seeds (H.Y.Variety).• 3. Types of Fertilizers to be used :

– (a) Chemical, (b) Compost, (c) Organic (d) Bone-ash. (e) Neem-leaves (f) other manures. (Cow-dung etc.)

• 4. Quantity to be used (Per Acre)• 5. Time for sowing different Crops.• 6. Time for giving Irrigation & Fertilizer .• 7. Pest Control• 8. Insect control and its treatment.• 9. Soil Treatment and Testing.• 10.Testing of Water (saline water).• 11. Market price of various Commodities.

• 12. Availability of various inputs & Economics.• 13. Treatment of Live-stocks/Animals• 14.Marketing of Agril. produce & Milk.• 15. Health issues.• 16.Youth employment schemes- Self-

Employment Schemes.• 17.SHG/NGO/MFIs.• 18 TRYSEM,NERGA, PMGSY/ other schemes.• 19. Any other relevant issues of RD.

• 4. Panchayati Raj.Deptt.(3-Tier system)• 5. Education Deptt. (Primary & Secondry)• 6. Bank (Lead Bank or its Agency Bank)

– The above department experts will give Training and Skill Development Trg. To local area people who are basicallly educated (X/XII Pass) youth to take this task to give services to Rural People. It will also fulfil the implementation of PURA-Model of RD.

WOMEN HEADED ENTERPRISES

• WOMEN HEADED ENTERPRISES AND THEIR ROLE IN NEW RURAL ECONOMIC STRUCTURE.

• WOMEN WITH HISTORY:• 1. Kamla Nehru - Brave,& connected • with Freedom movement.• 2. Kasturba Gandhi –Freedom Movement. • 3. Sarojini Naidu --Freedom Movement.• 4. Queen of Jhansi –Laxmi Bai (for courage

& Glory in History)

• NOTABLE WOMEN IN INDIA:-• 1. Peot: Mahadevi Verma• 2. Administrator: Ahilyabai of Holkar.• 3. Ist Women Ambassador : Mrs. Vijay

Laxmi Pandit.• 4. Prime Minister : Mrs. Indira Gandhi• 5.Ist Lady I.P.S. Officer :Smt. Kiran Bedi

(and now Social Activist).

• 6. Mrs.Pratibha Devi Singh Patil –Hon’ble President of India.

• 7. Indian Lady in Space :- Kalpna Chawla.WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS :- 1. Smt. Jaswanti Ben Popat (80 years)

completed 50 years in business of “LIZZAT PAPAD”.

2. Chanda Kocchar –ED –ICICI Bank.

• 3. Akhila Srinivasan- MD-Shriram Inv.Ltd.• 4. Ekta Kapoor-Creative Dir.- Balaji Tel-Fi.• 5. JYOTI NAIK- President – Lizzat Papad.• 6. Kiran Mazumdar-shaw-CMD,BIOCON.• 7. PREETY REDDY-MD- Appolo Hospital• 8. Priya Paul- Chairman,APEEJAY PARK

HOTELS.• 9. RANJANA KUMAR-Chairperson-NABARD.

10.Ritu Kumar- Fashion Designer11. RITU NANDA-CEO,ESCO-LIFE.12. Shahnaz Hussain-CEO,Shahnaz Herb.13..Renuka Ramnath-CEO-ICICI Ventures14. SIMON TATA-Chairman-TREND LTD.15. Elaben Bhatt- SEWA BANK (1972)MFI and several other women are there.

SHRI MAHILA GRIHA UDYOG , LIJJAT PAPAD (1959)

IT IS A UNIQUE ORGANISATION. --OF THE WOMEN --BY THE WOMEN --FOR THE WOMEN.Started in 1959 by Jaswanti Ben.Members – 7 (Seven only when started)Capital – Rs.80/- (as loan from Individual)

• Place of start :Girgaum in Mumbai• Registration : 1966 –under Soc.Reg.Act• 1860 & after wards Reg.Under Coop.Soc.• Recognition :By KVIC as a Village Industry• OBJECTIVE: To provide Employment to

the ladies to enable them to earn decent and dignified livelihood.

• WHO CAN BE A MEMBER :• Any women who can render Physical-

work and agrees to abide by the Objective of the Institution (without distinction of Caste, Creed & Colour) from the date she starts working.

• TIME FOR PAPAD PRODUCTION :• At 4.30 A.M. (in morning)

• COLLECTION OF MEMBERS: By Bus from Residence to the branch and back to home.

• BRANCH HEAD: Sanchalika (to see the production of Branch).

• CENTRAL MANAGING COMMITTEE: 21 Members.

• ELECTED OFFICE BEARERS : 6 (SIX)• ( Out of 21 members)• 1. President :Smt. Jyoti Naik

– 2. Vice-President: Smt. Pratibha E. Sawant– 3. Secretaries: (Two):– (i) Smt. Sunanda R.Belnekar– (ii) Smt. Swati R. Paradkar.– 4. Treasurer (2)-(i) Smt.Priyanka G. Redkar (ii) Smt. Sheetal s. Koyande

• STATUS OF BRANCHES: • All branches are autonomous units.

Owner of branch is sister-members. Branch income or loss is to be borne by the branch members.

• REASONS OF RAPID GROWTH :• 1. Consistence Vigilence• 2. Maintaining Quality of Papad.• 3. Hard-work by sister members.

OTHER PRODUCTS:

• (I) Khakhra (ii) Wadi • (iii) Masala (iv) Chapatis• (v) Detergent Powder & Cake (SASA Br.)• (vi) Gehu Atta (vii) Bakery Products.• N0. of Branches - 69 (Mumbai as Central

office.• No. of Divisions - 35• Self Employment to : 4500 sister-members

• Annual Sales Turn-over : >Rs.500 Crores.• Annual Export Turn-over: >Rs.25 Crores.• Export to more than 10 Countries:--• USA, UK, Middle East countries, Japan,

Thailand, Hongkong, Australia & other countries.

• Export is done through Marketing Agents.

• VARIOUS NATIONAL AWARDS:• (1) Best Village industries Institution for

1998-99 (KVIC) by former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

• (2) Business Women of the year “Economic Times Award” – (6-9-2002)- KVIC award by Shri Jaswant Singh.

• (3). Best village industry Institution Award

on 14-3-2003 by Hon’ble former PM Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee (KVIC Award).

• It is an example of “The Strength of Women”.

• Guide person for Lijjat Papad were Late Shri Purshottam Damodar Dattani known as “PITAMAHA” (Initial investment of Rs.80/- was given by him).

• CORE VALUE : ‘WORK IS WORSHIP’• Three Concepts are there:- 1. The Concept of BUSINESS 2. The Concept of FAMILY and 3. The Concept of DEVOTION.OTHER FEATURES:• - Quality Goods Production• - Reasonable Price• - No Charity, No Donation, No Gift, No Grant is

accepted.

• LIJJAT MEANS : IJJAT OF LADIES• Reputation of Ladies.• Reputation of Product • Reputation of Papad

LOGO: RABBIT-PUPPET –KURRAM – KURRAM –LIJJAT PAPAD.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTERPRENEUR

1. Creative. 2.Hardworking3. Self-starter 4. Imaginative5. Self-confidence 6. Risk-taking (limited)7. Goal-oriented 8. Success oriented9. Competitive 10.Imaginative

11.Decision taker 12. Willing to work,13. Learn by Experience.

FIVE ATTRIBUTES FOR WOMEN ENTERPRENEUR

• 1. Self Involvement in Work.• 2. Financial Resources (Resource-full)• 3. Risk-taking (upto some extent)• 4. Initiative (to start work)• 5. Accepting Challenges of Future

(changes and Innovation).• Women have so-many Strengths. Needs

Motivation & Training to get full Success.